青少年早期负面评价恐惧的发展轨迹及其影响因素
|
摘要
采用问卷法对1222名初中阶段青少年在校三年间负面评价恐惧的发展状况进行三次追踪测试,通过建构潜变量增长模型,检验青少年早期负面评价恐惧的变化趋势,并考察学业自尊和社交自尊对负面评价恐惧的影响。结果发现:(1)青少年早期的负面评价恐惧呈上升趋势;(2)从初一到初三,青少年的学业自尊和社交自尊同时对其负面评价恐惧有显著的负向预测作用;(3)女孩起始的负面评价恐惧显著高于男孩,而在加入学业自尊和社交自尊后,负面评价恐惧的性别差异就不存在了。
Fear of negative evaluation(FNE) is a psychological construct reflecting anticipation and apprehension about others' evaluations and distress over their negative evaluations by others. Several models of socio-cognitive development posit that an increase in self-consciousness and selfawareness during adolescence may result in fear of negative evaluation(Westenberg, Drewes, Goedhart, Siebelink, & Treffers, 2004; Ollendick & Hirshfeld-Becker, 2002; Loevinger, 1968). For example, Ollendick and Hirshfeld-Becker(2002) noted that as children transition through childhood and adolescence, they place increasing importance on the perceptions of peers, friends and adults about themselves and are more concerned with how they ‘come across' in social interactions. At the same time, the development of perspective-taking ability urges teenagers to look back at themselves through the eyes of others, which makes them susceptible to others' negative evaluations(Selman, 1980). This issue is particularly salient for middle school students as they are going through rapid physical, cognitive and psychological development. Therefore, it is important to explore the construct of FNE in early adolescence and its implications for adolescents' school performance and socioemotional wellbeing. Moreover, little is known regarding the developmental patterns of FNE and contributions of different types of self-perceptions to the patterns, particularly in early adolescence, the developmental period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Research on this issue will provide us with a better understanding of the mechanism of the role of FNE in adolescents' adjustment. This three-year longitudinal study examined developmental patterns of FNE and the contributions of self-perceptions in a sample of Chinese middle-school students. Participants were 1222 students, initially in seventh grade(Mage = 13.52 years, SD = 11.54 months), recruited from two middle schools in Anhui province. Longitudinal data on FNE and self-perceptions were collected using the revised Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Self-Perception Profile for Children. Results of latent growth modeling showed that there was a significant increase of FNE in middle students over the three years of period(Slope =.05, p<.001). From grade 7 to grade 9, scholastic self-perception and social self-perception of early adolescents had negative predicting effects on the growth of their FNE. In addition, girls' FNE was significantly higher than that of boys, but this gender difference was absent after adding their scholastic and social self-perceptions.Our findings suggest that the developmental patterns of FNE are influenced by changes in the forms and functions of social expectations, relationships and ego level and by perceived pressure at different developmental stages. Seventh grade students who transition from primary school show higher levels of socio-cognitive maturity than children from primary school. Compared to primary school children, they tend to experience higher levels of interpersonal pressure(e.g., from peer relationship and teacher-student relationship) and achievement stress(e.g., from academic performance and exercise performance). Teenagers with higher scholastic and social self-perception believe that they can handle stress well, and they are less worried about the negative evaluations from others. A better understanding of contributing factors to and consequences of the developmental changes in FNE throughout the critical period of adolescence help scholars develop prevention and intervention programs for that specifically target social anxiety in adolescents. On the other hand, this study indicates a need for educators and policymakers to play particular attention to the implications of self-perceptions for psychological wellbeing in girls.
