拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴食用竹叶的化学成分分析
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摘要
黑白仰鼻猴常年采食竹类叶片,竹子是其重要的食物资源之一。本文通过对拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴生境中空心箭竹和马斯箭竹竹叶化学成分进行分析,探讨其采食原由。2011年3月至2012年2月,共采集了21份竹子样品,分析其粗蛋白、粗脂肪、总糖、粗纤维、灰分、钙和总磷等化学成分。结果表明:两种竹叶的选择主要受高钙、高能量和低Ca/P的影响。尽管空心箭竹与马斯箭竹的化学成分无差异,但是影响黑白仰鼻猴食物选择的主要因素有所不同,这可能与竹子化学成分的季节性变化有关。结合前人对该猴群非竹类食物的研究结果,黑白仰鼻猴采取在满足蛋白质、脂肪等常量营养物质需求基础上优先保证磷、钙和能量摄入的觅食策略。竹类等猴群重要食物资源应该受到重点保护,同时也是未来食物资源恢复的首选物种。
Bamboo is one of the main foods of black-and-white snub-nosed monkey( Rhinopithecus bieti). This study is designed to reveal principal chemical components of two bamboo leaves( Fargesia edulis and Fargesia dura),which influence their choice. We collected twenty-one samples of bamboos used by Rhinopithecus bieti at Mt. Lasha,Yunnan from March 2011 to February in 2012. The chemical composition( crude protein,ether extract,total sugar,crude fiber,ash,calcium and total phosphorus) of bamboo were determined from these samples. The results showed that choice of bamboo was mainly affected by higher percentage of calcium and gross energy,and lower ratio of calcium to phosphorus. Thus,the bamboo provides mineral elements required for the survival and reproduction of the monkeys,and is also an important food source of energy. Although there are no differences in the chemical compositions of the two kinds of bamboos,the main factors affecting their choice is different. This may be related to seasonal changes in their chemical compositions. Based on this and previous studies,Rhinopithecus biet prioritizes intake of phosphorus,calcium,and gross energy if macronutrients requirements for protein,ether extract,and others can be satisfied. Main food resources such as bamboo should be protected in the monkey's native habitat since it may be the preferred species of food resource recovery in its destroyed habitats in future.
Bamboo is one of the main foods of black-and-white snub-nosed monkey( Rhinopithecus bieti). This study is designed to reveal principal chemical components of two bamboo leaves( Fargesia edulis and Fargesia dura),which influence their choice. We collected twenty-one samples of bamboos used by Rhinopithecus bieti at Mt. Lasha,Yunnan from March 2011 to February in 2012. The chemical composition( crude protein,ether extract,total sugar,crude fiber,ash,calcium and total phosphorus) of bamboo were determined from these samples. The results showed that choice of bamboo was mainly affected by higher percentage of calcium and gross energy,and lower ratio of calcium to phosphorus. Thus,the bamboo provides mineral elements required for the survival and reproduction of the monkeys,and is also an important food source of energy. Although there are no differences in the chemical compositions of the two kinds of bamboos,the main factors affecting their choice is different. This may be related to seasonal changes in their chemical compositions. Based on this and previous studies,Rhinopithecus biet prioritizes intake of phosphorus,calcium,and gross energy if macronutrients requirements for protein,ether extract,and others can be satisfied. Main food resources such as bamboo should be protected in the monkey's native habitat since it may be the preferred species of food resource recovery in its destroyed habitats in future.
引文
Altmann J.1974.Observational study of behavior:sampling methods.Behaviour,49(3):227-267.
Asp N.1994.Nutritional classification and analysis of food carbohydrates.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,59:679S-681S.
Conklin-Brittain N L,Wrangham R W,Hunt K D.1997.Frugivorous primate diets in Kibale Forest,Uganda.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,56:322A.
Conklin-Brittain N L,Wrangham R W,Hunt K D.1998.Dietary response of chimpanzees and cercopithecines to seasonal variation in fruit abundance:II.Macronutrients.International Journal of Primatology,19:949-970.
Curtis D J.2004.Diet and nutrition in wild mongoose lemurs(Eulemur mongoz)and their implications for the evolution of female dominance and small group size in lemurs.American Journal of Physical Anthropology,124(3):234-247.
Dang X Y.2014.Food phytochemical contents of Rhinopithecus bieti at Mt.Lasha in Yunnan during the reproductive period.Master thesis.Kunming:Southwest Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Donati G,Bollen A B,Borgognini-Tarli S M,Ganzhorn J U.2007.Feeding over the 24-h cycle:dietary flexibility of cathemeral collared lemurs(Eulemur collaris).Behavioral Ecology&Sociobiology,61(8):1237-1251.
