不同城市化梯度对北京绿地植物群落的影响
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摘要
城市化对生物多样性的影响是目前城市生态学的一项重要研究内容。本研究按照北京城市发展梯度,对北京城区六环内公园、居民区和道路3类绿地类型中的植物群落进行踏查和样方调查,分析植物物种组成及多样性对城市化的响应。结果表明:1)在北京城区六环内共调查到103科319属536种植物,其中,多种科有菊科、蔷薇科、禾本科和豆科等,多种属有李属(Prunus)和蒿属(Artemisia)等;2)国外引进种有80种,占总物种数的14.9%,国内引进种有95种,占总物种数的17.7%,本地物种数有361种,占总物种数的67.4%;3)城市绿地植物中乔木和灌木的物种丰富度及物种多样性随着城市化梯度的递增呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,而草本的变化不明显;植物物种均匀度随着城市化梯度的增加无明显的变化规律,物种同质化严重。
The effects of urbanization on biodiversity is an important field in urban ecology.We investigated plant communities in three green-land types,parks,residential areas,and roads along an urbanization gradient in the Beijing urban area(inner 6th ring road).Species composition,similarity index,and diversity of plants in urban areas were calculated.The results showed 536 species,belonging to 103 families,and 319 genera in the Beijing urban area.Among them,there were361 native species and 175 imported species.80 species were imported from abroad and 95 species from inland,namely14.9% and 17.7% of the total species,respectively.The species richness and diversity of trees and shrubs first increased and then decreased along the urbanization gradients,with the decreasing trend from the inner 2nd ring road and the increasing trend from the 3rd – 4th ring road.No significant difference was found along the urbanization gradient for herbaceous plants.There were no significant differences in species evenness along the urbanization gradient.
The effects of urbanization on biodiversity is an important field in urban ecology.We investigated plant communities in three green-land types,parks,residential areas,and roads along an urbanization gradient in the Beijing urban area(inner 6th ring road).Species composition,similarity index,and diversity of plants in urban areas were calculated.The results showed 536 species,belonging to 103 families,and 319 genera in the Beijing urban area.Among them,there were361 native species and 175 imported species.80 species were imported from abroad and 95 species from inland,namely14.9% and 17.7% of the total species,respectively.The species richness and diversity of trees and shrubs first increased and then decreased along the urbanization gradients,with the decreasing trend from the inner 2nd ring road and the increasing trend from the 3rd – 4th ring road.No significant difference was found along the urbanization gradient for herbaceous plants.There were no significant differences in species evenness along the urbanization gradient.
引文
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[3]MCKINNEY M L.Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization.Biological Conservation,2006,127(3):247-260.
[4]MCKINNEY M L.Urbanization,biodiversity,and conservation.BioScience,2002,52(10):883-890.
[5]王光美,杨景成,姜闯道,赵洪涛,张志东.生物同质化研究透视.生物多样性,2009,17(2):117-126.WANG G M,YANG J C,JIANG C D,ZHAO H T,ZHANG Z D.A literature review on biotic homogenization.Biodiversity Science,2009,17(2):117-126.
[6]陈国奇,强胜.人类活动是导致生物均质化的主要因素.生态学报,2011,31(14):4107-4116.CHEN G Q,QIANG S.Human activities are the principle cause of biotic homogenization.Acta Ecolofic Sinica,2011,31(14):4107-4116.
[7]何荣晓.城市化对植物多样性的影响:以海口市为例.海口:海南大学博士学位论文,2016.HE R X.Effects of urbanization on plant diversity:A case study for Haikou City,China.PhD Thesis.Haikou:Hainan University,2016.
[8]雷金睿,宋希强,陈宗铸.海口城市公园植物群落多样性研究.西南林业大学学报,2017,37(1):88-93.LEI J R,SONG X Q,CHEN Z Z.Analysis on plant community diversity in Haikou City Parks.Journal of Southwest Forestry University,2017,37(1):88-93.
[9]KüHN I,BRANDL R,KLOTZ S.The flora of German cities is naturally species rich.Evolutionary Ecology Research,2004,6(5):749-764.
[10]CRANE P,KINZIG A.Nature in the metropolis.Science,2005,308:1225-1225.
[11]张金屯,Pickett S.城市化对森林植被,土壤和景观的影响.生态学报,1999,19(5):66-70.ZHANG J T,PICKETT S.Effects of urbanization on forest vegetation,soils and landscape.Acta Ecolofic Sinica,1999,19(5):66-70.
[12]SUKOPP H.Human-caused impact on preserved vegetation.Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,68(4):347-355.
[13]ALIG R J,KLINE J D,LICHTENSTEIN M.Urbanization on the US landscape:Looking ahead in the 21st century.Landscape and Urban Planning,2004:219-234.
[14]田志慧,陈克霞,达良俊,古红梅.城市化进程中的上海植被的多样性,空间格局和动态响应(Ⅲ):高度城市化影响下上海中心城区杂草区系特征.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008(4):49-57.TIAN Z H,CHEN K X,DA L J,GU H M.Diversity,spatial pattern and dynamics vegetation under urbanization in Shanghai(Ⅲ):Flora of the ruderal in the urban area of Shanghai under the influence of rapid urbanization.Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science),2008(4):49-57.
