李品种资源果实抗氧化活性分析
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摘要
【目的】为李种质资源功能物质的科学评价与高抗氧化活性种质筛选提供基础数据。【方法】对李7个主要种和5份李杏杂交种等59份代表种质的清除DPPH自由基能力、清除ABTS自由基能力、还原Fe~(3+)能力(FRAP)和总酚含量进行检测。【结果】供试品种的抗氧化活性和总酚含量变异丰富,果实抗氧化活性与总酚含量呈显著相关,且不同种间或类型间存在显著差异。其中,美洲李(P. americana)的抗氧化活性和总酚含量显著高于其他种,栽培欧洲李(P.domesitica)的抗氧化活性和总酚含量最低。不同颜色李品种抗氧化活性和多酚含量差异不显著。抗氧化活性和总酚含量均值最大的是红色和紫红色品种,最低的是绿色品种。抗氧化活性和总酚含量较高的中国李品种有‘美丽李‘’奎丽‘’蜜李‘’紫玉’和‘绥李3号’。【结论】李种质间抗氧化活性和总酚含量变异非常丰富;不同种或果实着色的李种质抗氧化活性存在一定的差异。
【Objective】Antioxidant capacity of fruit has been confirmed to improve health and prevent many kinds of cancers and aging-related illness of people. Breeding fruit varieties with high antioxidant capacity is one of the most important aims of breeders. Plums are so riched in chemicals of high antioxidant capacity such as polyphenols and flavonoids that are more and more popular. Evaluaton of the antioxidant level of plum resources is fundamental work for breeding plum varieties with high polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. The aim of our study is to provide basic data for further evaluation of antioxidant capacity of plum resources, and to select plum germplasm resources with high antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents.【Methods】The total antioxidant capacity(TAC) and total phenolic content(TPC)of 59 accessions of plum including 7 Prunus species, that is, P. salicina, P. simonii, P. domesitica, P.americana, P. nigra, P. cerasifera, and P. spinosa, four wild types of P. domesitica and five P. salicina hybrids with different colors were analyzed. All the plum materials were sampled in Chinese Germplasm Repository for Plums and Apricots(Xiongyue town, Liaoning province) in 2015 during ripening period. The flesh(with skin) was separated from kernel, and then was cut up and was mixed. The samples were stored under-80 ℃ in ultra-low temperature freezer. TAC was analyzed using the following 3 methods: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity(DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity(ABTS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power(FRAP). TPC was detected by Folin-Ciocalteau method.【Results】The plum resources had a wide range of TAC and TPC. The range of TAC(DPPH) was 4.58-17.36 μmol·g~(-1), and the most accessions of the cultivars were in the range of 9-10μmol·g~(-1). The range of TAC(ABTS) was 4.04-24.17 μmol·g~(-1), while TAC(FRAP) range was 9.74-75.61μmol·g~(-1). The TAC(FRAP) value was most in 10-35 μmol·g~(-1)(43 accessions). The range of TPC was60.42-469.89 mg· 100 g-1, and the most accessions(46 accessions) were in the range of 75-250 mg· 100 g-1.‘Meiguoniuxinli'had the highest DPPH and ABTS value among all the samples, and‘wolf'had the highest FRAP. While‘Sloes 1#'had the lowest DPPH and ABTS and‘Loyer'had the lowest FRAP. P.domesitica had the greatest variability among all the species. The highest value of TAC measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, and TPC value were 3.64 times, 3.69 times, 5.59 times and 4.33 times hogher than that of the lowest values separately. It was found in our study that TAC had significant correlation with TPC measured using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP method, with r2 were 0.913, 0.934 and 0.930. P.americana had the highest TPC and TAC while P. domesitica had the lowest, however, the wild types of P. domesitica had igher TPC and TAC which was only lower than those of P. americana. The differences of TPC and TAC between P. salicina and P. salicina hybrids were not significant. The order of DPPH and TPC contents in plums of different colors were: red> purple red> blue black> orange>purple black > green, the ABTS sequences were: red> purple red> orange> blue black> purple black > green, while the order of FRAP were red> purple red> blue black> purple black > orange> green. In our study, TPC and TAC of different colors in different species were also measured. In P. domesitica(including wide type of P. domesitica), the first two accessions with higher TPC and TAC were blue black and purple black plums, while in P. salicina(including P. simonii and P. salicina hybrid), the top two accessions with