尊重自然力启示下的城市自生群落改良设计实验
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摘要
城市人工植物群落的设计与管理中抑制场地自然力和群落演替过程,增加了维护成本的同时削弱了群落的生态功能,尊重场地自然力的城市自生植物群落具有良好的生态价值与潜力,但其外貌不被公众所接受。是否存在一种可行的群落设计方法,能够协调抑制自然力所付出的代价与尊重自然力带来的问题之间的矛盾?研究首先梳理尊重自然力对城市植物群落生态设计的启示:尊重自愈力,利用场地自生群落;尊重过程,将演替过程引入群落设计;尊重自然力,管理中减少除草。其次,提出解决矛盾的出路在于尊重自然力基础上,引入栽培植物对自生群落进行改良设计,重构新的种间关系平衡。最后,以"自愈力演替—人工改良—自然力演替—人工管理维护"的理论途径设计自愈力演替实验和自生群落改良设计实验,并在城市场地展开实验性研究。2年的观测结果表明,基于自然演替的改良设计途径可以有效协调"尊重自然力"的矛盾,显著提高群落的美学价值和物种丰富度,还能降低建植和维护成本。
In the design and management of urban artificial plant communities, the inhibition of site natural forces and community succession process has increased the maintenance cost while weakening the ecological service function of the community. Urban spontaneous plants that respect the site's natural forces have good ecological value and potential. Its appearance is not accepted by the public. Is there a feasible community design method that can coordinate the contradiction between the price of restraining natural forces and the problem of respecting natural forces? The study begins with combing the revelation of respecting the natural forces to the ecological design of urban plant communities: respecting self-healing power, using site spontaneous communities, respecting the process, introducing succession into the community design, respecting natural forces, and reducing weeding in management. Secondly, the solution to the contradiction lies in respecting the natural forces, introducing cultivated plants to improve the spontaneous community and reconstructing a balance between new species. Finally, the self-healing force succession experiment and spontaneous community improvement design experiment were designed based on the theoretical approach of "succession of self-healing-artificial improvement-natural force succession-manual management and maintenance", and an experimental study was conducted on the urban site. The two-year observations show that the improved design approach based on natural succession can effectively coordinate the contradiction of "respect for natural forces", significantly improve the aesthetic value and species richness of communities, and reduce the maintenance costs of planting, weeding and watering.
In the design and management of urban artificial plant communities, the inhibition of site natural forces and community succession process has increased the maintenance cost while weakening the ecological service function of the community. Urban spontaneous plants that respect the site's natural forces have good ecological value and potential. Its appearance is not accepted by the public. Is there a feasible community design method that can coordinate the contradiction between the price of restraining natural forces and the problem of respecting natural forces? The study begins with combing the revelation of respecting the natural forces to the ecological design of urban plant communities: respecting self-healing power, using site spontaneous communities, respecting the process, introducing succession into the community design, respecting natural forces, and reducing weeding in management. Secondly, the solution to the contradiction lies in respecting the natural forces, introducing cultivated plants to improve the spontaneous community and reconstructing a balance between new species. Finally, the self-healing force succession experiment and spontaneous community improvement design experiment were designed based on the theoretical approach of "succession of self-healing-artificial improvement-natural force succession-manual management and maintenance", and an experimental study was conducted on the urban site. The two-year observations show that the improved design approach based on natural succession can effectively coordinate the contradiction of "respect for natural forces", significantly improve the aesthetic value and species richness of communities, and reduce the maintenance costs of planting, weeding and watering.
引文
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[2]XIANG W N.Doing Real and Permanent Good in Landscape and Urban Planning:Ecological Wisdom for Urban Sustainability[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2014,121(1):65-69.
[3]王孺童.道德经讲义[M].北京:中华书局,2013.WANG Yitong.A Lecture Note on Morality[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2013.
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[6]FARRELL R,HOOKER C.Design,Science and Wicked Problems[J].Design Studies,2013,34(6):681-705.
[7]RAINER T,WEST C.Planting in a Post-Wild World:Designing Plant Communities for Resilient Landscapes[M].Portland:Timber Press,2015.
[8]王云才,韩丽莹,王春平.群落生态设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.WANG Yuncai,HAN Liying,WANG Chunping.Community Ecological Design[M].Beijing:China Architectural Industry Press,2009.
