基于草图的三维建模技术综述
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摘要
在计算机图形学中,三维建模技术提供了很多必要的方法用来将现实世界中的物体转化为三维坐标系下的数学表达形式,并通过计算机程序进行渲染,从而实现在虚拟空间模拟真实世界的效果。目前有很多提供三维建模功能的软件,例如CAD、Maya、3Ds Max等,并且在实际的三维建模中都得到了各个领域的广泛应用。虽然这些三维建模软件已经广泛用于生产环境,但是对于复杂模型的建模时仍然需要比较复杂的交互,耗费时间与人力。为了解决这一问题,基于草图的三维建模技术提供了使用手绘草图作为输入的方式进行几何建模的有效方法。在本文中主要对基于草图的三维建模技术进行概述,并对目前关于该技术的研究与发展趋势进行了介绍。
In 3D computer graphics,many necessary methods of 3D modeling technology are provided to develop a mathematical representation of any objects in three dimensions,which can make computer to emulate some of models in natural world. What the customers usually tend to modeling object is to use high-integrated modeling software,like CAD,Maya and so forth. Although much progresses have been made over the years on 3D modeling systems,they are still tedious to use when creating complicated objects,especially freeform surfaces. To deal with such a problem,a gesture-based method of sketch-based 3D modeling technology is developed to provide a powerful paradigm for geometric modeling. In this paper,the sketch-based method are introduced and summarized in modeling 3D models from 2D strokes through the recent researches.
In 3D computer graphics,many necessary methods of 3D modeling technology are provided to develop a mathematical representation of any objects in three dimensions,which can make computer to emulate some of models in natural world. What the customers usually tend to modeling object is to use high-integrated modeling software,like CAD,Maya and so forth. Although much progresses have been made over the years on 3D modeling systems,they are still tedious to use when creating complicated objects,especially freeform surfaces. To deal with such a problem,a gesture-based method of sketch-based 3D modeling technology is developed to provide a powerful paradigm for geometric modeling. In this paper,the sketch-based method are introduced and summarized in modeling 3D models from 2D strokes through the recent researches.
引文
[1]ZELEZNIK R C,HERNDON K P,HUGHES J F.SKETCH:An interface for sketching 3D scenes[C]//SIGGRAPH'96 Proceedings of the 23rdAnnual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques.New York,USA:ACM,1996:163-170.
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[4]NEALEN A,IGARASHI T,SORKINE O,et al.Fiber Mesh:Designing freeform surfaces with 3D curves[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2007,26(3):41.
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[6]ZHENG Youyi,CHEN Xiang,CHENG Mingming,et al.Interactive images:Cuboid proxies for smart image manipulation[J].ACMTransactions on Graphics,2012,31(4):99.
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[10]XU Kun,CHEN Kang,FU Hongbo,et al.Sketch2Scene:Sketch-based co-retrieval and co-placement of 3D models[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2013,32(4):123.
[11]XIE Xiaohua,XU Kai,MITRA N J,et al.Sketch-to-design:Context-based part assembly[J].Comput.Graph.Forum,2013,32(8):233-245.
[12]NISHIDA G,GARCIA-DORADO I,ALIAGA D G,et al.Interactive sketching of urban procedural models[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2016,35(4):130.
[13]HUANG Haibin,KALOGERAKIS E,YUMER E,et al.Shape synthesis from sketches via procedural models and convolutional networks[J].IEEE.Trans.Vis.Comput.Gr.,2017,23(8):2003-2013.
[14]IGARASHI T,HUGHES J F.Smooth meshes for sketch-based freeform modeling[C]//Proceedings of the 2003 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics(SI3D).Monterey,California,USA:dblp,2003:139-142.
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[16]OLSEN L,SAMAVATI F,JORGE J.NaturaSketch:Modeling from images and natural sketches[J].IEEE Comput.Graph.Appl.Mag,2011,31(6):24-34.
[17]ADRIEN B,ADELINE P,CANI MP,et al.Matisse:Painting2D regions for modeling free-form shapes[C]//Eurographics Workshop on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling(SBIM).Annecy,France.:The Eurographics Association,2008:57-64.
