惠山国家森林公园游憩林小气候与人体舒适度变化规律
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摘要
【目的】研究无锡市惠山国家森林公园典型游憩林内小气候及人体舒适度的时间变化规律,以期为惠山乃至江南地区游憩型城市森林的合理经营和生态效益评价提供基础科学数据,也为当地市民选择合适的时间和衣着开展森林游憩活动提供参考。【方法】在惠山国家森林公园最高峰附近,选择20世纪80、90年代营造、位于山顶南坡的香樟林、湿地松林和山顶北坡的栓皮栎林3种典型人工游憩林为对象,以位于山脊的水泥道路为对照,于春、夏、秋、冬季晴好无风天气条件下,在5:00—19:00同步测定3个游憩林及对照点的气温、空气相对湿度和风速,在此基础上计算舒适度指数和衣着厚度指数,量化分析各游憩林及对照点的小气候、人体舒适度的季节变化、日内变化规律,比较不同游憩林的人体舒适度差异,并提出四季游览惠山的衣着建议。【结果】各林分温度的季节变化表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,空气相对湿度表现为夏、秋季大于春、冬季,风速表现为香樟林和湿地松林在夏季最大,栓皮栎林和道路在秋季最大;相同季节不同林分之间的舒适度指数差异不显著,各林分在春季的人体舒适度最高; 4个季节白天观测时段内,各林分气温日变化均为单峰型,且峰值出现在11:00—15:00,谷值出现在5:00—7:00,空气相对湿度的日变化规律则与气温相反;风速的日变化趋势波动较大,峰值出现在5:00—9:00,谷值出现在13:00—15:00;在春、秋、冬季,各林分人体舒适度在11:00—15:00最高,而夏季这个时间段则最低; 3个游憩林在夏季能显著提高人体舒适度,但冬季与对照的差异不大;各林分气候达到"舒适"等级的时间为春季最长(11:00—17:00),秋季次之(11:00—15:00),夏季仅早上气候舒适(5:00—7:00),冬季气候均为"极不舒适";各林分的着衣厚度指数在夏季均为1,冬季均为7,春季香樟林为5,湿地松林和栓皮栎林为4,道路为3,秋季道路和栓皮栎林为4,香樟林和湿地松林为5。【结论】3个人工林林分在春季均发挥降温增湿效应,湿地松林在4个季节都具有降风作用;各林分在夏季调节小气候效应更明显,春季的人体舒适度最高,春、秋、冬季的11:00—15:00为白天气候的最舒适时段。
【Objective】 It is of significance to investigate the temporal variations of microclimate and the extent of human comfort in forests for developing rational management strategies, assessing the ecological benefit of urban recreational forests, and providing guidance for local residents to choose befitting time and clothing for recreation in the forests.【Method】 Three typical plantation forests for recreational purposes nearby the highest peak of Huishan National Forest Park in Wuxi City were selected to compare the differences of microclimate and the extent of comfort between forests and open area with no forest. The three forests planted in the 1980 s and 1990 s were respectively of Cinnamomum camphora, Pinus elliotii on the southern slope, and Quercus variabilis on the northern slope. A site on a cement road on the mountain ridge was taken as the control. The air temperature, air relative humidity and wind velocity were measured in the field during the day time(5:00 am-19:00 pm) on calm sunny days in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Comfort index and weather index for clothing thickness were calculated to quantify the seasonal and diurnal variations of microclimate and extent of human comfort. 【Result】 The results showed that seasonal variations of temperature in all forests exhibited a greater extent in summer than in spring, autumn, and winter while the air relative humidity in summer and autumn were greater than that in spring and winter. The highest wind speed in the C. camphora stand and P. elliotii stand occurred in summer but Q. variabilis stand and the control site were in autumn. There was no significant difference in the extent of human comfort among different forests in the same season and the most comfortable season for all forests were in spring. Single-peak diurnal variation of air temperature was found in all forests with temperature peak from 11:00 am to 15:00 pm and troughs from 5:00 am to 7:00 am in all the four seasons. However, the daily variation of air relative humidity exhibited an opposite trend. Large fluctuations in wind speed demonstrated by peaks and troughs respectively occurring during 5:00 am-9:00 am and 13:00 pm-15:00 pm, The daily extent of human comfort peaked in spring, autumn and winter during 11:00 am-15:00 pm while dropped to the lowest values in summer. The extent of human comfort of the three forests was improved significantly in summer but not in winter. The longest period of climate reached the comfort level in each forest was in spring(11:00-17:00), followed by autumn(11:00-15:00) and summer(5:00-7:00), yet the weather was extremely uncomfortable in winter. The weather index for clothing thickness(WICT) of all forest stands was 1 in summer and 7 in winter. In spring, the WICTs were different among the forest stands, with 5 for C. camphora stand, 4 for both P. elliotii and Q. variabilis stand, and 3 for the control site. In autumn, the WICT was 4 for the control site and Q.variabilis stand, and 5 for C. camphora and P.elliotii stand. 【Conclusion】 The three mature plantation stands all played a cooling and humidifying effect in spring, while the P. elliotii stand showed an effect of wind speed reduction in all seasons. The seasonal and diurnal variation trends of microclimate factors and the extent of human comfort among three recreational forests indicated that microclimate was biophysically regulated in summer, and the climate in spring was the most comfortable for human.
