十大孔兑降雨侵蚀产沙时空分布特征及预测
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摘要
采用GIS与CA-Markov模型,对十大孔兑土地利用格局及土壤侵蚀产沙的时空分布特征进行了分析,并对2030年土地利用格局及降雨侵蚀分布特征进行了模拟。结果表明:十大孔兑土地利用类型以草地和荒草地(砒砂岩)为主,以自然生态系统为主,但人工生态系统分布相对集中,对局部干扰程度较大。2000—2015年人工生态系统不断扩张,耕地和城镇建设用地面积显著增大,沙地及荒草地面积显著减小,期间约有37%的土地利用类型发生转化,城市化及当地生态绿化措施显著影响着区域土地利用格局;2015—2030年土地利用变化比2000—2015年剧烈,土地类型转化集中于沙地转变为草地及灌木林地,城市化开始影响北部区域,部分砒砂岩转变为草地及灌木林地;影响十大孔兑地区土地利用格局的主要驱动力是政策驱动下的生态修复,城市化对区域的影响在逐步增强。十大孔兑降雨侵蚀较严重,属于极强烈侵蚀,砒砂岩裸露是造成降雨侵蚀强度增大的主要因素。2000—2015年虽然平均土壤侵蚀模数减小,但是剧烈侵蚀面积显著增大。到2030年土壤侵蚀强度继续减小,减小约10.39%,侵蚀量大的砒砂岩区得到修复,但是随着城市化进程加快,北部土壤侵蚀呈加剧趋势;十大孔兑未来的治理重点是既要针对砒砂岩地区开展生态修复工程建设,又要加强对北部城市化地区的生态管控,限制城镇无序发展侵占自然生态系统。
GIS and CA-Markov models were used to simulate and predict the land use pattern and spatial-temporal variation of sediment yield produced by soil erosion in ten main watershed areas. The results show that the ten watershed areas are mainly natural ecosystems, but the distribution of artificial ecosystems is relatively concentrated which hasa big interference to the localarea. The main types of land use are grassland and waste-grasslands(feldspathic sandstone). From 2000 to 2015, the artificial ecosystem was expanding, the area of cultivated land and urban construction land was increased and the area of sandy land and grassland was decreased significantly. In the past 15 years, about 37% of the land use types have been changed. Urbanization and local ecological greening measures have a significantly affection to the land use pattern.The change of land use type in the 2015-2030 years will be more intense than that of in the previous fifteen years, and it will concentrate in the shifting of sandy lands into grasslands and shrub lands. Urbanization has begun to affect the northern part of this area, and some of the feldspathic sandstone has been transformed into grassland and shrub land. The main force affecting land use pattern in the ten watershed areas is ecological restoration derived by policy, also the impact of urbanization has gradually increased.Soil erosion is serious in the ten watershed areas, and it belongs to extreme strength erosion.Feldspathic sandstone is the main factor causing the increase of regional erosion intensity.From 2000 to 2015, although the average soil erosion modulus decreased, the area of severe erosion had been increased significantly.The area of feldspathic sandstone is the key and difficult point for soil erosion control. In 2030, the soil erosion intensity will continue to decline, reducing by about 10.39% and a better restoration will be appeared in the feldspathic sandstone area.However, with the acceleration of urbanization, the soil erosion is increasing in the north area.The future focus of governance in the ten watershed areas is to carry out ecological rehabilitation projects in the feldspathic sandstone area, and to strengthen ecological control in the northern urbanization area.
