不同损伤条件下沙柳直根力学特性的自修复差异
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摘要
以干旱、半干旱区常用水土保持灌木沙柳1～4 mm径级直根为对象,利用HG100数显式推拉力计及自制便携试验机台,原位研究不同损伤程度和修复时长条件下直根力学特性的变化,以探讨外力机械损伤对根系力学特性自修复的影响。结果表明:(1)不同径级沙柳直根抗拉力和抗拉强度差异显著,抗拉力与根径呈显著幂函数正相关,1～4 mm根径平均抗拉力为77.14±38.23 N;抗拉强度与根径呈显著幂函数负相关,该径级内平均抗拉强度为15.22±2.85 MPa。(2)外力机械损伤显著抑制根系生长发育,受损程度不同产生的抑制作用不同,重度损伤对根系生长的阻碍更明显,相比对照,自修复3个月和5个月重度损伤根径生长量分别降低25.19%和29.96%,而轻度损伤分别降低18.67%和26.89%。(3)机械损伤对沙柳直根抗拉力和抗拉强度同样具有明显的削弱作用,但通过根系自修复可以逐渐消除损伤效应,自修复时间越长,力学特性修复率越高,自修复3个月和5个月抗拉力修复率分别为37.63%和48.13%。损伤程度也会对力学特性自修复产生影响,相同修复时长内根系受损程度越大力学特性修复率越低。
Salix cheilophila, a common shrub in arid and semi-arid areas, is usually used for vegetation restoration in Inner Mongolia. To clarify the effects of exogenous mechanical damage onself-healing of root mechanical properties, changes of mechanical properties of straight roots withdiameter of 1-4 mm under different damage degrees and different recovery durations were exam-ined in situ using the HG100 digital push and pull tester and self-developed experimental installa-tion. The results showed that:(1) There were significant differences in tensile force and tensilestrength among undamaged roots with different diameters. Tensile force was positively correlatedwith the diameter(power function), with average tensile force being 77.14±38.23 N for rootswith diameter of 1-4 mm. Tensile strength was negatively correlated with root diameter, with anaverage of 15.22±2.85 MPa.(2) Exogenous mechanical damage could impede the regular growthand development of plant roots. Such inhibitory effects differed with the degree of damage to theroots. Severe damage had a stronger inhibitory effect on root diameter growth than mild damage.After self-healing for three and five months, comparing with control, the severe-damage coulddecrease the growth rate of root diameter by 25.19% and 29.96% respectively, and the mild-damage for 18.76% and 26.89%.(3) Tensile force and tensile strength of roots were significantlydecreased after mechanical damage, with such effects being gradually eliminated with the help of root self-healing mechanism. The longer the root recovery time, the greater the recovery rate ofmechanical properties. The average recovery rates of tensile force after self-healing for three andfive months were 37.63% and 48.13% respectively. The degree of damage also affected the self-healing of mechanical properties. The recovery rates of mechanical properties for severe-damage roots were significantly lower than those for mild-damage roots under the same recovery durations.
Salix cheilophila, a common shrub in arid and semi-arid areas, is usually used for vegetation restoration in Inner Mongolia. To clarify the effects of exogenous mechanical damage onself-healing of root mechanical properties, changes of mechanical properties of straight roots withdiameter of 1-4 mm under different damage degrees and different recovery durations were exam-ined in situ using the HG100 digital push and pull tester and self-developed experimental installa-tion. The results showed that:(1) There were significant differences in tensile force and tensilestrength among undamaged roots with different diameters. Tensile force was positively correlatedwith the diameter(power function), with average tensile force being 77.14±38.23 N for rootswith diameter of 1-4 mm. Tensile strength was negatively correlated with root diameter, with anaverage of 15.22±2.85 MPa.(2) Exogenous mechanical damage could impede the regular growthand development of plant roots. Such inhibitory effects differed with the degree of damage to theroots. Severe damage had a stronger inhibitory effect on root diameter growth than mild damage.After self-healing for three and five months, comparing with control, the severe-damage coulddecrease the growth rate of root diameter by 25.19% and 29.96% respectively, and the mild-damage for 18.76% and 26.89%.(3) Tensile force and tensile strength of roots were significantlydecreased after mechanical damage, with such effects being gradually eliminated with the help of root self-healing mechanism. The longer the root recovery time, the greater the recovery rate ofmechanical properties. The average recovery rates of tensile force after self-healing for three andfive months were 37.63% and 48.13% respectively. The degree of damage also affected the self-healing of mechanical properties. The recovery rates of mechanical properties for severe-damage roots were significantly lower than those for mild-damage roots under the same recovery durations.