Fear of negative evaluation(FNE) is a psychological construct reflecting anticipation and apprehension about others' evaluations and distress over their negative evaluations by others. Several models of socio-cognitive development posit that an increase in self-consciousness and selfawareness during adolescence may result in fear of negative evaluation(Westenberg, Drewes, Goedhart, Siebelink, & Treffers, 2004; Ollendick & Hirshfeld-Becker, 2002; Loevinger, 1968). For example, Ollendick and Hirshfeld-Becker(2002) noted that as children transition through childhood and adolescence, they place increasing importance on the perceptions of peers, friends and adults about themselves and are more concerned with how they ‘come across' in social interactions. At the same time, the development of perspective-taking ability urges teenagers to look back at themselves through the eyes of others, which makes them susceptible to others' negative evaluations(Selman, 1980). This issue is particularly salient for middle school students as they are going through rapid physical, cognitive and psychological development. Therefore, it is important to explore the construct of FNE in early adolescence and its implications for adolescents' school performance and socioemotional wellbeing. Moreover, little is known regarding the developmental patterns of FNE and contributions of different types of self-perceptions to the patterns, particularly in early adolescence, the developmental period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Research on this issue will provide us with a better understanding of the mechanism of the role of FNE in adolescents' adjustment. This three-year longitudinal study examined developmental patterns of FNE and the contributions of self-perceptions in a sample of Chinese middle-school students. Participants were 1222 students, initially in seventh grade(Mage = 13.52 years, SD = 11.54 months), recruited from two middle schools in Anhui province. Longitudinal data on FNE and self-perceptions were collected using the revised Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Self-Perception Profile for Children. Results of latent growth modeling showed that there was a significant increase of FNE in middle students over the three years of period(Slope =.05, p<.001). From grade 7 to grade 9, scholastic self-perception and social self-perception of early adolescents had negative predicting effects on the growth of their FNE. In addition, girls' FNE was significantly higher than that of boys, but this gender difference was absent after adding their scholastic and social self-perceptions.Our findings suggest that the developmental patterns of FNE are influenced by changes in the forms and functions of social expectations, relationships and ego level and by perceived pressure at different developmental stages. Seventh grade students who transition from primary school show higher levels of socio-cognitive maturity than children from primary school. Compared to primary school children, they tend to experience higher levels of interpersonal pressure(e.g., from peer relationship and teacher-student relationship) and achievement stress(e.g., from academic performance and exercise performance). Teenagers with higher scholastic and social self-perception believe that they can handle stress well, and they are less worried about the negative evaluations from others. A better understanding of contributing factors to and consequences of the developmental changes in FNE throughout the critical period of adolescence help scholars develop prevention and intervention programs for that specifically target social anxiety in adolescents. On the other hand, this study indicates a need for educators and policymakers to play particular attention to the implications of self-perceptions for psychological wellbeing in girls.
引文
丁雪辰,刘俊升,李丹,桑标.(2014).Harter儿童自我知觉量表的信效度检验.中国临床心理学杂志,22(2),251-255.
李彩娜,顾娇娇,王甲,焦思.(2017).初中生积极适应的发展轨迹:基于潜变量增长模型的分析.心理科学,40(5),1098-1103.
刘洋,张大均.(2010).评价恐惧理论及相关研究述评.心理科学进展,18(1),106-113.
杨盼盼,刘俊升.(2016).社交焦虑与儿童适应的关系:情绪化应对策略的中介作用.教育生物学杂志,4(2),64-69.
Baldwin,S.A.,&Hoffmann,J.P.(2002).The dynamics of self-esteem:A growthcurve analysis.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,31,101-103.
Bowles,T.V.(2017).The focus of intervention for adolescent social anxiety:Communication skills or self-esteem.International Journal of School and Educational Psychology,5(1),14-25.
Calvete,E.,Orue,I.,&Hankin,B.L.(2013).Early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents:The mediating role of anxious automatic thoughts.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,27(3),278-288.
Calvete,E.,Orue,I.,&Hankin,B.L.(2015).A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,37(1),85-99.
Chen,X.Y.,Cen,G.Z.,Li,D.,&He,Y.F.(2005).Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children:The imprint of historical time.Child Development,76,182-195.
Cheng,G.,Zhang,D.J.,&Ding,F.Y.(2015).Self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation as mediators between family socioeconomic status and social anxiety in Chinese emerging adults.International Journal of Social Psychiatry,61(6),569-576.
Chung,J.M.,Hutteman,R.,van Aken,M.G.,&Denissen,J.J.A.(2017).High,low,and in between:Self-esteem development from middle childhood to young adulthood.Journal of Research in Personality,70,122-133.
Essau,C.A.,Conradt,J.,&Petermann,F.(1999).Frequency and comorbidity of social phobia and social fears in adolescents.Behaviour Research and Therapy,37(9),831-843.
Harter,S.(1985).Manual for the self-perception profile for children.Denver,CO:University of Denver Press.
Ingles,C.J.,La Greca,A.M.,Marzo,J.C.,Garcia-Lopez,L.J.,&GarciaFernandez,J.M.(2010).Social anxiety scale for adolescents:Factorial invariance and latent mean differences across gender and age in Spanish adolescents.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,24(8),847-855.
Kornienko,O.,&Santos,C.E.(2014).The effects of friendship network popularity on depressive symptoms during early adolescence:Moderation by fear of negative evaluation and gender.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,43(4),541-553.
La Greca,A.M.,&Stone,W.L.(1993).Social anxiety scale for children-revised:Factor structure and concurrent validity.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,22(1),17-27.
