废旧锂离子动力电池回收的研究现状
|
摘要
近年来,随着电动汽车和大规模储能市场的快速发展,作为目前占据最多市场份额的锂离子动力电池的产量也随之快速增长,产生的废旧锂离子动力电池的数量必将呈现出井喷式的上涨。废旧锂离子动力电池中含有大量的钴、锂、镍、锰、铜、铝等紧缺有色金属元素和六氟磷酸锂、聚偏氟乙烯等有毒有害物质,对其进行资源化回收和无害化处理具有重大意义。通过对近年来废旧锂离子动力电池回收处理技术进行总结,归纳出了废旧锂离子动力电池的主要处理过程一般包括预处理、二次处理以及深度处理3个步骤。其中,二次处理和深度处理步骤作为整个处理过程的核心环节,对整个电池的回收效果影响最大。此外,对3个处理步骤采用的方法及优缺点进行了详细介绍和比较。最后通过对目前主要的湿法和火法工艺进行比较,结合两者的优缺点,提出了湿法与火法联合处理废旧锂离子动力电池工艺,并展望了未来废旧锂离子动力电池回收技术的发展方向。
In recent years, the production of lithium-ion batteries(LIBS), which occupied the biggest market share, increased rapidly along with the fast development of energy storage and electric vehicle. Therefore, the amount of wasted LIBS also increased as a result. The used LIBS contained large amounts of cobalt, lithium, nickel, manganese, copper, aluminum and other non-ferrous metal elements and poisonous and harmful materials, such as LiPF_6 and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF). So it played a significance role in the resource recycling and environmental disposing. This paper reviewed the current status of the recycling technologies of spent LIBS. Through reviewing the recycling technologies of recent years, the main treating process of spent LIBS was often classified into pretreatment, secondary treatment, and further treatment three steps, with the last two steps being the most significant for recycling. Moreover, this paper also compared the advantages and disadvantages of the treating techniques of these three steps in detail. At last, through comparing the present main technology of hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy process, the paper brought about the combination of two processes and the prospects of recycling technologies in the future.
In recent years, the production of lithium-ion batteries(LIBS), which occupied the biggest market share, increased rapidly along with the fast development of energy storage and electric vehicle. Therefore, the amount of wasted LIBS also increased as a result. The used LIBS contained large amounts of cobalt, lithium, nickel, manganese, copper, aluminum and other non-ferrous metal elements and poisonous and harmful materials, such as LiPF_6 and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF). So it played a significance role in the resource recycling and environmental disposing. This paper reviewed the current status of the recycling technologies of spent LIBS. Through reviewing the recycling technologies of recent years, the main treating process of spent LIBS was often classified into pretreatment, secondary treatment, and further treatment three steps, with the last two steps being the most significant for recycling. Moreover, this paper also compared the advantages and disadvantages of the treating techniques of these three steps in detail. At last, through comparing the present main technology of hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy process, the paper brought about the combination of two processes and the prospects of recycling technologies in the future.
引文
[1] Tong Z J. The analysis report about dynamic battery industry [A]. The Fifth Annual Power Battery Recycling and Secondary Recycling and Regenerative Technology Seminar [C]. Beijing, 2017. 54.(童志军. 动力电池回收行业分析报告 [A]. 第五届动力蓄电池回收再生暨二次回收与再生技术研讨会 [C]. 北京, 2017. 54.)
[2] Wu Y, Pei F, Jia L L, Liu X L, Zhang W H, Liu P. Overview of recovery technique of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries [J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2013, 37(2): 320.(吴越, 裴锋, 贾路路, 刘晓磊, 张文华, 刘平. 废旧锂离子电池中有价金属的回收技术进展 [J]. 稀有金属, 2013, 37(2): 320.)
[3] Li L, Fan E S, Liu J R, Wu F. The technology and progress of recycling spent lithium ion batteries [J]. Advanced Materials Industry, 2016, 9: 30.(李丽, 范二莎, 刘剑, 吴锋. 锂离子动力电池回收技术及研究进展 [J]. 新材料产业, 2016, 9: 30.)