引文
毕银丽,王瑾,冯颜博,等.2014.菌根对干旱区采煤沉陷地紫穗槐根系修复的影响.煤炭学报,39(8):1758-1764.
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李占斌,朱冰冰,李鹏.2008.土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展.土壤学报,45(5):802-809.
刘贻尧,王伯初.2000.植物对环境应力刺激的生物学效应.生物技术通讯,11(3):219-222.
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于瑞雪,李少朋,毕银丽,等.2014.煤炭开采对沙蒿根系生长的影响及其自修复能力.煤炭科学技术,42(2):110-113.
袁雪红,高照良,张翔,等.2016.护坡植物根系分布及抗拉力学特性.南水北调与水利科技,14(5):117-123.
苑淑娟,牛国权,刘静,等.2009.瞬时拉力下两个生长期4种植物单根抗拉力与抗拉强度的研究.水土保持通报,29(5):21-25.
岳辉,刘英.2015.基于五室培养法的接菌紫花苜蓿受损根系模拟修复研究.基因组学与应用生物学,34(5):1053-1060.
朱海丽,胡夏嵩,毛小青,等.2008.青藏高原黄土区护坡灌木植物根系力学特性研究.岩石力学与工程学报,27(s2):3445-3452.
Alscher RG,Cumming JR.1990.Stressresponses in plants:Adaptation and acclimation as mechanism.Quarterly Review of Biology,27:447.
Baluska F,Jasik J,Edelmann HG,et al.2001.Latrunculin B-induced plant dwarfism:Plant cell elongation is F-action-dependent.Developmental Biology,231:113-124.
Bischetti GB,Chiaradia EA,Simonato T,et al.2005.Root strength and root area ratio of forest species in Lombardy(Northern Italy).Plant and Soil,278:11-22.
Burylo M,Hudek C,Rey F.2011.Soil reinforcement by the roots of six dominant species on eroded mountainous marly slopes(Southern Alps,France).Catena,84:70-78.
De Baets S,Poesen J,ReubensB,et al.2008.Root tensile strength and root distribution of typical Mediterranean plant species and their contribution to soil shear strength.Plant and Soil,305:207-226.
Fan CC.2012.A displacement-based model for estimating the shear resistance of root-permeated soils.Plant and Soil,355:103-119.
Jaffe MJ.1973.Thigmomorphogenesis:The response of plant growth and development tomechanical stimulation.Planta,114:143-157.
Lichtenthaler HK,Wenzel O,Buschmann C,et al.1998.Plant stress detection by reflectance and fluorescence.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,851:271-285.
Liu Y,Schieving F,Stuefer JF,et al.2007.The effects of mechanical stress and spectral shading on the growth and allocation of ten genotypes of a stoloniferous plant.Annals of Botany,99:121-130.
Mickovski SB,Ennos AR.2003.The effect of unidirectional stem flexing on shoot and root morphology and architecture in youngPinus sylvestristrees.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,33:2202-2209.
Neel PL,Harris RW.1971.Motion-induced inhibition of elongation and induction of dormancy inLiquidambar.Science,173:58-59.
Norris JE.2005.Root reinforcement by hawthorn and oak roots on a highway cut-slope in Southern England.Plant and Soil,278:43-53.
Parkhurst DF,Pearman GI.1972.Tree seedling growth:Effects of shaking.Science,175:918.
Retuerto R,Woodward FJ.1993.The influences of increased CO2and water supply on growth,biomass allocation and water use efficiency ofSinapis albaL.grown under different wind speeds.Oecologia,94:415-427.
Tosi M.2007.Root tensile strength relationships and their slope stability implications of three shrub species in Northern Apennines(Italy).Geomorphology,87:268-283.
Wang YH,He WM,Dong M,et al.2008.Effects of shaking on the growth and mechanical properties ofHedysarum laeve may be independent of water regimes.International Journal of Plant Sciences,169:503-508.
Wang CL,Liu J,Xing HW,et al.2010.Friction properties of interface between soil-roots and soil-soil ofArtemisia sphaerocephalaandSabina valgaris//International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering.IEEE,2010:1-5.
Zhang CB,Chen LH,Liu YP,et al.2010.Triaxial compression test of soil-root composites to evaluate influence of roots on soil shear strength.Ecological Engineering,36:19-26.
曹孟德,丁洪.1996.流体切力对植物细胞的影响.中国生物工程杂志,16(4):51-54.
陈辉.1989.流体剪切力对植物细胞存活率的影响(硕士学位论文).武汉:华中理工大学.