【Objective】 It is of significance to investigate the temporal variations of microclimate and the extent of human comfort in forests for developing rational management strategies, assessing the ecological benefit of urban recreational forests, and providing guidance for local residents to choose befitting time and clothing for recreation in the forests.【Method】 Three typical plantation forests for recreational purposes nearby the highest peak of Huishan National Forest Park in Wuxi City were selected to compare the differences of microclimate and the extent of comfort between forests and open area with no forest. The three forests planted in the 1980 s and 1990 s were respectively of Cinnamomum camphora, Pinus elliotii on the southern slope, and Quercus variabilis on the northern slope. A site on a cement road on the mountain ridge was taken as the control. The air temperature, air relative humidity and wind velocity were measured in the field during the day time(5:00 am-19:00 pm) on calm sunny days in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Comfort index and weather index for clothing thickness were calculated to quantify the seasonal and diurnal variations of microclimate and extent of human comfort. 【Result】 The results showed that seasonal variations of temperature in all forests exhibited a greater extent in summer than in spring, autumn, and winter while the air relative humidity in summer and autumn were greater than that in spring and winter. The highest wind speed in the C. camphora stand and P. elliotii stand occurred in summer but Q. variabilis stand and the control site were in autumn. There was no significant difference in the extent of human comfort among different forests in the same season and the most comfortable season for all forests were in spring. Single-peak diurnal variation of air temperature was found in all forests with temperature peak from 11:00 am to 15:00 pm and troughs from 5:00 am to 7:00 am in all the four seasons. However, the daily variation of air relative humidity exhibited an opposite trend. Large fluctuations in wind speed demonstrated by peaks and troughs respectively occurring during 5:00 am-9:00 am and 13:00 pm-15:00 pm, The daily extent of human comfort peaked in spring, autumn and winter during 11:00 am-15:00 pm while dropped to the lowest values in summer. The extent of human comfort of the three forests was improved significantly in summer but not in winter. The longest period of climate reached the comfort level in each forest was in spring(11:00-17:00), followed by autumn(11:00-15:00) and summer(5:00-7:00), yet the weather was extremely uncomfortable in winter. The weather index for clothing thickness(WICT) of all forest stands was 1 in summer and 7 in winter. In spring, the WICTs were different among the forest stands, with 5 for C. camphora stand, 4 for both P. elliotii and Q. variabilis stand, and 3 for the control site. In autumn, the WICT was 4 for the control site and Q.variabilis stand, and 5 for C. camphora and P.elliotii stand. 【Conclusion】 The three mature plantation stands all played a cooling and humidifying effect in spring, while the P. elliotii stand showed an effect of wind speed reduction in all seasons. The seasonal and diurnal variation trends of microclimate factors and the extent of human comfort among three recreational forests indicated that microclimate was biophysically regulated in summer, and the climate in spring was the most comfortable for human.