higher were purple red and red, and the green fruits had the lowest level. However, the differences of TPC and TAC among different resources with different colors were not significant. The range of TAC of fruits of P. salicina was 6.90-17.35 μmol·g~(-1)(DPPH), 7.23-23.69μmol·g~(-1)(ABTS) and 12.25-63.64 μmol· g-1(FRAP), while the range of TPC was 86.64-368.28 mg· 100 g~(-1).The cultivars with high TPC and TAC were‘Beauty'‘Kuili'‘Ziyu'and‘Suili#3', their FRAP values were over 44% higher than the average, and their TPC were over 43% higher than the average. On the other hand,‘Haichengpingguoli'‘Keyoow'and‘Mutianli'had lower TAC and TPC. TPC of‘Beauty'(368.28 mg· 100 g~(-1)) was about 3.6 times higher than that of‘Haichengpingguoli'(102.28 mg· 100 g~(-1)).【Conclusion】Plums of different types and species had a wide range of TAC and TPC. Fruits of P. americana had the highest content of TPC and TAC, while fruits of P. domesitica had the lowest. However,the wide type of P. domesitica also had the higher content of TPC and TAC. There was no significant differences in the contents of TPC and TAC among fruits of different colors. But the fruits with dark color skin in the same species had relative higher level of TAC and TPC. In P. salicina, the varieties of‘Beauty'‘Kuili'‘Mili'‘Ziyu'and‘Suili#3'had higher TPC and TAC.
【Objective】Antioxidant capacity of fruit has been confirmed to improve health and prevent many kinds of cancers and aging-related illness of people. Breeding fruit varieties with high antioxidant capacity is one of the most important aims of breeders. Plums are so riched in chemicals of high antioxidant capacity such as polyphenols and flavonoids that are more and more popular. Evaluaton of the antioxidant level of plum resources is fundamental work for breeding plum varieties with high polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. The aim of our study is to provide basic data for further evaluation of antioxidant capacity of plum resources, and to select plum germplasm resources with high antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents.【Methods】The total antioxidant capacity(TAC) and total phenolic content(TPC)of 59 accessions of plum including 7 Prunus species, that is, P. salicina, P. simonii, P. domesitica, P.americana, P. nigra, P. cerasifera, and P. spinosa, four wild types of P. domesitica and five P. salicina hybrids with different colors were analyzed. All the plum materials were sampled in Chinese Germplasm Repository for Plums and Apricots(Xiongyue town, Liaoning province) in 2015 during ripening period. The flesh(with skin) was separated from kernel, and then was cut up and was mixed. The samples were stored under-80 ℃ in ultra-low temperature freezer. TAC was analyzed using the following 3 methods: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity(DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity(ABTS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power(FRAP). TPC was detected by Folin-Ciocalteau method.【Results】The plum resources had a wide range of TAC and TPC. The range of TAC(DPPH) was 4.58-17.36 μmol·g~(-1), and the most accessions of the cultivars were in the range of 9-10μmol·g~(-1). The range of TAC(ABTS) was 4.04-24.17 μmol·g~(-1), while TAC(FRAP) range was 9.74-75.61μmol·g~(-1). The TAC(FRAP) value was most in 10-35 μmol·g~(-1)(43 accessions). The range of TPC was60.42-469.89 mg· 100 g-1, and the most accessions(46 accessions) were in the range of 75-250 mg· 100 g-1.‘Meiguoniuxinli'had the highest DPPH and ABTS value among all the samples, and‘wolf'had the highest FRAP. While‘Sloes 1#'had the lowest DPPH and ABTS and‘Loyer'had the lowest FRAP. P.domesitica had the greatest variability among all the species. The highest value of TAC measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, and TPC value were 3.64 times, 3.69 times, 5.59 times and 4.33 times hogher than that of the lowest values separately. It was found in our study that TAC had significant correlation with TPC measured using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP method, with r2 were 0.913, 0.934 and 0.930. P.americana had the highest TPC and TAC while