Fashing P J,Dierenfeld E S,Mowry C B.2007.Influence of plant and soil chemistry on food selection,ranging patterns,and biomass of Colobus guereza in Kakamega Forest,Kenya.International Journal of Primatology,28(3):673-703.
Fu Q F,Wen Y T,Wang A Q,Huang J C,Peng H Z,Wang J.1990.Study on trace elements of bamboo in Wolong Nature Reserve.Journal of Bamboo Research,9(4):83-94.(in Chinese)
Glander K E,Wright P C,Seigler D S,Randrianasolo V,Randrianasolo B.1989.Consumption of cyanogenic bamboo by a newly discovered species of bamboo lemur.American Journal of Primatology,19(2):119-124.
Guo S T,Ji W H,Chang H L,David R,Li B G.2011.Processes in the study of primate nutritional ecology.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,30(4):405-414.(in Chinese)
Hladik C M.1978.Adaptive strategies of primates in relation to leaf eating.Journal of Property Management,95(May/Jun):457-463.
Huang Z P,Cui L W,Scott M B,Wang S J,Xiao W.2012.Seasonality of reproduction of wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus bieti)at Mt.Lasha,Yunnan,China.Primates,53(3):237-245.
Huang Z P,Cui L W,Scott M B,Wang S J,Xiao W.2017.Blackand-white snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus bieti)feeding behavior in a degraded forest fragment:clues to a stressed population.Primates,58(4):517-524.
Irwin M T,Raharson J L,Chapman C A,Junge R,Rothman J M.2017.Minerals in the foods and diet of diademed sifakas:are they nutritional challenges.American Journal of Primatology,79(4):1-14.
Janssen D L.1994.Morbidity and mortality of douc langurs(Pygathrix nemaeus)at the San Diego Zoo.In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of American Association of Zoo Veterinarians,Pittsburgh,PA,221-226.
Knott C D.1998.Changes in orangutan caloric intake,energy balance,and ketones in response to fluctuating fruit availability.International Journal of Primatology,19(6):1061-1079.
Lehner P N.1998.Handbook of Ethological Methods.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Li G Q,Yang Y M,Zou H B,Xiao W.2007.Resources and community characteristics of bamboo in the habitat of Rhinopithecus bieti.Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology,34(2):57-61.(in Chinese)
Li X Y,Yang S J.2009.Winter food habits of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus bieti)found at Mt.Longma,Yunnan.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,28(4):391-400.(in Chinese)
Liu B.2008.Studies on staple food bamboo and its characteristics of giant panda in the Qinling Mountains.Master thesis.Yangling:Southwest Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Liu X Z,Yu J Q,Li M X,Li G H,Yang Z,Huang X M,Hu D M.2001.Preliminary study on the nutrient character of the stable food bamboo of captive giant panda.Acta Theriologica Sinica,21(4):314-317.(in Chinese)
Ma C Y,Liao J C,Fan P F.2017.Food selection in relation to nutritional chemistry of Cao Vit gibbons in Jingxi,China.Primate,58(1):63-74.
Makkar H P S,Borowy N K,Becker K,Degen A.1995.Some problems in fiber determination of a tannin-rich forage(Acacia saligna leaves)and their implications in in vivo studies.Animal Feed Science&Technology,55(1):67-76.
Mattson W J.1980.Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content.Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,11(1):119-161.
Mcdonald P,Edwards R A,Greenhalgh J F D,Morgan C A,Sinclair LA,Wilkinson R G.2010.Animal Nutrition.7th Edition.Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.
Milton K.2003.Micronutrient intakes of wild primates:are humans different.Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part A,136(1):47-59.
National Research Council.1978.Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates.Washington D.C.:National Academy of Sciences.
National Research Council.2003.Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates.Second Revised Edition.Washington D.C.:National Academy of Sciences.
Nordin B C.2000.Calcium requirement is a sliding scale.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,71(6):1381-1383.
Oftedal O T.1991.The nutritional consequences of foraging in primates:the relationship of nutrient intakes to nutrient requirements.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,334(1270):161-170.
Reiner W B,Petzinger C,Power M L,Hyeroba D,Rothman J M.2014.Fatty acids in mountain gorilla diets:implications for primate nutrition and health.American Journal of Primatology,76(3):281-288.
Righini N.2017.Recent advances in primate nutritional ecology.A-merican Journal of Primatology,79(4):1-5.
Rothman J M,Van Soest P J,Pell A N.2006.Decaying wood is a sodium source for mountain gorillas.Biology Letters,2(3):321-324.