引文
邓成,张守攻,陆元昌.2015.森林改善空气环境质量功能监测与评价研究.生态环境学报,24 (1):84 - 89.(Deng C,Zhang S G,Lu Y C.2015.Research on the monitoring and evaluation of forest function in air environmental quality improvement.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,24(1):84-89.[in Chinese])
段敏杰,王月容,刘晶.2017.北京紫竹院公园绿地生态保健功能综合评价.生态学杂志,36 (7):1973 - 1983.(Duan M J,Wang Y R,Liu J.2017.Comprehensive evaluation of ecological health functions of green space in Beijing Purple Bamboo Park.Chinese Journal of Ecology,36 (7):1973 - 1983.[in Chinese])
范志平,曾德慧,朱教君,等.2002.农田防护林生态作用特征研究.水土保持学报,16(4):130 - 140.(Fan Z P,Zeng D H,Zhu J J,et al.2002.Advance in characteristics of ecological effects of farmland shelterbelts.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,16(4):130- 140.[in Chinese])
纪鹏,朱春阳,李树华.2012.河流廊道绿带结构的温湿效应.林业科学,48 (3):58 - 65.(Ji P,Zhu C Y,Li S H.2012.Effects of the different structures of green belts on the temperature and humidity in river corridors.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,48 (3):58 - 65.[in Chinese])
刘畅,徐宁,宋靖达,等.2017.城市森林公园游人热舒适感受与空间选择.生态学报,37 (10):3561 - 3569.(Liu C,Xu N,Song J D,et al.2017.Research on visitors’ thermal sensation and space choices in an urban forest park.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37 (10):3561 - 3569.[in Chinese])
刘海轩,金桂香,吴鞠,等.2015.林分规模与结构对北京城市森林夏季温湿效应的影响.北京林业大学学报,37 (10):31 - 40.(Liu H X,Jin G X,Wu J,et al.2015.Effects of scale andstructure of urban forest in lowering air temperature and increasing humidity in summer in Beijing.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,37 (10):31 - 40.[in Chinese])
陆鼎煌,崔森,李重和.1984.北京城市绿化夏季小气候条件对人体的适宜度 // 林业气象论文集.北京:气象出版社,144 - 152.(Lu D H,Cui S,Li C H.1984.The influence of Beijing urban greening and summer microclimate conditions on human fitness // Forestry and metrology papers.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,144-152.[in Chinese])
秦仲,李湛东,成仿云,等.2016.北京园林绿地5种植物群落夏季降温增湿作用.林业科学,52 (1):38 - 47.(Qin Z,Li Z D,Cheng F Y,et al.2016.Cooling and humidifying effects of five landscape plant communities on summer days in Beijing.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,52 (1):38 - 47.[in Chinese])
谭正洪,于贵瑞,周国逸,等.2015.亚洲东部森林的小气候特征:1.辐射和能量的平衡.植物生态学报,39(6):541 - 553.(Tan Z H,Yu G R,Zhou G Y,et al.2015.Microclimate of forests across East Asia biomes:1.radiation and energy balance.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,39(6):541 - 553.[in Chinese])
王霞,李永涛,魏海霞,等.2017.黄河三角洲白蜡人工林小气候特征的时空动态变化.东北林业大学学报,45 (4):60 - 64.(Wang X,Li Y T,Wei H X,et al.2017.Spatial temporal variation process of microclimate characteristics of Fraxinus chinensis plantation in the Yellow River delta.Journal of Northeast Forestry University,45 (4):60 - 64.[in Chinese])
王月容,段敏杰,刘晶.2017.北京市北小河公园绿地生态保健功能效应.科学技术与工程,17 (18):31 - 40.(Wang Y R,Duan M J,Liu J.2017.The ecological health function effects of green spaces of Beixiaohe Park in Beijing.Science Technology and Engineering,17 (18):31 - 40.[in Chinese])