GIS and CA-Markov models were used to simulate and predict the land use pattern and spatial-temporal variation of sediment yield produced by soil erosion in ten main watershed areas. The results show that the ten watershed areas are mainly natural ecosystems, but the distribution of artificial ecosystems is relatively concentrated which hasa big interference to the localarea. The main types of land use are grassland and waste-grasslands(feldspathic sandstone). From 2000 to 2015, the artificial ecosystem was expanding, the area of cultivated land and urban construction land was increased and the area of sandy land and grassland was decreased significantly. In the past 15 years, about 37% of the land use types have been changed. Urbanization and local ecological greening measures have a significantly affection to the land use pattern.The change of land use type in the 2015-2030 years will be more intense than that of in the previous fifteen years, and it will concentrate in the shifting of sandy lands into grasslands and shrub lands. Urbanization has begun to affect the northern part of this area, and some of the feldspathic sandstone has been transformed into grassland and shrub land. The main force affecting land use pattern in the ten watershed areas is ecological restoration derived by policy, also the impact of urbanization has gradually increased.Soil erosion is serious in the ten watershed areas, and it belongs to extreme strength erosion.Feldspathic sandstone is the main factor causing the increase of regional erosion intensity.From 2000 to 2015, although the average soil erosion modulus decreased, the area of severe erosion had been increased significantly.The area of feldspathic sandstone is the key and difficult point for soil erosion control. In 2030, the soil erosion intensity will continue to decline, reducing by about 10.39% and a better restoration will be appeared in the feldspathic sandstone area.However, with the acceleration of urbanization, the soil erosion is increasing in the north area.The future focus of governance in the ten watershed areas is to carry out ecological rehabilitation projects in the feldspathic sandstone area, and to strengthen ecological control in the northern urbanization area.
引文
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[8] 许炯心.“十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙与风水两相作用及高含沙水流的关系[J].泥沙研究,2013(6):28-37.
[9] 吴保生.内蒙古十大孔兑对黄河干流水沙及冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2014,36(10):5-8.
[10] 林秀芝,郭彦,侯素珍.内蒙古十大孔兑输沙量估算[J].泥沙研究,2014(2):15-20.
[11] 张瑞,白凤林,贾利红,等.晋陕蒙砒砂岩区十大孔兑沙棘种植抗旱措施[J].中国水土保持,2015(4):31-33.
[12] 刘瑞霞.晋陕蒙砒砂岩区十大孔兑水土流失治理浅析[J].内蒙古水利,2013(6):68-69.
[13] 田鹏,赵广举,穆兴民,等.基于改进RUSLE模型的皇甫川流域土壤侵蚀产沙模拟研究[J].资源科学,2015,37(4):832-840.
[14] 冉大川,姚文艺,李占斌,等.不同库容配置比例淤地坝的减沙效应[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(12):154-162.
[15] WISCHMEIER W H, SMITH D D. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning [M]. Washington D C: U.S.Department of Agriculture, 1987:537.
[16] RENARD K G, FOSTER G R, WEESIES G A, et al. Predicting Rainfall Ersion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) [M]. Washington D C: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1997: 15.
[17] 汪邦稳,杨勤科,刘志红,等.基于DEM和GIS的修正通用土壤流失方程地形因子值的提取[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(2):18-23.
[18] LIU B Y, NEARING M A, SHI P J, et al. Slope Length Effects on Soil Loss for Steep Slopes [J]. Soil Science of America Journal, 2000, 64(2):1759-1763.
[19] ZHANG H, YANG Qinke, LI Rui, et al. Extension of a GIS Procedure for Calculating the Rusle Equation LS Factor[J]. Computers & Geosciences, 2013, 52(1):177-188.
[20] 喻锋,李晓兵,陈云浩,等. 皇甫川流域土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):1947-1956.
[21] 邱一丹,李锦荣,孙保平,等.退耕还林和降雨对中阳县土壤侵蚀的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2011(13):66-69.
[22] FU Bojie,ZHAO W W,CHEN L D,et al. Assessment of Soil Erosion at Large Watershed Scale Using RUSLE and GIS:A Case Study in the Loess Plateau of China [J]. Land Degradation and Development, 2005, 16(1): 73.
[23] 胡雪丽,徐凌,张树深.基于CA-Markov模型和多目标优化的大连市土地利用格局[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(6):1652-1660.
[24] AL-SHARIF A A A,PRADHAN B. A Novel Approach for Predicting the Spatial Patterns of Urban Expansion by Combining the Chi-Squared Automatic Integration Detection Decision Tree, Markov Chain and Cellular Automata Models in GIS[J]. Geocarto International, 2015, 30(8): 858-881.
[25] 孔令桥,张路,郑华,等.长江流域生态系统格局演变及驱动力[J].生态学报,2018,38(3):741-749.
[26] 管亚兵,杨胜天,周旭,等.黄河十大孔兑流域林草植被覆盖度的遥感估算及其动态研究[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,52(4):458-465.