P. domesitica had the lowest, however, the wild types of P. domesitica had igher TPC and TAC which was only lower than those of P. americana. The differences of TPC and TAC between P. salicina and P. salicina hybrids were not significant. The order of DPPH and TPC contents in plums of different colors were: red> purple red> blue black> orange>purple black > green, the ABTS sequences were: red> purple red> orange> blue black> purple black > green, while the order of FRAP were red> purple red> blue black> purple black > orange> green. In our study, TPC and TAC of different colors in different species were also measured. In P. domesitica(including wide type of P. domesitica), the first two accessions with higher TPC and TAC were blue black and purple black plums, while in P. salicina(including P. simonii and P. salicina hybrid), the top two accessions with higher were purple red and red, and the green fruits had the lowest level. However, the differences of TPC and TAC among different resources with different colors were not significant. The range of TAC of fruits of P. salicina was 6.90-17.35 μmol·g~(-1)(DPPH), 7.23-23.69μmol·g~(-1)(ABTS) and 12.25-63.64 μmol· g-1(FRAP), while the range of TPC was 86.64-368.28 mg· 100 g~(-1).The cultivars with high TPC and TAC were‘Beauty'‘Kuili'‘Ziyu'and‘Suili#3', their FRAP values were over 44% higher than the average, and their TPC were over 43% higher than the average. On the other hand,‘Haichengpingguoli'‘Keyoow'and‘Mutianli'had lower TAC and TPC. TPC of‘Beauty'(368.28 mg· 100 g~(-1)) was about 3.6 times higher than that of‘Haichengpingguoli'(102.28 mg· 100 g~(-1)).【Conclusion】Plums of different types and species had a wide range of TAC and TPC. Fruits of P. americana had the highest content of TPC and TAC, while fruits of P. domesitica had the lowest. However,the wide type of P. domesitica also had the higher content of TPC and TAC. There was no significant differences in the contents of TPC and TAC among fruits of different colors. But the fruits with dark color skin in the same species had relative higher level of TAC and TPC. In P. salicina, the varieties of‘Beauty'‘Kuili'‘Mili'‘Ziyu'and‘Suili#3'had higher TPC and TAC.
引文
[1]WARGOVICH M J.Anticancer properties of fruits and vegetables[J].HortScience,2000,35:573-575.
[2]TOPP B L,RUSSELL D M,NEUMULLER M,DALBO M,LIU W S.Plum[M]//Badenes M L,Byrne D H.Fruit Breeding,2012:571-621.
[3]TOMASBARBERAN F A,GIL M I,CREMIN P,WATER-HOUSE A L,HESSPIERCE B,KADER A A.HPLC-DAD-ES-IMS analysis of phenolic compounds in nectarines,peaches,and plums[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2001,49(10):4748-4760.
[4]CEVALLOS-CASALS B A,BYRNE D,OKIE W R,CISNER-OS-ZEVALLOS L.Selecting new peach and plum genotypes rich in phenolic compounds and enhanced functional properties[J].Food Chemistry,2005,96(2):273-280.
[5]PRIOR R L,CAO G,MARTIN A,SOFIC E,MCEWEN J,O’BRIEN C,LISCHNER N,EHLENFELDT M,KALT W,KREWER G,MAINLAND C.Antioxidant capacity as influenced by total phenolic and anthocyanin content,maturity,and variety of Vaccinium species[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1998,46(7):2686-2693.
[6]WANG H,CAO G H,PRIOR R L.Total antioxidant capacity of fruits[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1996,44(3):701-705.
[7]CHUN O K,KIM D O.Consideration on equivalent chemicals in total phenolic assay of chlorogenic acid-rich plums[J].Food Research International,2004,37(4):337-342.
[8]GIL M I,TOMASBARBERAN F A,HESSPIERCE B,KADERA A.Antioxidant capacities,phenolic compounds,carotenoids,and vitamin C contents of nectarine,peach,and plum cultivars from California[J].Journal of Agricultural&Food Chemistry,2002,50(17):4976-4982.
[9]KIM D O,CHUN O K,KIM Y J,MOON H Y,LEE C Y.Quantification of polyphenolics and their antioxidant capacity in fresh plums[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2003,51(22):6509-6515.
[10]张静茹,孙海龙,陆致成,李海飞,李静,王昆.野生樱桃李(Prunus cerasifera)果实多酚多样性分析[J].果树学报,2017,34(5):567-575.ZHANG Jingru,SUN Hailong,LU Zhicheng,LI Haifei,LI Jing,WANG Kun.Diversity analysis of phenolic in wild myrobalan plums(Prunus cerasifera)[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2017,34(5):567-575.