武锋,郑松发,陆钊华,等.2015.珠海淇澳岛红树林的温湿效应与人体舒适度.森林与环境学报,35 (2):159 - 164.(Wu F,Zheng S F,Lu Z H,et al.2015.Effects of mangrove temperature and humidity on human comfort in Qi’ao Island of Zhuhai,Guangdong Province.Journal of Forest and Environment,35 (2):159 - 164.[in Chinese])
薛雪,杨静,郑云峰,等.2016.南京城市杂交马褂木林小气候特征研究.水土保持研究,23(4):226 - 232.(Xue X,Yang J,Zheng Y F,et al.2016.Microclimate characteristics of Liriodendron chinense ×tulipifera in Nanjing.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,23(4):226 - 232.[in Chinese])
赵文瑞,刘鑫,张金池,等.2016.南京城郊典型树种光合蒸腾、固碳释氧及降温增湿能力.林业科学,52 (9):31 - 38.(Zhao W R,Liu X,Zhang J C,et al.2016.Photosynthesis transpiration,the carbon fixation and oxygen release,and the cooling and humidificant capacity of typical tree species in Nanjing suburban.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,52 (9):31 - 38.[in Chinese])
朱凌云,钱培东,钱鹰.2001.无锡着装气象指数研究.气象科学,21 (4):468 - 473.(Zhu L Y,Qian P D,Qian Y.2001.Weather index study for clothing.Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,21 (4):468 - 473.[in Chinese])
Arx G V,Dobbertin M,Rebetez M.2012.Spatio-temporal effects of forest canopy on understory microclimate in a long-term experiment in Switzerland.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,166/167 (10):144 - 155.
Chen L,Ng E.2012.Outdoor thermal comfort and outdoor activities:a review of research in the past decade.Cities,29 (2):118 - 125.
Cohen P,Potchter O,Matzarakis A.2013.Human thermal perception of Coastal Mediterranean outdoor urban environments.Applied Geography,37 (1913):1 - 10.
Gaudio N,Gendre X,Saudreau M,et al.2017.Impact of tree canopy on thermal and radiative microclimates in a mixed temperate forest:a new statistical method to analyse hourly temporal dynamics.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,237-238:71-79.
Jim C Y.2015.Thermal performance of climber greenwalls:Effects of solar irradiance and orientation.Applied Energy,154:631 - 643.
Koh I,Kim S,Lee D.2010.Effects of bibosoop plantation on wind speed,humidity,and evaporation in a traditional agricultural landscape of Korea:field measurements and modeling.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,135 (4):294 - 303.
Ma L J,Sun G N,Xie Y F,et al.2012.Impact of climate change on tourism:quantitative analysis of 40 cities from the angle of climate comfort degree.Tourism Forum,5(4):35 - 40.
Rapp J M,Silman M R.2012.Diurnal,seasonal,and altitudinal trends in microclimate across a tropical montane cloud forest.Climate Research,55 (1):17 - 32.
Ruiz M A,Correa E N.2015.Adaptive model for outdoor thermal comfort assessment in an Oasis city of arid climate.Building & Environment,85:40 - 51.
Schinasi L H,Benmarhnia T,De Roos A J.2017.Modification of the association between high ambient temperature and health by urban microclimate indicators:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental Research,161:168-180.
Tiwary A,Sinnet D,Peachey C,et al.2009.An integrated tool to assess the role of new planting in PM capture and the human health benefits:a case study in London.Environmental Pollution,157 (10):2645 - 2653.