Tang Z.2004.The research on feeding biology and nutrition analysis of the white-headed leaf monkey(Trachypithecus leucocephallus).Master thesis.Guilin:Guangxi Normal University.(in Chinese)
Underwood E J,Suttle N F.1999.The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock.3rd ed.New York:CABI Publishing.
Urriola P E,Li M,Kerr B J,Shurson G C.2014.Evaluation of prediction equations to estimate gross,digestible,and metabolizable energy content of maize dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS)for swine based on chemical composition.Animal Feed Science&Technology,198:196-202.
Wang A M,Zou X H,Wei G Q.2006.The dual effect of the giant panda edible bamboo and prevention counter measures.Scientia Silvae Science,42(5):94-97.(in Chinese)
Wang S J.2012.Reproduction behaviour and diet of black-and-white snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus bieti)at Mt.Lasha,Yunnan.Master thesis.Kunming:Southwest Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Waterman P G,Choo G M.1981.The effects of digestibility reducing compounds in leaves on food selection by some Colobinae.Malaysian Applied Biology,10:147-162.
Yang S,Zhao Q K.2001.Bamboo leaf-based diet of Rhinopithecus bieti at Lijiang,China.Folia Primatologica,72(2):92-95.
Yeager C P,Silver S C,Dierenfeld E S.1997.Mineral and phytochemical influences on foliage selection by the proboscis monkey(Nasalis larvatus).American Journal of Primatology,41:117-128.
Zhang L Y.2003.Feed Compositional Analysis and Quality Inspection.2nd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press.(in Chinese)
Zhang L Z,He Y C,Huang Z P.2012.Evaluation on primary food nutrition of Rhinopithecus bieti at Mt.Longma.Journal of Southwest Forestry University,32(4):81-85.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y J,Wang S J,Guo A W,Chen F F,Cui L W,Xiao W.2013.Spring food selection by Rhinopithecus bieti at Mt.Lasha in relation to phytochemical components.Zoological Research,34(3):152-159.(in Chinese)
Zhao Q K.1988.Status of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey.Primate Conservation,9(6):131-134.
Zhou A,Wei F W,Tang P.1996.Preliminary study on trace elements of lesser panda and giant panda staple bamboo in Yele Nature Reserve.Journal of Sichuan Normal University,17(1):1-3.(in Chinese)
王双金.2012.云南拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)繁殖行为和食性.昆明:西南林业大学硕士学位论文.
王爱民,邹兴淮,魏广强.2006.大熊猫常食竹类的“双效”作用及保护对策.林业科学,42(5):94-97.
付其如,温玉田,王安群,黄钧诚,彭厚志,王静.1990.卧龙自然保护区竹类微量元素研究.竹子研究汇刊,9(4):83-94.
刘冰.2008.秦岭大熊猫主食竹及其特性研究.杨凌:西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文.
刘选珍,余建秋,李明喜,李光汉,杨智,黄祥明,胡大明.2001.圈养大熊猫主食低山竹类营养特点的初步研究.兽类学报,21(4):314-317.
李学友,杨士剑.2009.云南龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus Bieti)冬季食性分析.人类学学报,28(4):391-400.
张丽英.2007.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术.第3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社.
张利周,和育超,黄志旁.2012.龙马山黑白仰鼻猴主要食物营养评价.西南林业大学学报,32(4):81-85.
张颖俊,王双金,郭爱伟,陈粉粉,崔亮伟,肖文.2013.拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴春季食物化学成分及其对食物选择的影响.动物学研究,34(3):152-159.
周昂,魏辅文,唐平.1996.冶勒自然保护区大、小熊猫主食竹类微量元素的初步研究.四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),17(1):1-3.
党心言.2014.拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)繁殖期食物化学组成及其取食策略.昆明:西南林业大学硕士学位论文.
唐政.2004.白头叶猴的觅食生物学和营养分析.桂林:广西师范大学硕士学位论文.
黎国强,杨宇明,邹红波,肖文.2007.滇金丝猴栖息地竹类资源及群落学特征.福建林业科技,34(2):57-61.
Asp N.1994.Nutritional classification and analysis of food carbohydrates.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,59:679S-681S.
Conklin-Brittain N L,Wrangham R W,Hunt K D.1997.Frugivorous primate diets in Kibale Forest,Uganda.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,56:322A.
Conklin-Brittain N L,Wrangham R W,Hunt K D.1998.Dietary response of chimpanzees and cercopithecines to seasonal variation in fruit abundance:II.Macronutrients.International Journal of Primatology,19:949-970.