[9]DUNNETT N,HITCHMOUGH J.The Dynamic Landscape[M].London and New York:Spon Press,2004.
[10]迈克尔·哈夫,刘海龙.城市与自然过程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.HOUGH M,LIU Hailong.City Form and Natural Process[M].Beijing:China Architectural Industry Press,2012.
[11]詹姆斯·希契莫夫,肯·菲尔德豪斯.园林植物手册[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.HITCHMOUGH J,FIELDHOUSE K.Garden Plant Handbook[M].Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2008.
[12]TREDICIP D.Spontaneous Urban Vegetation:Reflections of Change in a Globalized World[J].Nature&Culture,2010,5(5):209-315.
[13]ROBINSON S L,LUNDHOLM J T.Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Spontaneous Vegetation[J].Urban Ecosystems,2012,15(3):545-557.
[14]KUHN N.Intentions for the Unintentional:Spontaneous Vegetation as the Basis for Innovative Planting Design in Urban Areas[J].Journal of Landscape Architecture,2006,1(2):46-53.
[15]MARCO A,MENOZZI M J,PROVENDIER D,et al.Wild Nature for a New Quality of Life:City Dwellers'Perception of Spontaneous Vegetation in P ublic Spaces[J].La Meditérranée,2016(3):133-142.
[16]柳新伟,周厚诚,李萍,等.生态系统稳定性定义剖析[J].生态学报,2004,24(11),2635-2640.LIU Xinwei,ZHOU Houcheng,LI Ping,et al.Analysis on the Definition of Ecosystem Stability[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(11):2635-2640.
[17]蒋高明.以自然之力恢复自然[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.JIANG Gaoming.Restore Nature with the Force of Nature[M].Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2008.
[18]刘美珍.浑善达克退化生态系统恢复研究:自然力在沙地草地恢复中的应用[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(植物研究所),2004.LIU Meizhen.The Restoration of Degraded Ecosytem in Hunshandak Sandland through Natural Process[D].Beijing:The Chinese Academy of Sciences(Institude of Botany),2004.
[19]何丹.改良措施对天然草原植被及土壤的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.HE Dan.Study on Effects of Improved Measures on Vegetaion and Soil of Grassland[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2009.
[20]张璐,郝匕台,齐丽雪,等.群落生物量、土壤有机质对改良措施的动态响应[J].植物生态学报,2017,42(6):1-10.ZHANG Lu,HAO Qiutai,QI Lixue,et al.Dynamic Response of Community Biomass and Soil Organic Matter to Improvement Measures[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology:2017,42(6):1-10.
[21]埃迪·范德·马尔,富兰克林·珍妮特,杨明玉.植被生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.VANDERMAAREL E,FRANKLIN J,YANG Mingyu.Vegetation Ecology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2017.
[22]李裕元,邵明安.子午岭植被自然恢复过程中植物多样性的变化[J].生态学报,2004,24(2):252-260.LI Yuyuan,SHAO Ming'an.The Change of Plant Diversity during Natural Recovery Process of Vegetation in Ziwuling Area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(2):252-260.
[23]胡永红,王丽勉,秦俊,等.不同群落结构的绿地对夏季微气候的改善效果[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(2):235-237.HU Yonghong,WANG Limian,QIN Jun,et al.T h e Improvement of Different Community Structure Green Lands on Summer Microclimate[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2006,34(2):235-237.
[24]朱建宁,李学伟.法国当今风景园林设计旗手吉尔·克莱芒作品[J].中国园林,2003,19(8):6-10.ZHU Jianning,LI Xuewei.The Leader of the Contemporary French Landscape Archited Gilles Clement and his Works[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2003,19(8):6-10.
[25]杭烨.新自然主义生态种植设计理念下的草本植物景观的发展与应用[J].风景园林,2017(5):16-21.HANG Ye.Development and Application of Herbaceous Vegetation in New Naturalistic Ecological Planting Design[J].Landscape Architecture,2017(5):16-21.
[26]刘志民,赵晓英,范世香.Grime的植物对策思想和生态学研究理念[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(4):603-608.LIU Zhiming,ZHAO Xiaoying,FAN Shixing.GRIME'SCSR Model and His Philosphy of Ecological Research[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2003,18(4):603-608.