[15]彭羽,刘雪华,薛达元,邵小明,姜炎彬.城市化对本土植物多样性的影响:以廊坊市为例.生态学报,2012,32(3):723-729.PENG Y,LIU X H,XUE D Y,SHAO X M,JIANG Y B.Effects of urbanization on indigenous plant diversity:A case study of Langfang City,China.Acta Ecolofic Sinica,2012,32(3):723-729.
[16]马克明,傅伯杰,郭旭东.农业区城市化对植物多样性的影响:遵化的研究.应用生态学报,2001,12(6):837-840.MA K M,FU B J,GUO X D.Impact of urbanization in rural areas on plant diversity:A case study in Zunhua City.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2001,12(6):837-840.
[17]王应刚,李建梅,李淑兰,安世杰.人为干扰对城市地区植物多样性的影响.生态学杂志,2004,23(2):102-104.WANG Y G,LI J M,LI S L,AN S J.Effect of artificial interference on plant diversity in urban area.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,23(2):102-104.
[18]贺然,李凯,何恒斌.北京部分园林绿地植物群落的多样性分析.国土绿化,2014(4):45-46.HE R,LI K,HE H B.Analysis of diversity of plant community in some green spaces in Beijing.Landscaping,2014(4):45-46.
[19]孟雪松,欧阳志云,崔国发,李伟峰,郑华.北京城市生态系统植物种类构成及其分布特征.生态学报,2004,24(10):2200-2206.MENG X S,OUYANG Z Y,CUI G F,LI W F,ZHENG H.Composition of plant species and their distribution patterns in Beijing urban ecosystem.Acta Ecolofic Sinica,2004,24(10):2200-2206.
[20]赵娟娟,欧阳志云,郑华,徐卫华,王效科.北京城区公园的植物种类构成及空间结构.应用生态学报,2009,20(2):298-306.ZHAO J J,OU YANG Z Y,ZHENG H,XU W H,WANG X K.Species composition and spatial structure of plants in urban parks of Beijing.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(2):298-306.
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[26]LI F,WANG R S,PAULUSSEN J,LIU X S.Comprehensive concept planning of urban greening based on ecological principles:Acase study in Beijing,China.Landscape and Urban Planning,2005,72(4):325-336.
[27]方精云,王襄平,沈泽昊,唐志尧,贺金生,于丹,江源,王志恒,郑成洋,朱江玲,郭兆迪.植物群落清查的主要内容,方法和技术规范.生物多样性,2009,17(6):533-548.FANG J Y,WANG X P,SHEN Z H,TANG Z Y,HE J S,YU D,JIANG Y,WANG Z H,ZHENG C Y,ZHU J L,GUO Z D.Methods and protocols for plant community inventory.Biodiversity Science,2009,17(6):533-548.
[28]BURTON M L,SAMUELSON L J,PAN S F.Riparian woody plant diversity and forest structure along an urban-rural gradient.Urban Ecosystems,2005,8(1):93-106.
[29]TER BRAAK C J F,?MILAUER P.Canoco for Windows 4.5.Wageningen:Plant Research International,2002.
[30]陈志宏,李新一,洪军.我国草种质资源的保护现状,存在问题及建议.草业科学,2018,35(1):186-191.CHEN Z H,LI X Y,HONG J.Current situation,problems and suggestions for forage germplasm resource conservation in China.Pratacultural Science,2018,35(1):186-191.
[31]刘英,刘林琳,范文宇,李丽,蒋芳芳,贾志伟,白龙.辽宁省主要野生观赏草资源及评价.草业科学,2016,33(10):1989-2003.LIU Y,LIU L L,FAN W Y,LI L,JIANG F F,JIA Z W,BAI L.Main resources of ornamental grass and its evaluation in Liaoning Province.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(10):1989-2003.
[32]张增可,王齐,林丽丽,施世强,刘兴诏,张嘉灵,黄柳菁.平潭岛野生观赏草资源的评价及开发应用.草业科学,2017,34(8):1576-1590.ZHANG Z K,WANG Q,LIN L L,SHI S Q,LIU X Z,ZHANG J L,HUANG L J.Evaluation and exploitation of resources of wild ornamental grass in Pingtan Island.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(8):1576-1590.
[33]WALKER J S,GRIMM N B,BRIGGS J M,GRIES C,DUGAN L.Effects of urbanization on plant species diversity in central Arizona.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2009,7(9):465-470.
[34]KNAPP S,KüHN I,SCHWEIGER O,KLOTZ S.Challenging urban species diversity:contrasting phylogenetic patterns across plant functional groups in Germany.Ecology Letters,2008,11(10):1054-1064.
[35]MCKINNEY M L.Effects of urbanization on species richness:A review of plants and animals.Urban Ecosystems,2008,11(2):161-176.
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