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[19]MIAO Yongwei,HU Feixia,ZHANG Xudong,et al.SymmSketch:Creating symmetric 3D free-form shapes from 2D sketches[J].Computational Visual Media,2015,1(1):3-16.
[20]XU Baoxuan,CHANG W,SHEFFER A,et al.True2Form:3D curve networks from 2D sketches via selective regularization[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2014,33(4):131.
[21]SCHMIDT R,KHAN A,SINGH K,et al.Analytic drawing of3D Scaffolds[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH ASIA),2009,28(5):149.
[22]BESSMELSEV M,WANG Caoyu,SHEFFER A,et al.Design-driven quadrangulation of closed 3D curves[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH ASIA),2012,31(6):178.
[23]ZHUANG Yixin,ZOU Ming,CARR N A,et al.A general and effcient method for finding cycles in 3D curve networks[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH ASIA),2013,32(6):180.
[24]HAN Xiaoguang,GAO Chang,YU Yizhou.Deepsketch2face:A deep learning based sketching system for 3D face and caricature modeling[J].ACMTransactions on Graphics,2017,36(4):126.
[25]BESSMELSEV M,CHANG W,VINING N,et al.Modeling character canvases from cartoon drawings[J].ACMTrans.Graph.,2015,34(5):1-16.
[26]JUNG A,HAHMANN S,ROHMER D,et al.Sketching folds:Developable surfaces from non-planar silhouettes[J].ACMTrans.Graph.,2015,34(5):155.
[27]ZHU Lifeng,IGARASHI T,MITANI J.Soft folding[J].Comput.Graph.Forum(PG),2013,32(7):167-176.
[28]DE PAOLI C,SINGH K.SecondSkin:Sketch-based construction of layered 3D models[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2015,34(4):126.
[29]FU Hongbo,WEI Yichen,TAI C L,et al.Sketching hairstyles[C]//Sketch Based Interfaces and Modeling.Riverside(SBIM).California,USA:ACM,2007:31-36.
[30]SY'Y'KORA D,KAVAN L,CADK M,et al.Ink-and-Ray:Bas-relief meshes for adding global illumination effects to handdraw n characters[J].ACMTrans.Graph.,2014,33(2):16.
[31]SHAO C,BOUSSEAU A,SHEFFER A,et al.CrossShade:Shading concept sketches using cross-section curves[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2012,31(4):45.
[32]BUI MT,KIMJ,LEE Y.3D-look shading from contours and hatching strokes[J].Computer Graph.,2015,51:167-176.
[2]IGARASHI T,MATSUOKA S,TANAKA H.Teddy:A sketching interface for 3D freeform design[C]//SIGGRAPH'07.San Diego,California:ACM,1999:21.
[3]LI Changjian,PAN Hao,LIU Yang,et al.BendSketch:Modeling freeform surfaces through 2D sketching[J].ACMTrans.Graph.,2017,36(4):125.
[4]NEALEN A,IGARASHI T,SORKINE O,et al.Fiber Mesh:Designing freeform surfaces with 3D curves[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2007,26(3):41.
[5]CHEN Tao,ZHU Zhe,SHAMIR A,et al.3-Sweep:Extracting editable objects from a single photo[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH ASIA),2013,32(6):195.
[6]ZHENG Youyi,CHEN Xiang,CHENG Mingming,et al.Interactive images:Cuboid proxies for smart image manipulation[J].ACMTransactions on Graphics,2012,31(4):99.
[7]GINGOLD Y,IGARASHI T,ZORIN D.Structured annotations for 2D-to-3Dmodeling[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH ASIA),2009,28(5):148.
[8]SHTOF A,AGATHOS A,GINGOLD Y,et al.Geosemantic snapping for sketch-based modeling[J].Comput.Graph.Forum(EG),2013,32(2):245-253.
[9]MARKOSIAN L,COHEN J M,CRULLI T,et al.Skin:A constructive approach to modeling free-form shapes[C]//Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 99.Los Angeles:ACMPress,1999:393-400.
[10]XU Kun,CHEN Kang,FU Hongbo,et al.Sketch2Scene:Sketch-based co-retrieval and co-placement of 3D models[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2013,32(4):123.