Liu,J.S.,Coplan,R.J.,Ooi,L.L.,Chen,X.Y.,&Li,D.(2015).Examining the implications of social anxiety in a community sample of mainland Chinese children.Journal of Clinical Psychology,71(10),979-993.
Mezulis,A.H.,Funasaki,K.S.,Charbonneau,A.M.,&Hyde,J.S.(2010).Gender differences in the cognitive vulnerability-stress model of depression in the transition to adolescence.Cognitive Therapy and Research,34,501-513.
Moeeni,N.,&Maryam,N.M.N.(2014).The relationship between worry and fear of negative evaluation whit social anxiety in students.International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Research,3(1),31-34.
Moksnes,U.K.,Moljord,I.E.O.,Espnes,G.A.,&Byrne,D.G.(2010).The association between stress and emotional states in adolescents:The role of gender and self-esteem.Personality and Individual Differences,49(5),430-435.
Molina,J.,Chorot,P.,Valiente,R.M.,&Sandín,B.(2014).Fear of negative evaluation,self-esteem and choking under pressure:Effects on sport performance in adolescents.Cuadernos De Psicología Del Deporte,14(3),57-66.
Ollendick,T.H.,&Hirshfeld-Becker,D.R.(2002).The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety disorder.Biological Psychiatry,51,44-48.
Rapee,R.M.,&Heimberg,R.G.(1997).A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia.Behaviour Research and Therapy,35(8),741-756.
Selman,R.L.(1980).The growth of interpersonal understanding:Developmental and clinical analyses.New York:Academic Press.
Vagos,P.,do Céu Salvador,M.,Rijo,D.,Santos,I.M.,Weeks,J.W.,&Heimberg,R.G.(2016).Measuring evaluation fears in adolescence:Psychometric validation of the Portuguese versions of the fear of positive evaluation scale and the specific fear of negative evaluation scale.Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development,49(1),46-62.
van Tuijl,L.A.,de Jong,P.J.,Sportel,B.E.,de Hullu,E.,&Nauta,M.H.(2014).Implicit and explicit self-esteem and their reciprocal relationship with symptoms of depression and social anxiety:A longitudinal study in adolescents.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,45(1),113-121.
Velting,O.N.,&Albano,A.M.(2001).Current trends in the understanding and treatment of social phobia in youth.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,42,127-140.
Watson,D.,&Friend,R.(1969).Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,33(4),448-457.
Weeks,J.W.,Heimberg,R.G.,Fresco,D.M.,Hart,T.A.,Turk,C.L.,Schneier,F.R.,&Liebowitz,M.R.(2005).Empirical validation and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale in patients with social anxiety disorder.Psychological Assessment,17(2),179-190.
Westenberg,P.M.,Drewes,M.J.,Goedhart,A.W.,Siebelink,B.M.,&Treffers,P.D.A.(2004).A developmental analysis of self-reported fears in late childhood through mid-adolescence:Social-evaluative fears on the rise?Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,45(3),481-495.
Westenberg,P.M.,Gullone,E.,Bokhorst,C.L.,Heyne,D.A.,&King,N.J.(2007).Social evaluation fear in childhood and adolescence:Normative developmental course and continuity of individual differences.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,25(3),471-483.
李彩娜,顾娇娇,王甲,焦思.(2017).初中生积极适应的发展轨迹:基于潜变量增长模型的分析.心理科学,40(5),1098-1103.
刘洋,张大均.(2010).评价恐惧理论及相关研究述评.心理科学进展,18(1),106-113.
杨盼盼,刘俊升.(2016).社交焦虑与儿童适应的关系:情绪化应对策略的中介作用.教育生物学杂志,4(2),64-69.
Baldwin,S.A.,&Hoffmann,J.P.(2002).The dynamics of self-esteem:A growthcurve analysis.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,31,101-103.
Bowles,T.V.(2017).The focus of intervention for adolescent social anxiety:Communication skills or self-esteem.International Journal of School and Educational Psychology,5(1),14-25.
Calvete,E.,Orue,I.,&Hankin,B.L.(2013).Early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents:The mediating role of anxious automatic thoughts.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,27(3),278-288.
Calvete,E.,Orue,I.,&Hankin,B.L.(2015).A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,37(1),85-99.
Chen,X.Y.,Cen,G.Z.,Li,D.,&He,Y.F.(2005).Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children:The imprint of historical time.Child Development,76,182-195.