Curtis D J.2004.Diet and nutrition in wild mongoose lemurs(Eulemur mongoz)and their implications for the evolution of female dominance and small group size in lemurs.American Journal of Physical Anthropology,124(3):234-247.
Dang X Y.2014.Food phytochemical contents of Rhinopithecus bieti at Mt.Lasha in Yunnan during the reproductive period.Master thesis.Kunming:Southwest Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Donati G,Bollen A B,Borgognini-Tarli S M,Ganzhorn J U.2007.Feeding over the 24-h cycle:dietary flexibility of cathemeral collared lemurs(Eulemur collaris).Behavioral Ecology&Sociobiology,61(8):1237-1251.
Fashing P J,Dierenfeld E S,Mowry C B.2007.Influence of plant and soil chemistry on food selection,ranging patterns,and biomass of Colobus guereza in Kakamega Forest,Kenya.International Journal of Primatology,28(3):673-703.
Fu Q F,Wen Y T,Wang A Q,Huang J C,Peng H Z,Wang J.1990.Study on trace elements of bamboo in Wolong Nature Reserve.Journal of Bamboo Research,9(4):83-94.(in Chinese)
Glander K E,Wright P C,Seigler D S,Randrianasolo V,Randrianasolo B.1989.Consumption of cyanogenic bamboo by a newly discovered species of bamboo lemur.American Journal of Primatology,19(2):119-124.
Guo S T,Ji W H,Chang H L,David R,Li B G.2011.Processes in the study of primate nutritional ecology.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,30(4):405-414.(in Chinese)
Hladik C M.1978.Adaptive strategies of primates in relation to leaf eating.Journal of Property Management,95(May/Jun):457-463.
Huang Z P,Cui L W,Scott M B,Wang S J,Xiao W.2012.Seasonality of reproduction of wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus bieti)at Mt.Lasha,Yunnan,China.Primates,53(3):237-245.
Huang Z P,Cui L W,Scott M B,Wang S J,Xiao W.2017.Blackand-white snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus bieti)feeding behavior in a degraded forest fragment:clues to a stressed population.Primates,58(4):517-524.
Irwin M T,Raharson J L,Chapman C A,Junge R,Rothman J M.2017.Minerals in the foods and diet of diademed sifakas:are they nutritional challenges.American Journal of Primatology,79(4):1-14.
Janssen D L.1994.Morbidity and mortality of douc langurs(Pygathrix nemaeus)at the San Diego Zoo.In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of American Association of Zoo Veterinarians,Pittsburgh,PA,221-226.
Knott C D.1998.Changes in orangutan caloric intake,energy balance,and ketones in response to fluctuating fruit availability.International Journal of Primatology,19(6):1061-1079.
Lehner P N.1998.Handbook of Ethological Methods.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Li G Q,Yang Y M,Zou H B,Xiao W.2007.Resources and community characteristics of bamboo in the habitat of Rhinopithecus bieti.Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology,34(2):57-61.(in Chinese)
Li X Y,Yang S J.2009.Winter food habits of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus bieti)found at Mt.Longma,Yunnan.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,28(4):391-400.(in Chinese)
Liu B.2008.Studies on staple food bamboo and its characteristics of giant panda in the Qinling Mountains.Master thesis.Yangling:Southwest Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Liu X Z,Yu J Q,Li M X,Li G H,Yang Z,Huang X M,Hu D M.2001.Preliminary study on the nutrient character of the stable food bamboo of captive giant panda.Acta Theriologica Sinica,21(4):314-317.(in Chinese)
Ma C Y,Liao J C,Fan P F.2017.Food selection in relation to nutritional chemistry of Cao Vit gibbons in Jingxi,China.Primate,58(1):63-74.
Makkar H P S,Borowy N K,Becker K,Degen A.1995.Some problems in fiber determination of a tannin-rich forage(Acacia saligna leaves)and their implications in in vivo studies.Animal Feed Science&Technology,55(1):67-76.
Mattson W J.1980.Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content.Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,11(1):119-161.
Mcdonald P,Edwards R A,Greenhalgh J F D,Morgan C A,Sinclair LA,Wilkinson R G.2010.Animal Nutrition.7th Edition.Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.
Milton K.2003.Micronutrient intakes of wild primates:are humans different.Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part A,136(1):47-59.
National Research Council.1978.Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates.Washington D.C.:National Academy of Sciences.
National Research Council.2003.Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates.Second Revised Edition.Washington D.C.:National Academy of Sciences.
Nordin B C.2000.Calcium requirement is a sliding scale.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,71(6):1381-1383.
Oftedal O T.1991.The nutritional consequences of foraging in primates:the relationship of nutrient intakes to nutrient requirements.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,334(1270):161-170.