[27]陈晓双,梁红,宋坤,等.哈尔滨城区杂草群落多样性及其分类体系[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2221-2228.CHEN Xiaoshuang,LIANG Hong,SONG Kun,et al.Diversity and Classification System of Weed Community in Harbin City,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(8):2221-2228.
[28]刘晖,吴小辉,李仓拴.生境营造的实验性研究(二):场地生境类型划分与分区[J].中国园林,2017,33(7):46-53.LIU Hui,WU Xiaohui,LI Cangshuan.An Experimental Research Approach on Habitat-site Design(II):Study on Habitat-site Types and Zoning in Urban Green Space[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(7):46-53.
[29]刘晖,王晶懋,吴小辉.生境营造的实验性研究[J].中国园林,2017(3):5-9.LIU Hui,WANG Jingmao,WU Xiaohui.An Experimental Research Approach on the Habitat-site Design[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017(3):5-9.
[30]王云才.基于风景园林学科的生物多样性框架[J].风景园林,2014(1):36-41.WANG Yuncai.The Framework of Biodiversity for Landscape Architecture[J].Landscape Architecture,2014(1):36-41.
(1)因版面有限,本文未列出研究所记录到的43种场地自生植物及其特性,如有需要,请联系作者。
(2)图1~3、6~7、9~13由李仓拴摄;图4由李仓拴摄,李梦珂绘;图5、8由冯敬摄。
(3)表1内容来自于李仓拴整理。
[2]XIANG W N.Doing Real and Permanent Good in Landscape and Urban Planning:Ecological Wisdom for Urban Sustainability[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2014,121(1):65-69.
[3]王孺童.道德经讲义[M].北京:中华书局,2013.WANG Yitong.A Lecture Note on Morality[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2013.
[4]徐道一.周易科学观[M].北京:地震出版社,1992.XU Daoyi.The scientific view of Zhouyi[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1992.
[5]刘国涛.“生物自然力”的马克思主义解读及其环境法学意义[J].山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2009,54(5):101-105.LIU Guotao.A Marxist Interpretation of“Bio-Forces of Nature”and Its Significance to Science of Environmental[J].Journal of Shandong Teachers’University(Humanities and Social Sciences),2009,54(5):101-105.
[6]FARRELL R,HOOKER C.Design,Science and Wicked Problems[J].Design Studies,2013,34(6):681-705.
[7]RAINER T,WEST C.Planting in a Post-Wild World:Designing Plant Communities for Resilient Landscapes[M].Portland:Timber Press,2015.
[8]王云才,韩丽莹,王春平.群落生态设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.WANG Yuncai,HAN Liying,WANG Chunping.Community Ecological Design[M].Beijing:China Architectural Industry Press,2009.
[9]DUNNETT N,HITCHMOUGH J.The Dynamic Landscape[M].London and New York:Spon Press,2004.
[10]迈克尔·哈夫,刘海龙.城市与自然过程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.HOUGH M,LIU Hailong.City Form and Natural Process[M].Beijing:China Architectural Industry Press,2012.
[11]詹姆斯·希契莫夫,肯·菲尔德豪斯.园林植物手册[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.HITCHMOUGH J,FIELDHOUSE K.Garden Plant Handbook[M].Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2008.
[12]TREDICIP D.Spontaneous Urban Vegetation:Reflections of Change in a Globalized World[J].Nature&Culture,2010,5(5):209-315.
[13]ROBINSON S L,LUNDHOLM J T.Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Spontaneous Vegetation[J].Urban Ecosystems,2012,15(3):545-557.
[14]KUHN N.Intentions for the Unintentional:Spontaneous Vegetation as the Basis for Innovative Planting Design in Urban Areas[J].Journal of Landscape Architecture,2006,1(2):46-53.
[15]MARCO A,MENOZZI M J,PROVENDIER D,et al.Wild Nature for a New Quality of Life:City Dwellers'Perception of Spontaneous Vegetation in P ublic Spaces[J].La Meditérranée,2016(3):133-142.
[16]柳新伟,周厚诚,李萍,等.生态系统稳定性定义剖析[J].生态学报,2004,24(11),2635-2640.LIU Xinwei,ZHOU Houcheng,LI Ping,et al.Analysis on the Definition of Ecosystem Stability[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(11):2635-2640.