[2] 许炯心.黄河内蒙古段支流“十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙的时空变化及其成因[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(6):1641-1649.
[3] ZHAO G, MU X, STREHMEL A, et al. Temporal Variation of Stream Flow, Sediment Load and Their Relationship in the Yellow River Basin, China[J].PLOS One,2014,9(3):e91048.
[4] 王海兵,贾晓鹏.大型水库运行下内蒙古河道泥沙侵蚀淤积过程[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(1):189-192.
[5] 马玉凤,严平,李双权.内蒙古孔兑区叭尔洞沟中游河谷段的风水交互侵蚀动力过程[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):990-999.
[6] 孙宝洋,李占斌,张洋,等.黄河内蒙古支流“十大孔兑”区风蚀强度时空变化特征[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(17):112-119.
[7] 张翔. 黄河上游十大孔兑地区风水复合侵蚀产沙过程研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2016:59-83.
[8] 许炯心.“十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙与风水两相作用及高含沙水流的关系[J].泥沙研究,2013(6):28-37.
[9] 吴保生.内蒙古十大孔兑对黄河干流水沙及冲淤的影响[J].人民黄河,2014,36(10):5-8.
[10] 林秀芝,郭彦,侯素珍.内蒙古十大孔兑输沙量估算[J].泥沙研究,2014(2):15-20.
[11] 张瑞,白凤林,贾利红,等.晋陕蒙砒砂岩区十大孔兑沙棘种植抗旱措施[J].中国水土保持,2015(4):31-33.
[12] 刘瑞霞.晋陕蒙砒砂岩区十大孔兑水土流失治理浅析[J].内蒙古水利,2013(6):68-69.
[13] 田鹏,赵广举,穆兴民,等.基于改进RUSLE模型的皇甫川流域土壤侵蚀产沙模拟研究[J].资源科学,2015,37(4):832-840.
[14] 冉大川,姚文艺,李占斌,等.不同库容配置比例淤地坝的减沙效应[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(12):154-162.
[15] WISCHMEIER W H, SMITH D D. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning [M]. Washington D C: U.S.Department of Agriculture, 1987:537.
[16] RENARD K G, FOSTER G R, WEESIES G A, et al. Predicting Rainfall Ersion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) [M]. Washington D C: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1997: 15.
[17] 汪邦稳,杨勤科,刘志红,等.基于DEM和GIS的修正通用土壤流失方程地形因子值的提取[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(2):18-23.
[18] LIU B Y, NEARING M A, SHI P J, et al. Slope Length Effects on Soil Loss for Steep Slopes [J]. Soil Science of America Journal, 2000, 64(2):1759-1763.
[19] ZHANG H, YANG Qinke, LI Rui, et al. Extension of a GIS Procedure for Calculating the Rusle Equation LS Factor[J]. Computers & Geosciences, 2013, 52(1):177-188.
[20] 喻锋,李晓兵,陈云浩,等. 皇甫川流域土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):1947-1956.
[21] 邱一丹,李锦荣,孙保平,等.退耕还林和降雨对中阳县土壤侵蚀的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2011(13):66-69.
[22] FU Bojie,ZHAO W W,CHEN L D,et al. Assessment of Soil Erosion at Large Watershed Scale Using RUSLE and GIS:A Case Study in the Loess Plateau of China [J]. Land Degradation and Development, 2005, 16(1): 73.
[23] 胡雪丽,徐凌,张树深.基于CA-Markov模型和多目标优化的大连市土地利用格局[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(6):1652-1660.
[24] AL-SHARIF A A A,PRADHAN B. A Novel Approach for Predicting the Spatial Patterns of Urban Expansion by Combining the Chi-Squared Automatic Integration Detection Decision Tree, Markov Chain and Cellular Automata Models in GIS[J]. Geocarto International, 2015, 30(8): 858-881.
[25] 孔令桥,张路,郑华,等.长江流域生态系统格局演变及驱动力[J].生态学报,2018,38(3):741-749.
[26] 管亚兵,杨胜天,周旭,等.黄河十大孔兑流域林草植被覆盖度的遥感估算及其动态研究[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,52(4):458-465.
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