[11]陆致成,孙海龙,张静茹,于潞.不同种质李果实酚类物质组分及其含量分析[J].中国南方果树,2016,45(6):105-109.LU Zhicheng,SUN Hailong,ZHANG Jingru,YU Lu.Analysis of components and contents of phenolic substanes in different plum germplasm resources[J].South China Fruit,2016,45(6):105-109.
[12]THAIPONG K,BOONPRAKOB U,CROSBY K,CISNEROS-ZEVALLOS L,BYRNE D H.Comparison of ABTS,DPPH,FRAP,and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts[J].Journal of Food Composition and Analyis,2006,19(6/7):669-675.
[13]SINGLETON V L,ROSSI J.Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphothungstic acid reagents[J].American Journal of Encology and Viticulture,1965,16(3):144-158.
[14]PRIOR R L,CAO G H.In vivo total antioxidant capacity:comparison of different analytical methods[J].Free Radical Biology Medicine,1999,27(11/12):1173-1181.
[15]杨瑞丽,陆俊丰,高歌,黄雅诗,李美英.不同方法测定40种常见果蔬抗氧化活性的比较研究[J].广东农业学,2011,38(8):72-74.YANG Ruili,LU Junfeng,GAO Ge,HUANG Yashi,LI Meiying.Comparative study on antioxidant activities of 40 fruits and vegetables by different methods[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2011,38(8):72-74.
[16]LATA B.Relationship between apple peel and the whole fruit antioxidant content:year and cultivar variation[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2007,55(3):663-671.
[17]CAO G,SOFIC E,PRIOR R L.Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids:structure-activity relationships[J].Free Radical Biology Medicine,1997,22(5):749-760.
[18]RUPASINGHE H P V,JAYASANKAR S,LAY W.Variation in total phenolics and antioxidant capacity among European plum genotypes[J].Science Horticulture,2006,108:243-246.
[19]KIM D O,JEONG S W,LEE C Y.Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums[J].Food Chemistry,2003,81(3):321-326.
[20]林培钧,廖明康,施丽,王银福,霍宗生.新疆伊犁野生欧洲李Prunus domestica L.(P.communis Fritsch)的发现与分布(第一报)[J].辽宁果树,1986(1):6-8.LIN Peijun,LIAO Mingkang,SHI Li,WANG Yinfu,HUOZongsheng.Discovery and distribution of wild Prunus domestica L.(P.communis Fritsch)in Yili(Xinjiang)[J].Liaoning Fruit,1986(1):6-8.
[21]刘威生.李种质资源遗传多样性及主要种间亲缘关系的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.LIU Weisheng.Studies on the genetic diversity among plum germplasm resources and the phylogenetic relationships of main plum species[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2005.
[22]RAYNAL J,MOUNTOUNET M,SOUQUET J M.Intervention of phenolic compounds in plum technology.1.Changes during drying[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1989,37(4):1046-1050.
[23]SAHAMISHIRAZI S,MOEHRING J,CLAUPEIN W,GRAEFF-HOENNINGER S.Quality assessment of 178 cultivars of plum regarding phenolic,anthocyanin and sugar content[J].Food Chemistry,2017,214:694-701.
[2]TOPP B L,RUSSELL D M,NEUMULLER M,DALBO M,LIU W S.Plum[M]//Badenes M L,Byrne D H.Fruit Breeding,2012:571-621.
[3]TOMASBARBERAN F A,GIL M I,CREMIN P,WATER-HOUSE A L,HESSPIERCE B,KADER A A.HPLC-DAD-ES-IMS analysis of phenolic compounds in nectarines,peaches,and plums[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2001,49(10):4748-4760.
[4]CEVALLOS-CASALS B A,BYRNE D,OKIE W R,CISNER-OS-ZEVALLOS L.Selecting new peach and plum genotypes rich in phenolic compounds and enhanced functional properties[J].Food Chemistry,2005,96(2):273-280.
[5]PRIOR R L,CAO G,MARTIN A,SOFIC E,MCEWEN J,O’BRIEN C,LISCHNER N,EHLENFELDT M,KALT W,KREWER G,MAINLAND C.Antioxidant capacity as influenced by total phenolic and anthocyanin content,maturity,and variety of Vaccinium species[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1998,46(7):2686-2693.
[6]WANG H,CAO G H,PRIOR R L.Total antioxidant capacity of fruits[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1996,44(3):701-705.