[17]蒋高明.以自然之力恢复自然[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.JIANG Gaoming.Restore Nature with the Force of Nature[M].Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2008.
[18]刘美珍.浑善达克退化生态系统恢复研究:自然力在沙地草地恢复中的应用[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(植物研究所),2004.LIU Meizhen.The Restoration of Degraded Ecosytem in Hunshandak Sandland through Natural Process[D].Beijing:The Chinese Academy of Sciences(Institude of Botany),2004.
[19]何丹.改良措施对天然草原植被及土壤的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.HE Dan.Study on Effects of Improved Measures on Vegetaion and Soil of Grassland[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2009.
[20]张璐,郝匕台,齐丽雪,等.群落生物量、土壤有机质对改良措施的动态响应[J].植物生态学报,2017,42(6):1-10.ZHANG Lu,HAO Qiutai,QI Lixue,et al.Dynamic Response of Community Biomass and Soil Organic Matter to Improvement Measures[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology:2017,42(6):1-10.
[21]埃迪·范德·马尔,富兰克林·珍妮特,杨明玉.植被生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.VANDERMAAREL E,FRANKLIN J,YANG Mingyu.Vegetation Ecology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2017.
[22]李裕元,邵明安.子午岭植被自然恢复过程中植物多样性的变化[J].生态学报,2004,24(2):252-260.LI Yuyuan,SHAO Ming'an.The Change of Plant Diversity during Natural Recovery Process of Vegetation in Ziwuling Area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(2):252-260.
[23]胡永红,王丽勉,秦俊,等.不同群落结构的绿地对夏季微气候的改善效果[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(2):235-237.HU Yonghong,WANG Limian,QIN Jun,et al.T h e Improvement of Different Community Structure Green Lands on Summer Microclimate[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2006,34(2):235-237.
[24]朱建宁,李学伟.法国当今风景园林设计旗手吉尔·克莱芒作品[J].中国园林,2003,19(8):6-10.ZHU Jianning,LI Xuewei.The Leader of the Contemporary French Landscape Archited Gilles Clement and his Works[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2003,19(8):6-10.
[25]杭烨.新自然主义生态种植设计理念下的草本植物景观的发展与应用[J].风景园林,2017(5):16-21.HANG Ye.Development and Application of Herbaceous Vegetation in New Naturalistic Ecological Planting Design[J].Landscape Architecture,2017(5):16-21.
[26]刘志民,赵晓英,范世香.Grime的植物对策思想和生态学研究理念[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(4):603-608.LIU Zhiming,ZHAO Xiaoying,FAN Shixing.GRIME'SCSR Model and His Philosphy of Ecological Research[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2003,18(4):603-608.
[27]陈晓双,梁红,宋坤,等.哈尔滨城区杂草群落多样性及其分类体系[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2221-2228.CHEN Xiaoshuang,LIANG Hong,SONG Kun,et al.Diversity and Classification System of Weed Community in Harbin City,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(8):2221-2228.
[28]刘晖,吴小辉,李仓拴.生境营造的实验性研究(二):场地生境类型划分与分区[J].中国园林,2017,33(7):46-53.LIU Hui,WU Xiaohui,LI Cangshuan.An Experimental Research Approach on Habitat-site Design(II):Study on Habitat-site Types and Zoning in Urban Green Space[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(7):46-53.
[29]刘晖,王晶懋,吴小辉.生境营造的实验性研究[J].中国园林,2017(3):5-9.LIU Hui,WANG Jingmao,WU Xiaohui.An Experimental Research Approach on the Habitat-site Design[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017(3):5-9.
[30]王云才.基于风景园林学科的生物多样性框架[J].风景园林,2014(1):36-41.WANG Yuncai.The Framework of Biodiversity for Landscape Architecture[J].Landscape Architecture,2014(1):36-41.
(1)因版面有限,本文未列出研究所记录到的43种场地自生植物及其特性,如有需要,请联系作者。
(2)图1~3、6~7、9~13由李仓拴摄;图4由李仓拴摄,李梦珂绘;图5、8由冯敬摄。
(3)表1内容来自于李仓拴整理。
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