Vanos J K,Warland J S,Gillespie T J,et al.2010.Review of the physiology of human thermal comfort while exercising in urban landscapes and implications for bioclimatic design.International Journal of Biometeorology,54 (4):319 - 334.
Zhang Z,Lv Y M,Pan H T.2013.Cooling and humidifying effect of plant communities in subtropical urban parks.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,12 (3):323 - 329.
段敏杰,王月容,刘晶.2017.北京紫竹院公园绿地生态保健功能综合评价.生态学杂志,36 (7):1973 - 1983.(Duan M J,Wang Y R,Liu J.2017.Comprehensive evaluation of ecological health functions of green space in Beijing Purple Bamboo Park.Chinese Journal of Ecology,36 (7):1973 - 1983.[in Chinese])
范志平,曾德慧,朱教君,等.2002.农田防护林生态作用特征研究.水土保持学报,16(4):130 - 140.(Fan Z P,Zeng D H,Zhu J J,et al.2002.Advance in characteristics of ecological effects of farmland shelterbelts.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,16(4):130- 140.[in Chinese])
纪鹏,朱春阳,李树华.2012.河流廊道绿带结构的温湿效应.林业科学,48 (3):58 - 65.(Ji P,Zhu C Y,Li S H.2012.Effects of the different structures of green belts on the temperature and humidity in river corridors.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,48 (3):58 - 65.[in Chinese])
刘畅,徐宁,宋靖达,等.2017.城市森林公园游人热舒适感受与空间选择.生态学报,37 (10):3561 - 3569.(Liu C,Xu N,Song J D,et al.2017.Research on visitors’ thermal sensation and space choices in an urban forest park.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37 (10):3561 - 3569.[in Chinese])
刘海轩,金桂香,吴鞠,等.2015.林分规模与结构对北京城市森林夏季温湿效应的影响.北京林业大学学报,37 (10):31 - 40.(Liu H X,Jin G X,Wu J,et al.2015.Effects of scale andstructure of urban forest in lowering air temperature and increasing humidity in summer in Beijing.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,37 (10):31 - 40.[in Chinese])
陆鼎煌,崔森,李重和.1984.北京城市绿化夏季小气候条件对人体的适宜度 // 林业气象论文集.北京:气象出版社,144 - 152.(Lu D H,Cui S,Li C H.1984.The influence of Beijing urban greening and summer microclimate conditions on human fitness // Forestry and metrology papers.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,144-152.[in Chinese])
秦仲,李湛东,成仿云,等.2016.北京园林绿地5种植物群落夏季降温增湿作用.林业科学,52 (1):38 - 47.(Qin Z,Li Z D,Cheng F Y,et al.2016.Cooling and humidifying effects of five landscape plant communities on summer days in Beijing.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,52 (1):38 - 47.[in Chinese])
谭正洪,于贵瑞,周国逸,等.2015.亚洲东部森林的小气候特征:1.辐射和能量的平衡.植物生态学报,39(6):541 - 553.(Tan Z H,Yu G R,Zhou G Y,et al.2015.Microclimate of forests across East Asia biomes:1.radiation and energy balance.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,39(6):541 - 553.[in Chinese])
王霞,李永涛,魏海霞,等.2017.黄河三角洲白蜡人工林小气候特征的时空动态变化.东北林业大学学报,45 (4):60 - 64.(Wang X,Li Y T,Wei H X,et al.2017.Spatial temporal variation process of microclimate characteristics of Fraxinus chinensis plantation in the Yellow River delta.Journal of Northeast Forestry University,45 (4):60 - 64.[in Chinese])
王月容,段敏杰,刘晶.2017.北京市北小河公园绿地生态保健功能效应.科学技术与工程,17 (18):31 - 40.(Wang Y R,Duan M J,Liu J.2017.The ecological health function effects of green spaces of Beixiaohe Park in Beijing.Science Technology and Engineering,17 (18):31 - 40.[in Chinese])
武锋,郑松发,陆钊华,等.2015.珠海淇澳岛红树林的温湿效应与人体舒适度.森林与环境学报,35 (2):159 - 164.(Wu F,Zheng S F,Lu Z H,et al.2015.Effects of mangrove temperature and humidity on human comfort in Qi’ao Island of Zhuhai,Guangdong Province.Journal of Forest and Environment,35 (2):159 - 164.[in Chinese])