[4] Wang G X, Li J, Xu Z M. Recycling valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries [J]. Materials Reviews, 2015, 29(7): 113. (王光旭, 李佳, 许振明. 废旧锂离子动力电池中有价金属回收工艺的研究进展 [J]. 材料导报, 2015, 29(7): 113.)
[5] Zou H Y, Gratz E, Apelian D. A novel method to recycle mixed cathode materials for lithium ion batteries [J]. Green Chemistry, 2013, 15(5): 1183.
[6] Pan Y J. Recycling and Reuse of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery That is Used LiFePO4 as Cathode Material [D]. Haerbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2012. 66.(潘英俊. 以磷酸铁锂为正极材料的废旧锂离子动力电池回收及再利用 [D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2012. 66.)
[7] Ordoňez J, Gago E J, Girard A. Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 60: 195.
[8] Li J H, Zeng X L. Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery: a critical review [J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2014, 44(10): 1129.
[9] Sonoc A, Jeswiet J, Soo V K. Opportunities to improve recycling of automotive lithium ion batteries [J]. Procedia Cirp, 2015, 29: 752.
[10] Zan Z F. Study on Recycling of Spent LiCoO2 Lithium ion Batteries [D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2012. 72. (昝振峰. 废弃LiCoO2锂离子动力电池回收及再利用研究 [D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2012. 72.)
[11] Krüger S, Hanisch C, Kwade A. Effect of impurities caused by a recycling process on the electrochemical performance of Li[Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33]O2 [J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2014, 726(4): 91.
[12] Chagnes A, Pospiech B. A brief review on hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2013, 88(7): 1191.
[13] Xu J, Thomas H R, Francis R W. A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 177(2): 512.
[14] Hanisch C, Haselrieder W, Kwade A. Recovery of Active Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Electrodes and Electrode Production Rejects [M]. Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing, 2011. 85.
[15] Zhao D J, Ma S Y. Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using hydrometallurgy technology [J]. Chemical Engineer, 2011, 2: 52.(赵东江, 马松艳. 采用湿法技术从废弃锂离子动力电池中回收有价金属 [J]. 化学工程师, 2011, 2: 52.)
[16] Georgi-Maschler T, Friedrich B, Weyhe R. Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 207(6): 173.
[17] Tedjar F, Foudraz J C. Method for the mixed recycling of lithium-based anode batteries and cells [P]. CN, US 7820317 B2. 2010.
[18] Wang Z F. Study of Cobalt Recovery Technology in Spent Lithium Ion Batteries [D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2008. 63.(王泽峰. 废弃锂电池中钴的回收技术研究 [D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2008. 63.)
[19] Shin S M, Kim N H, Sohn J S, Yang D H, Kim Y H. Development of a metal recoveryprocess from Li-ion battery wastes [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2005, 79: 172.
[20] Bertuol D A, Toniasso C, Jimenez B M, Meili L, Dotto G L, Tanabe E H, Aguiar M L. Application of spouted bed elutriation in the recycling of lithium ion batteries [J]. J. Power Sources, 2015, 275: 627.
[21] Hanisch C, Loellhoeffel T, Diekmann J. Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel method to separate coating and foil of electrodes [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 108: 301.
[22] Sun L, Qiu K Q. Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 194(11): 378.
[23] Song D W, Wang X Q, Zhou E L, Hou P Y, Guo F X. Recovery and heat treatment of the Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cathode scrap material for lithium ion battery [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 232(35): 348.
[24] He L P, Sun S Y, Song X F, Yu J G. Recovery of cathode materials and Al from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic cleaning [J]. Waste Management, 2015, 46: 523.
[25] Zhou X, He W Z, Li G M, Zhang X J, Huang J W. Recycling of electrode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Waste Management, 2010. 1.
[26] Bankole O E, Gong C X, Lei L X. Battery recycling technologies: recycling waste lithium ion batteries with the impact on the environment in-view [J]. Journal of Environment & Ecology, 2013, 4(1): 14.
[27] Wang H C. Study on Recycling of Spent Lithium ion Batteries Containing Cobalt and Pilot Scale Experiment [D]. Harbin: Harbin institute of Technology, 2013. 81.(王洪彩. 含钴废旧锂离子动力电池回收技术及中试工艺研究 [D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2013. 81.)