[7]CHUN O K,KIM D O.Consideration on equivalent chemicals in total phenolic assay of chlorogenic acid-rich plums[J].Food Research International,2004,37(4):337-342.
[8]GIL M I,TOMASBARBERAN F A,HESSPIERCE B,KADERA A.Antioxidant capacities,phenolic compounds,carotenoids,and vitamin C contents of nectarine,peach,and plum cultivars from California[J].Journal of Agricultural&Food Chemistry,2002,50(17):4976-4982.
[9]KIM D O,CHUN O K,KIM Y J,MOON H Y,LEE C Y.Quantification of polyphenolics and their antioxidant capacity in fresh plums[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2003,51(22):6509-6515.
[10]张静茹,孙海龙,陆致成,李海飞,李静,王昆.野生樱桃李(Prunus cerasifera)果实多酚多样性分析[J].果树学报,2017,34(5):567-575.ZHANG Jingru,SUN Hailong,LU Zhicheng,LI Haifei,LI Jing,WANG Kun.Diversity analysis of phenolic in wild myrobalan plums(Prunus cerasifera)[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2017,34(5):567-575.
[11]陆致成,孙海龙,张静茹,于潞.不同种质李果实酚类物质组分及其含量分析[J].中国南方果树,2016,45(6):105-109.LU Zhicheng,SUN Hailong,ZHANG Jingru,YU Lu.Analysis of components and contents of phenolic substanes in different plum germplasm resources[J].South China Fruit,2016,45(6):105-109.
[12]THAIPONG K,BOONPRAKOB U,CROSBY K,CISNEROS-ZEVALLOS L,BYRNE D H.Comparison of ABTS,DPPH,FRAP,and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts[J].Journal of Food Composition and Analyis,2006,19(6/7):669-675.
[13]SINGLETON V L,ROSSI J.Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphothungstic acid reagents[J].American Journal of Encology and Viticulture,1965,16(3):144-158.
[14]PRIOR R L,CAO G H.In vivo total antioxidant capacity:comparison of different analytical methods[J].Free Radical Biology Medicine,1999,27(11/12):1173-1181.
[15]杨瑞丽,陆俊丰,高歌,黄雅诗,李美英.不同方法测定40种常见果蔬抗氧化活性的比较研究[J].广东农业学,2011,38(8):72-74.YANG Ruili,LU Junfeng,GAO Ge,HUANG Yashi,LI Meiying.Comparative study on antioxidant activities of 40 fruits and vegetables by different methods[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2011,38(8):72-74.
[16]LATA B.Relationship between apple peel and the whole fruit antioxidant content:year and cultivar variation[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2007,55(3):663-671.
[17]CAO G,SOFIC E,PRIOR R L.Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids:structure-activity relationships[J].Free Radical Biology Medicine,1997,22(5):749-760.
[18]RUPASINGHE H P V,JAYASANKAR S,LAY W.Variation in total phenolics and antioxidant capacity among European plum genotypes[J].Science Horticulture,2006,108:243-246.
[19]KIM D O,JEONG S W,LEE C Y.Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums[J].Food Chemistry,2003,81(3):321-326.
[20]林培钧,廖明康,施丽,王银福,霍宗生.新疆伊犁野生欧洲李Prunus domestica L.(P.communis Fritsch)的发现与分布(第一报)[J].辽宁果树,1986(1):6-8.LIN Peijun,LIAO Mingkang,SHI Li,WANG Yinfu,HUOZongsheng.Discovery and distribution of wild Prunus domestica L.(P.communis Fritsch)in Yili(Xinjiang)[J].Liaoning Fruit,1986(1):6-8.
[21]刘威生.李种质资源遗传多样性及主要种间亲缘关系的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.LIU Weisheng.Studies on the genetic diversity among plum germplasm resources and the phylogenetic relationships of main plum species[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2005.
[22]RAYNAL J,MOUNTOUNET M,SOUQUET J M.Intervention of phenolic compounds in plum technology.1.Changes during drying[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1989,37(4):1046-1050.
[23]SAHAMISHIRAZI S,MOEHRING J,CLAUPEIN W,GRAEFF-HOENNINGER S.Quality assessment of 178 cultivars of plum regarding phenolic,anthocyanin and sugar content[J].Food Chemistry,2017,214:694-701.
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