李宁,陈丽华,杨苑君.2015.油松、华北落叶松根系抗拉特性的影响因素.北京林业大学学报,37(12):77-84.
李占斌,朱冰冰,李鹏.2008.土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展.土壤学报,45(5):802-809.
刘贻尧,王伯初.2000.植物对环境应力刺激的生物学效应.生物技术通讯,11(3):219-222.
王艳红,何维明,于飞海,等.2010.植物响应对风致机械刺激研究进展.生态学报,30(3):794-800.
阳小成,王伯初,段传人,等.2002.机械振荡对猕猴桃愈伤组织的生理效应.应用与环境生物学报,8(1):36-40.
于瑞雪,李少朋,毕银丽,等.2014.煤炭开采对沙蒿根系生长的影响及其自修复能力.煤炭科学技术,42(2):110-113.
袁雪红,高照良,张翔,等.2016.护坡植物根系分布及抗拉力学特性.南水北调与水利科技,14(5):117-123.
苑淑娟,牛国权,刘静,等.2009.瞬时拉力下两个生长期4种植物单根抗拉力与抗拉强度的研究.水土保持通报,29(5):21-25.
岳辉,刘英.2015.基于五室培养法的接菌紫花苜蓿受损根系模拟修复研究.基因组学与应用生物学,34(5):1053-1060.
朱海丽,胡夏嵩,毛小青,等.2008.青藏高原黄土区护坡灌木植物根系力学特性研究.岩石力学与工程学报,27(s2):3445-3452.
Alscher RG,Cumming JR.1990.Stressresponses in plants:Adaptation and acclimation as mechanism.Quarterly Review of Biology,27:447.
Baluska F,Jasik J,Edelmann HG,et al.2001.Latrunculin B-induced plant dwarfism:Plant cell elongation is F-action-dependent.Developmental Biology,231:113-124.
Bischetti GB,Chiaradia EA,Simonato T,et al.2005.Root strength and root area ratio of forest species in Lombardy(Northern Italy).Plant and Soil,278:11-22.
Burylo M,Hudek C,Rey F.2011.Soil reinforcement by the roots of six dominant species on eroded mountainous marly slopes(Southern Alps,France).Catena,84:70-78.
De Baets S,Poesen J,ReubensB,et al.2008.Root tensile strength and root distribution of typical Mediterranean plant species and their contribution to soil shear strength.Plant and Soil,305:207-226.
Fan CC.2012.A displacement-based model for estimating the shear resistance of root-permeated soils.Plant and Soil,355:103-119.
Jaffe MJ.1973.Thigmomorphogenesis:The response of plant growth and development tomechanical stimulation.Planta,114:143-157.
Lichtenthaler HK,Wenzel O,Buschmann C,et al.1998.Plant stress detection by reflectance and fluorescence.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,851:271-285.
Liu Y,Schieving F,Stuefer JF,et al.2007.The effects of mechanical stress and spectral shading on the growth and allocation of ten genotypes of a stoloniferous plant.Annals of Botany,99:121-130.
Mickovski SB,Ennos AR.2003.The effect of unidirectional stem flexing on shoot and root morphology and architecture in youngPinus sylvestristrees.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,33:2202-2209.
Neel PL,Harris RW.1971.Motion-induced inhibition of elongation and induction of dormancy inLiquidambar.Science,173:58-59.
Norris JE.2005.Root reinforcement by hawthorn and oak roots on a highway cut-slope in Southern England.Plant and Soil,278:43-53.
Parkhurst DF,Pearman GI.1972.Tree seedling growth:Effects of shaking.Science,175:918.
Retuerto R,Woodward FJ.1993.The influences of increased CO2and water supply on growth,biomass allocation and water use efficiency ofSinapis albaL.grown under different wind speeds.Oecologia,94:415-427.
Tosi M.2007.Root tensile strength relationships and their slope stability implications of three shrub species in Northern Apennines(Italy).Geomorphology,87:268-283.
Wang YH,He WM,Dong M,et al.2008.Effects of shaking on the growth and mechanical properties ofHedysarum laeve may be independent of water regimes.International Journal of Plant Sciences,169:503-508.
Wang CL,Liu J,Xing HW,et al.2010.Friction properties of interface between soil-roots and soil-soil ofArtemisia sphaerocephalaandSabina valgaris//International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering.IEEE,2010:1-5.
Zhang CB,Chen LH,Liu YP,et al.2010.Triaxial compression test of soil-root composites to evaluate influence of roots on soil shear strength.Ecological Engineering,36:19-26.