[28] Han X Y, Xu J Q. Recovery of iron and lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries by precipitation process [J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2017, 44(4): 12.(韩小云, 徐金球. 沉淀法回收废旧磷酸铁锂电池中的铁和锂 [J]. 广东化工, 2017, 44(4): 12.)
[29] Qin Y G, Man R L, Yin X Y. Leaching cobalt and stripping aluminum foil from cathode electrode electrode of spent Li-ion batteries by the electrolytic technology [J]. Morden Chemical Industry, 2013, 33(8): 49.(覃远根, 满瑞林, 尹晓莹. 废旧锂离子动力电池正极材料与铝箔电解剥离浸出研究 [J]. 现代化工, 2013, 33(8): 49.)
[30] Zhang J. Recycling Cobalt from Spent Li-·ion Batteries by Electrolytic Stripping and Biomass Acid Leaching Method [D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2014. 79.(张建. 电解剥离—生物质酸浸回收废旧锂离子动力电池中的钴 [D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2014. 79.)
[31] Li J H, Li X H, Hu Q Y, Wang Z X, Zheng J C, Wu L, Zhang L X. Study of extraction and purification of Ni, Co and Mn from spent battery material [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2009, 99(1): 7.
[32] Jha M K, Kumari A, Jha A K. Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone [J]. Waste Management, 2013, 33: 1890.
[33] Li L, Chen R J, Sun F. Preparation of LiCoO2 films from spent lithium-ion batteries by a combined recycling process [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2011, 108: 220.
[34] Joulié M, Laucournet R, Billy E. Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high value metals from spent lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide based lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 247(3): 551.
[35] Nayl A A, Elkhashab R A, Badawy S M, El-Khateeb M A. Acid leaching of mixed spent Li-ion batteries [J]. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2014, 43(1): 7.
[36] Li L, Zhai L Y, Zhang X X, Lu J, Chen R J. Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic-assisted leaching process [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 262(262): 380.
[37] Zeng X L, Li J H, Shen B Y. Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015, 295: 112.
[38] Shi P C. The Study of Recovery Technology of Ternary Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries [D]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology, 2015. 64.(施平川. 废旧三元锂离子动力电池正极材料的回收技术研究[D]. 北京: 北京理工大学, 2015. 64.)
[39] Zhang X H, Cao H B, Xie Y B, Ning P G, An H J, You H X, Faheem Nawaz. A closed-loop process for recycling LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from the cathode scraps of lithium-ion batteries: process optimization and kinetics analysis [J]. Separation & Purification Technology, 2015, 150(AUG): 186.
[40] Yi X, Yang K Z, Zhang P, Xie H G. Research progress in the recovery of precious metals from electronic waste [J]. Guang Dong Chemical Industry, 2016, 43(3): 62.(易馨, 杨开智, 张鹏, 谢鸿观. 微生物法从电子废弃物中回收贵金属的研究进展 [J]. 广东化工 , 2016, 43 (3): 62.)
[41] Mishra D, Kim D J, Ralph D E. Bioleaching of metals from spent lithium ion secondary batteries using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans [J]. Waste Management, 2008, 28(2): 333.
[42] Xin B P, Zhang D, Zhang X, Xia Y T, Wu F, Chen S, Li L. Bioleaching mechanism of Co and Li from spent lithium-ion battery by the mixed culture of acidophilic sulfuroxidizing and iron-oxidizing bacteria [J]. Bioresour Technol., 2009, 100(24): 6163.
[43] Zeng G S, Deng X R, Luo S L, Luo X B, Zou J P. A copper-catalyzed bioleaching process for enhancement of cobalt dissolution from spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Hazard Mater., 2012, 199-200(2): 164.
[44] Ou X Q, Sun X H, Zhao Q Y, Fan F. Progress in recovery technology of waste lithiumion battery [J]. Inorg. Chem. Ind., 2005, 37(9): 11.