Cheng,G.,Zhang,D.J.,&Ding,F.Y.(2015).Self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation as mediators between family socioeconomic status and social anxiety in Chinese emerging adults.International Journal of Social Psychiatry,61(6),569-576.
Chung,J.M.,Hutteman,R.,van Aken,M.G.,&Denissen,J.J.A.(2017).High,low,and in between:Self-esteem development from middle childhood to young adulthood.Journal of Research in Personality,70,122-133.
Essau,C.A.,Conradt,J.,&Petermann,F.(1999).Frequency and comorbidity of social phobia and social fears in adolescents.Behaviour Research and Therapy,37(9),831-843.
Harter,S.(1985).Manual for the self-perception profile for children.Denver,CO:University of Denver Press.
Ingles,C.J.,La Greca,A.M.,Marzo,J.C.,Garcia-Lopez,L.J.,&GarciaFernandez,J.M.(2010).Social anxiety scale for adolescents:Factorial invariance and latent mean differences across gender and age in Spanish adolescents.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,24(8),847-855.
Kornienko,O.,&Santos,C.E.(2014).The effects of friendship network popularity on depressive symptoms during early adolescence:Moderation by fear of negative evaluation and gender.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,43(4),541-553.
La Greca,A.M.,&Stone,W.L.(1993).Social anxiety scale for children-revised:Factor structure and concurrent validity.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,22(1),17-27.
Liu,J.S.,Coplan,R.J.,Ooi,L.L.,Chen,X.Y.,&Li,D.(2015).Examining the implications of social anxiety in a community sample of mainland Chinese children.Journal of Clinical Psychology,71(10),979-993.
Mezulis,A.H.,Funasaki,K.S.,Charbonneau,A.M.,&Hyde,J.S.(2010).Gender differences in the cognitive vulnerability-stress model of depression in the transition to adolescence.Cognitive Therapy and Research,34,501-513.
Moeeni,N.,&Maryam,N.M.N.(2014).The relationship between worry and fear of negative evaluation whit social anxiety in students.International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Research,3(1),31-34.
Moksnes,U.K.,Moljord,I.E.O.,Espnes,G.A.,&Byrne,D.G.(2010).The association between stress and emotional states in adolescents:The role of gender and self-esteem.Personality and Individual Differences,49(5),430-435.
Molina,J.,Chorot,P.,Valiente,R.M.,&Sandín,B.(2014).Fear of negative evaluation,self-esteem and choking under pressure:Effects on sport performance in adolescents.Cuadernos De Psicología Del Deporte,14(3),57-66.
Ollendick,T.H.,&Hirshfeld-Becker,D.R.(2002).The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety disorder.Biological Psychiatry,51,44-48.
Rapee,R.M.,&Heimberg,R.G.(1997).A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia.Behaviour Research and Therapy,35(8),741-756.
Selman,R.L.(1980).The growth of interpersonal understanding:Developmental and clinical analyses.New York:Academic Press.
Vagos,P.,do Céu Salvador,M.,Rijo,D.,Santos,I.M.,Weeks,J.W.,&Heimberg,R.G.(2016).Measuring evaluation fears in adolescence:Psychometric validation of the Portuguese versions of the fear of positive evaluation scale and the specific fear of negative evaluation scale.Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development,49(1),46-62.
van Tuijl,L.A.,de Jong,P.J.,Sportel,B.E.,de Hullu,E.,&Nauta,M.H.(2014).Implicit and explicit self-esteem and their reciprocal relationship with symptoms of depression and social anxiety:A longitudinal study in adolescents.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,45(1),113-121.
Velting,O.N.,&Albano,A.M.(2001).Current trends in the understanding and treatment of social phobia in youth.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,42,127-140.
Watson,D.,&Friend,R.(1969).Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,33(4),448-457.
Weeks,J.W.,Heimberg,R.G.,Fresco,D.M.,Hart,T.A.,Turk,C.L.,Schneier,F.R.,&Liebowitz,M.R.(2005).Empirical validation and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale in patients with social anxiety disorder.Psychological Assessment,17(2),179-190.
Westenberg,P.M.,Drewes,M.J.,Goedhart,A.W.,Siebelink,B.M.,&Treffers,P.D.A.(2004).A developmental analysis of self-reported fears in late childhood through mid-adolescence:Social-evaluative fears on the rise?Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,45(3),481-495.
Westenberg,P.M.,Gullone,E.,Bokhorst,C.L.,Heyne,D.A.,&King,N.J.(2007).Social evaluation fear in childhood and adolescence:Normative developmental course and continuity of individual differences.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,25(3),471-483.