Reiner W B,Petzinger C,Power M L,Hyeroba D,Rothman J M.2014.Fatty acids in mountain gorilla diets:implications for primate nutrition and health.American Journal of Primatology,76(3):281-288.
Righini N.2017.Recent advances in primate nutritional ecology.A-merican Journal of Primatology,79(4):1-5.
Rothman J M,Van Soest P J,Pell A N.2006.Decaying wood is a sodium source for mountain gorillas.Biology Letters,2(3):321-324.
Tang Z.2004.The research on feeding biology and nutrition analysis of the white-headed leaf monkey(Trachypithecus leucocephallus).Master thesis.Guilin:Guangxi Normal University.(in Chinese)
Underwood E J,Suttle N F.1999.The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock.3rd ed.New York:CABI Publishing.
Urriola P E,Li M,Kerr B J,Shurson G C.2014.Evaluation of prediction equations to estimate gross,digestible,and metabolizable energy content of maize dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS)for swine based on chemical composition.Animal Feed Science&Technology,198:196-202.
Wang A M,Zou X H,Wei G Q.2006.The dual effect of the giant panda edible bamboo and prevention counter measures.Scientia Silvae Science,42(5):94-97.(in Chinese)
Wang S J.2012.Reproduction behaviour and diet of black-and-white snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus bieti)at Mt.Lasha,Yunnan.Master thesis.Kunming:Southwest Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Waterman P G,Choo G M.1981.The effects of digestibility reducing compounds in leaves on food selection by some Colobinae.Malaysian Applied Biology,10:147-162.
Yang S,Zhao Q K.2001.Bamboo leaf-based diet of Rhinopithecus bieti at Lijiang,China.Folia Primatologica,72(2):92-95.
Yeager C P,Silver S C,Dierenfeld E S.1997.Mineral and phytochemical influences on foliage selection by the proboscis monkey(Nasalis larvatus).American Journal of Primatology,41:117-128.
Zhang L Y.2003.Feed Compositional Analysis and Quality Inspection.2nd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press.(in Chinese)
Zhang L Z,He Y C,Huang Z P.2012.Evaluation on primary food nutrition of Rhinopithecus bieti at Mt.Longma.Journal of Southwest Forestry University,32(4):81-85.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y J,Wang S J,Guo A W,Chen F F,Cui L W,Xiao W.2013.Spring food selection by Rhinopithecus bieti at Mt.Lasha in relation to phytochemical components.Zoological Research,34(3):152-159.(in Chinese)
Zhao Q K.1988.Status of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey.Primate Conservation,9(6):131-134.
Zhou A,Wei F W,Tang P.1996.Preliminary study on trace elements of lesser panda and giant panda staple bamboo in Yele Nature Reserve.Journal of Sichuan Normal University,17(1):1-3.(in Chinese)
王双金.2012.云南拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)繁殖行为和食性.昆明:西南林业大学硕士学位论文.
王爱民,邹兴淮,魏广强.2006.大熊猫常食竹类的“双效”作用及保护对策.林业科学,42(5):94-97.
付其如,温玉田,王安群,黄钧诚,彭厚志,王静.1990.卧龙自然保护区竹类微量元素研究.竹子研究汇刊,9(4):83-94.
刘冰.2008.秦岭大熊猫主食竹及其特性研究.杨凌:西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文.
刘选珍,余建秋,李明喜,李光汉,杨智,黄祥明,胡大明.2001.圈养大熊猫主食低山竹类营养特点的初步研究.兽类学报,21(4):314-317.
李学友,杨士剑.2009.云南龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus Bieti)冬季食性分析.人类学学报,28(4):391-400.
张丽英.2007.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术.第3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社.
张利周,和育超,黄志旁.2012.龙马山黑白仰鼻猴主要食物营养评价.西南林业大学学报,32(4):81-85.
张颖俊,王双金,郭爱伟,陈粉粉,崔亮伟,肖文.2013.拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴春季食物化学成分及其对食物选择的影响.动物学研究,34(3):152-159.
周昂,魏辅文,唐平.1996.冶勒自然保护区大、小熊猫主食竹类微量元素的初步研究.四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),17(1):1-3.
党心言.2014.拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)繁殖期食物化学组成及其取食策略.昆明:西南林业大学硕士学位论文.
唐政.2004.白头叶猴的觅食生物学和营养分析.桂林:广西师范大学硕士学位论文.
黎国强,杨宇明,邹红波,肖文.2007.滇金丝猴栖息地竹类资源及群落学特征.福建林业科技,34(2):57-61.
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