[45] Wang R C, Lin Y C, Wu S H. A novel recovery process of metal values from the cathode active materials of the lithium-ion secondary batteries [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2009, 99(3): 194.
[46] Li J H, Shi P X, Wang Z F, Chen Y, Chang C C. A combined recovery process of metals in spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Chemosphere, 2009, 77(8): 1132.
[47] Chagnes A, Pospiech B. A brief review on hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2013, 88(7): 1191.
[48] Kang J H, Sohn J, Chang H, Shin S M. Preparation of cobalt oxide from concentrated cathode material of spent lithium ion batteries by hydrometallurgical method [J]. Advanced Powder Technology, 2010, 21(2): 175.
[49] Jha A K, Jha M K, Kumari A, Sahu SK, Kumar V. Selective separation and recovery of cobalt from leach liquor of discarded Li-ion batteries using thiophosphinic extractant [J]. Separation & Purification Technology, 2013, 104(5): 160.
[50] Suzuki T, Nakamura T, Inoue Y, Niinae M, Shibata J. A hydrometallurgical process for the separation of aluminum, cobalt, copper and lithium in acidic sulfate media [J]. Separation & Purification Technology, 2012, 98(39): 396.
[51] Chen X P, Chen Y B, Zhou T, Liu D P, Hu H, Fan S Y. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Waste Manag., 2015, 38(1): 349.
[52] Shen Y F. Recovery cobalt from discarded lithium ion cells [J]. Nonferrous Metals, 2002, 4: 69.
[53] Garcia E M, Taroco H A, Matencio T, Domingues R Z, Freitas J A. Electrochemical recycling of cobalt from spent cathodes of lithium-ion batteries: its application as coating on SOFC interconnects [J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2011, 41(11): 1373.
[2] Wu Y, Pei F, Jia L L, Liu X L, Zhang W H, Liu P. Overview of recovery technique of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries [J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2013, 37(2): 320.(吴越, 裴锋, 贾路路, 刘晓磊, 张文华, 刘平. 废旧锂离子电池中有价金属的回收技术进展 [J]. 稀有金属, 2013, 37(2): 320.)
[3] Li L, Fan E S, Liu J R, Wu F. The technology and progress of recycling spent lithium ion batteries [J]. Advanced Materials Industry, 2016, 9: 30.(李丽, 范二莎, 刘剑, 吴锋. 锂离子动力电池回收技术及研究进展 [J]. 新材料产业, 2016, 9: 30.)
[4] Wang G X, Li J, Xu Z M. Recycling valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries [J]. Materials Reviews, 2015, 29(7): 113. (王光旭, 李佳, 许振明. 废旧锂离子动力电池中有价金属回收工艺的研究进展 [J]. 材料导报, 2015, 29(7): 113.)
[5] Zou H Y, Gratz E, Apelian D. A novel method to recycle mixed cathode materials for lithium ion batteries [J]. Green Chemistry, 2013, 15(5): 1183.
[6] Pan Y J. Recycling and Reuse of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery That is Used LiFePO4 as Cathode Material [D]. Haerbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2012. 66.(潘英俊. 以磷酸铁锂为正极材料的废旧锂离子动力电池回收及再利用 [D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2012. 66.)
[7] Ordoňez J, Gago E J, Girard A. Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 60: 195.
[8] Li J H, Zeng X L. Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery: a critical review [J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2014, 44(10): 1129.
[9] Sonoc A, Jeswiet J, Soo V K. Opportunities to improve recycling of automotive lithium ion batteries [J]. Procedia Cirp, 2015, 29: 752.
[10] Zan Z F. Study on Recycling of Spent LiCoO2 Lithium ion Batteries [D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2012. 72. (昝振峰. 废弃LiCoO2锂离子动力电池回收及再利用研究 [D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2012. 72.)
[11] Krüger S, Hanisch C, Kwade A. Effect of impurities caused by a recycling process on the electrochemical performance of Li[Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33]O2 [J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2014, 726(4): 91.
[12] Chagnes A, Pospiech B. A brief review on hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2013, 88(7): 1191.
[13] Xu J, Thomas H R, Francis R W. A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 177(2): 512.