薛雪,杨静,郑云峰,等.2016.南京城市杂交马褂木林小气候特征研究.水土保持研究,23(4):226 - 232.(Xue X,Yang J,Zheng Y F,et al.2016.Microclimate characteristics of Liriodendron chinense ×tulipifera in Nanjing.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,23(4):226 - 232.[in Chinese])
赵文瑞,刘鑫,张金池,等.2016.南京城郊典型树种光合蒸腾、固碳释氧及降温增湿能力.林业科学,52 (9):31 - 38.(Zhao W R,Liu X,Zhang J C,et al.2016.Photosynthesis transpiration,the carbon fixation and oxygen release,and the cooling and humidificant capacity of typical tree species in Nanjing suburban.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,52 (9):31 - 38.[in Chinese])
朱凌云,钱培东,钱鹰.2001.无锡着装气象指数研究.气象科学,21 (4):468 - 473.(Zhu L Y,Qian P D,Qian Y.2001.Weather index study for clothing.Scientia Meteorologica Sinica,21 (4):468 - 473.[in Chinese])
Arx G V,Dobbertin M,Rebetez M.2012.Spatio-temporal effects of forest canopy on understory microclimate in a long-term experiment in Switzerland.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,166/167 (10):144 - 155.
Chen L,Ng E.2012.Outdoor thermal comfort and outdoor activities:a review of research in the past decade.Cities,29 (2):118 - 125.
Cohen P,Potchter O,Matzarakis A.2013.Human thermal perception of Coastal Mediterranean outdoor urban environments.Applied Geography,37 (1913):1 - 10.
Gaudio N,Gendre X,Saudreau M,et al.2017.Impact of tree canopy on thermal and radiative microclimates in a mixed temperate forest:a new statistical method to analyse hourly temporal dynamics.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,237-238:71-79.
Jim C Y.2015.Thermal performance of climber greenwalls:Effects of solar irradiance and orientation.Applied Energy,154:631 - 643.
Koh I,Kim S,Lee D.2010.Effects of bibosoop plantation on wind speed,humidity,and evaporation in a traditional agricultural landscape of Korea:field measurements and modeling.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,135 (4):294 - 303.
Ma L J,Sun G N,Xie Y F,et al.2012.Impact of climate change on tourism:quantitative analysis of 40 cities from the angle of climate comfort degree.Tourism Forum,5(4):35 - 40.
Rapp J M,Silman M R.2012.Diurnal,seasonal,and altitudinal trends in microclimate across a tropical montane cloud forest.Climate Research,55 (1):17 - 32.
Ruiz M A,Correa E N.2015.Adaptive model for outdoor thermal comfort assessment in an Oasis city of arid climate.Building & Environment,85:40 - 51.
Schinasi L H,Benmarhnia T,De Roos A J.2017.Modification of the association between high ambient temperature and health by urban microclimate indicators:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental Research,161:168-180.
Tiwary A,Sinnet D,Peachey C,et al.2009.An integrated tool to assess the role of new planting in PM capture and the human health benefits:a case study in London.Environmental Pollution,157 (10):2645 - 2653.
Vanos J K,Warland J S,Gillespie T J,et al.2010.Review of the physiology of human thermal comfort while exercising in urban landscapes and implications for bioclimatic design.International Journal of Biometeorology,54 (4):319 - 334.
Zhang Z,Lv Y M,Pan H T.2013.Cooling and humidifying effect of plant communities in subtropical urban parks.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,12 (3):323 - 329.