[11]XIE Xiaohua,XU Kai,MITRA N J,et al.Sketch-to-design:Context-based part assembly[J].Comput.Graph.Forum,2013,32(8):233-245.
[12]NISHIDA G,GARCIA-DORADO I,ALIAGA D G,et al.Interactive sketching of urban procedural models[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2016,35(4):130.
[13]HUANG Haibin,KALOGERAKIS E,YUMER E,et al.Shape synthesis from sketches via procedural models and convolutional networks[J].IEEE.Trans.Vis.Comput.Gr.,2017,23(8):2003-2013.
[14]IGARASHI T,HUGHES J F.Smooth meshes for sketch-based freeform modeling[C]//Proceedings of the 2003 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics(SI3D).Monterey,California,USA:dblp,2003:139-142.
[15]PUSHKAR J,NATHAN A C.Repoussé:Automatic inflation of2D artwork[C]//Eurographics Workshop on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling SBIM(SBM'08).Switzerland:Eurographics Association,2008:49-55.
[16]OLSEN L,SAMAVATI F,JORGE J.NaturaSketch:Modeling from images and natural sketches[J].IEEE Comput.Graph.Appl.Mag,2011,31(6):24-34.
[17]ADRIEN B,ADELINE P,CANI MP,et al.Matisse:Painting2D regions for modeling free-form shapes[C]//Eurographics Workshop on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling(SBIM).Annecy,France.:The Eurographics Association,2008:57-64.
[18]ANDRE A,SAITO S,NAKAJIMA M.CrossSketch:Freeform surface modeling with details[C]//Sketch Based Interfaces and Modeling(SBIM).Riverside,California,USA,:dblp,2007:45-52.
[19]MIAO Yongwei,HU Feixia,ZHANG Xudong,et al.SymmSketch:Creating symmetric 3D free-form shapes from 2D sketches[J].Computational Visual Media,2015,1(1):3-16.
[20]XU Baoxuan,CHANG W,SHEFFER A,et al.True2Form:3D curve networks from 2D sketches via selective regularization[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2014,33(4):131.
[21]SCHMIDT R,KHAN A,SINGH K,et al.Analytic drawing of3D Scaffolds[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH ASIA),2009,28(5):149.
[22]BESSMELSEV M,WANG Caoyu,SHEFFER A,et al.Design-driven quadrangulation of closed 3D curves[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH ASIA),2012,31(6):178.
[23]ZHUANG Yixin,ZOU Ming,CARR N A,et al.A general and effcient method for finding cycles in 3D curve networks[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH ASIA),2013,32(6):180.
[24]HAN Xiaoguang,GAO Chang,YU Yizhou.Deepsketch2face:A deep learning based sketching system for 3D face and caricature modeling[J].ACMTransactions on Graphics,2017,36(4):126.
[25]BESSMELSEV M,CHANG W,VINING N,et al.Modeling character canvases from cartoon drawings[J].ACMTrans.Graph.,2015,34(5):1-16.
[26]JUNG A,HAHMANN S,ROHMER D,et al.Sketching folds:Developable surfaces from non-planar silhouettes[J].ACMTrans.Graph.,2015,34(5):155.
[27]ZHU Lifeng,IGARASHI T,MITANI J.Soft folding[J].Comput.Graph.Forum(PG),2013,32(7):167-176.
[28]DE PAOLI C,SINGH K.SecondSkin:Sketch-based construction of layered 3D models[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2015,34(4):126.
[29]FU Hongbo,WEI Yichen,TAI C L,et al.Sketching hairstyles[C]//Sketch Based Interfaces and Modeling.Riverside(SBIM).California,USA:ACM,2007:31-36.
[30]SY'Y'KORA D,KAVAN L,CADK M,et al.Ink-and-Ray:Bas-relief meshes for adding global illumination effects to handdraw n characters[J].ACMTrans.Graph.,2014,33(2):16.
[31]SHAO C,BOUSSEAU A,SHEFFER A,et al.CrossShade:Shading concept sketches using cross-section curves[J].ACMTrans.Graph.(SIGGRAPH),2012,31(4):45.
[32]BUI MT,KIMJ,LEE Y.3D-look shading from contours and hatching strokes[J].Computer Graph.,2015,51:167-176.