[14] Hanisch C, Haselrieder W, Kwade A. Recovery of Active Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Electrodes and Electrode Production Rejects [M]. Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing, 2011. 85.
[15] Zhao D J, Ma S Y. Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using hydrometallurgy technology [J]. Chemical Engineer, 2011, 2: 52.(赵东江, 马松艳. 采用湿法技术从废弃锂离子动力电池中回收有价金属 [J]. 化学工程师, 2011, 2: 52.)
[16] Georgi-Maschler T, Friedrich B, Weyhe R. Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 207(6): 173.
[17] Tedjar F, Foudraz J C. Method for the mixed recycling of lithium-based anode batteries and cells [P]. CN, US 7820317 B2. 2010.
[18] Wang Z F. Study of Cobalt Recovery Technology in Spent Lithium Ion Batteries [D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2008. 63.(王泽峰. 废弃锂电池中钴的回收技术研究 [D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2008. 63.)
[19] Shin S M, Kim N H, Sohn J S, Yang D H, Kim Y H. Development of a metal recoveryprocess from Li-ion battery wastes [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2005, 79: 172.
[20] Bertuol D A, Toniasso C, Jimenez B M, Meili L, Dotto G L, Tanabe E H, Aguiar M L. Application of spouted bed elutriation in the recycling of lithium ion batteries [J]. J. Power Sources, 2015, 275: 627.
[21] Hanisch C, Loellhoeffel T, Diekmann J. Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel method to separate coating and foil of electrodes [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 108: 301.
[22] Sun L, Qiu K Q. Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 194(11): 378.
[23] Song D W, Wang X Q, Zhou E L, Hou P Y, Guo F X. Recovery and heat treatment of the Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cathode scrap material for lithium ion battery [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 232(35): 348.
[24] He L P, Sun S Y, Song X F, Yu J G. Recovery of cathode materials and Al from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic cleaning [J]. Waste Management, 2015, 46: 523.
[25] Zhou X, He W Z, Li G M, Zhang X J, Huang J W. Recycling of electrode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Waste Management, 2010. 1.
[26] Bankole O E, Gong C X, Lei L X. Battery recycling technologies: recycling waste lithium ion batteries with the impact on the environment in-view [J]. Journal of Environment & Ecology, 2013, 4(1): 14.
[27] Wang H C. Study on Recycling of Spent Lithium ion Batteries Containing Cobalt and Pilot Scale Experiment [D]. Harbin: Harbin institute of Technology, 2013. 81.(王洪彩. 含钴废旧锂离子动力电池回收技术及中试工艺研究 [D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2013. 81.)
[28] Han X Y, Xu J Q. Recovery of iron and lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries by precipitation process [J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2017, 44(4): 12.(韩小云, 徐金球. 沉淀法回收废旧磷酸铁锂电池中的铁和锂 [J]. 广东化工, 2017, 44(4): 12.)
[29] Qin Y G, Man R L, Yin X Y. Leaching cobalt and stripping aluminum foil from cathode electrode electrode of spent Li-ion batteries by the electrolytic technology [J]. Morden Chemical Industry, 2013, 33(8): 49.(覃远根, 满瑞林, 尹晓莹. 废旧锂离子动力电池正极材料与铝箔电解剥离浸出研究 [J]. 现代化工, 2013, 33(8): 49.)
[30] Zhang J. Recycling Cobalt from Spent Li-·ion Batteries by Electrolytic Stripping and Biomass Acid Leaching Method [D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2014. 79.(张建. 电解剥离—生物质酸浸回收废旧锂离子动力电池中的钴 [D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2014. 79.)
[31] Li J H, Li X H, Hu Q Y, Wang Z X, Zheng J C, Wu L, Zhang L X. Study of extraction and purification of Ni, Co and Mn from spent battery material [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2009, 99(1): 7.
[32] Jha M K, Kumari A, Jha A K. Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone [J]. Waste Management, 2013, 33: 1890.
[33] Li L, Chen R J, Sun F. Preparation of LiCoO2 films from spent lithium-ion batteries by a combined recycling process [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2011, 108: 220.
[34] Joulié M, Laucournet R, Billy E. Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high value metals from spent lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide based lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 247(3): 551.
[35] Nayl A A, Elkhashab R A, Badawy S M, El-Khateeb M A. Acid leaching of mixed spent Li-ion batteries [J]. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2014, 43(1): 7.
[36] Li L, Zhai L Y, Zhang X X, Lu J, Chen R J. Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic-assisted leaching process [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 262(262): 380.
[37] Zeng X L, Li J H, Shen B Y. Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015, 295: 112.
[38] Shi P C. The Study of Recovery Technology of Ternary Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries [D]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology, 2015. 64.(施平川. 废旧三元锂离子动力电池正极材料的回收技术研究[D]. 北京: 北京理工大学, 2015. 64.)
[39] Zhang X H, Cao H B, Xie Y B, Ning P G, An H J, You H X, Faheem Nawaz. A closed-loop process for recycling LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from the cathode scraps of lithium-ion batteries: process optimization and kinetics analysis [J]. Separation & Purification Technology, 2015, 150(AUG): 186.
[40] Yi X, Yang K Z, Zhang P, Xie H G. Research progress in the recovery of precious metals from electronic waste [J]. Guang Dong Chemical Industry, 2016, 43(3): 62.(易馨, 杨开智, 张鹏, 谢鸿观. 微生物法从电子废弃物中回收贵金属的研究进展 [J]. 广东化工 , 2016, 43 (3): 62.)
[41] Mishra D, Kim D J, Ralph D E. Bioleaching of metals from spent lithium ion secondary batteries using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans [J]. Waste Management, 2008, 28(2): 333.
[42] Xin B P, Zhang D, Zhang X, Xia Y T, Wu F, Chen S, Li L. Bioleaching mechanism of Co and Li from spent lithium-ion battery by the mixed culture of acidophilic sulfuroxidizing and iron-oxidizing bacteria [J]. Bioresour Technol., 2009, 100(24): 6163.
[43] Zeng G S, Deng X R, Luo S L, Luo X B, Zou J P. A copper-catalyzed bioleaching process for enhancement of cobalt dissolution from spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Hazard Mater., 2012, 199-200(2): 164.
[44] Ou X Q, Sun X H, Zhao Q Y, Fan F. Progress in recovery technology of waste lithiumion battery [J]. Inorg. Chem. Ind., 2005, 37(9): 11.
[45] Wang R C, Lin Y C, Wu S H. A novel recovery process of metal values from the cathode active materials of the lithium-ion secondary batteries [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2009, 99(3): 194.
[46] Li J H, Shi P X, Wang Z F, Chen Y, Chang C C. A combined recovery process of metals in spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Chemosphere, 2009, 77(8): 1132.
[47] Chagnes A, Pospiech B. A brief review on hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2013, 88(7): 1191.
[48] Kang J H, Sohn J, Chang H, Shin S M. Preparation of cobalt oxide from concentrated cathode material of spent lithium ion batteries by hydrometallurgical method [J]. Advanced Powder Technology, 2010, 21(2): 175.
[49] Jha A K, Jha M K, Kumari A, Sahu SK, Kumar V. Selective separation and recovery of cobalt from leach liquor of discarded Li-ion batteries using thiophosphinic extractant [J]. Separation & Purification Technology, 2013, 104(5): 160.
[50] Suzuki T, Nakamura T, Inoue Y, Niinae M, Shibata J. A hydrometallurgical process for the separation of aluminum, cobalt, copper and lithium in acidic sulfate media [J]. Separation & Purification Technology, 2012, 98(39): 396.
[51] Chen X P, Chen Y B, Zhou T, Liu D P, Hu H, Fan S Y. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium-ion batteries [J]. Waste Manag., 2015, 38(1): 349.
[52] Shen Y F. Recovery cobalt from discarded lithium ion cells [J]. Nonferrous Metals, 2002, 4: 69.
[53] Garcia E M, Taroco H A, Matencio T, Domingues R Z, Freitas J A. Electrochemical recycling of cobalt from spent cathodes of lithium-ion batteries: its application as coating on SOFC interconnects [J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2011, 41(11): 1373.