长江河口河槽近期沉积特征及影响因子分析
|
摘要
随着流域和河口水利工程建设,长江河槽沉积环境发生了巨大改变,对河势演变和河槽冲淤均产生重要影响。依据长江河口河槽大面积表层沉积物采样和各河槽定点水文观测资料,分析各河槽沉积特征,探讨其影响因子及作用机制。结果表明:河槽沉积物类型以砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂分布最广,粒径分布纵向上呈自西向东减小、横向上自北向南减小趋势,河槽总体主槽粗、边滩细。涨落潮泥沙输运和沉降过程影响河槽纵向沉积分布特征,风浪作用强化了口门段河槽南北沉积环境的差异,北支、北港口门段河槽受到偏北方向风浪作用强烈,沉积物粗化明显。不同泥沙来源是造成河槽整体沉积环境差异的主导因素,南支、南港上段表现为流域来沙的沉积特征,北港、南槽、北槽则表现为流域与海域来沙的混合沉积特征,口外沉积物对口内河槽的影响主要是为口内河槽提供细颗粒物质来源。
The sedimentary environments of the Yangtze Estuary riverbed have changed a lot with the construction of water conservancy projects in the drainage basin and the estuary,which have significantly influenced the river regime evolution and accretion/erosion of the estuary riverbed. However, less has been reported on detailed sedimentary characteristics of the current estuary riverbed, which restrains further evaluation on the impact on both hydrology and sedimentology of the Yangtze Estuary. Therefore, based on the large-scale surface sediment samples and associated flow-sediment data collected during September 2015, we analyzed the sedimentary characteristics in the seven riverbeds within the estuary and discussed the influencing factors and mechanisms. The particle sizes of the sediment samples were analyzed by Model LS-13320 Coulter laser particle size analyzer and the types of the surface sediments were classified by Folk's classification. The results are shown as follows. The riverbed sediments of the whole estuary is dominated by sandy silt and silty sand. The coarsest surface sediments are observed in the outer estuary of north branch/north channel above 10 m and upper north/south branch, while the finest surface sediments are found in the north passage,lower south passage and the outer estuary of north/south passage deeper than 5 m. Generally,the particle sizes of the river sediments are coarser in the main channels and finer on the shoals,and decrease from west to east and from north to south. The lateral sedimentation distribution characteristics are affected by the sediment transportation and deposition in ebb and flow process. The longitudinal sedimentation distribution reflects the differences of the sedimentary environment strengthened by the wind wave. The sediments in the north branch are coarsened remarkably due to the intense north wind wave action. The difference of sediment origins is the factor leading to deviation of the sedimentary environment. The sediment in the south branch and upper south channel show a characteristic of riverine sediments, while the sediments in the north channel, north passage and south passage show a mixture of riverine and marine sediments. Sediments in the outer estuary mainly provide fine-grained particles to the inner estuary.
The sedimentary environments of the Yangtze Estuary riverbed have changed a lot with the construction of water conservancy projects in the drainage basin and the estuary,which have significantly influenced the river regime evolution and accretion/erosion of the estuary riverbed. However, less has been reported on detailed sedimentary characteristics of the current estuary riverbed, which restrains further evaluation on the impact on both hydrology and sedimentology of the Yangtze Estuary. Therefore, based on the large-scale surface sediment samples and associated flow-sediment data collected during September 2015, we analyzed the sedimentary characteristics in the seven riverbeds within the estuary and discussed the influencing factors and mechanisms. The particle sizes of the sediment samples were analyzed by Model LS-13320 Coulter laser particle size analyzer and the types of the surface sediments were classified by Folk's classification. The results are shown as follows. The riverbed sediments of the whole estuary is dominated by sandy silt and silty sand. The coarsest surface sediments are observed in the outer estuary of north branch/north channel above 10 m and upper north/south branch, while the finest surface sediments are found in the north passage,lower south passage and the outer estuary of north/south passage deeper than 5 m. Generally,the particle sizes of the river sediments are coarser in the main channels and finer on the shoals,and decrease from west to east and from north to south. The lateral sedimentation distribution characteristics are affected by the sediment transportation and deposition in ebb and flow process. The longitudinal sedimentation distribution reflects the differences of the sedimentary environment strengthened by the wind wave. The sediments in the north branch are coarsened remarkably due to the intense north wind wave action. The difference of sediment origins is the factor leading to deviation of the sedimentary environment. The sediment in the south branch and upper south channel show a characteristic of riverine sediments, while the sediments in the north channel, north passage and south passage show a mixture of riverine and marine sediments. Sediments in the outer estuary mainly provide fine-grained particles to the inner estuary.
引文
[1]Brooks G,Doyle L,Davis R,et al.Patterns and controls of surface sediment distribution:West-central Florida inner shelf.Marine Geology,2003,200(1-4):307-324.
[2]Li Liang,Chen Zhong,Liu Jianguo,et al.Distribution of surface sediment types and sedimentary environment divisions in the northern South China Sea.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2014,33(1):54-61.[李亮,陈忠,刘建国,等.南海北部表层沉积物类型及沉积环境区划.热带海洋学报,2014,33(1):54-61.]
[3]Xu Liqiang,Xu Fang,Zhou Taofa.Grain-size features of lacustrine sediments from Chaohu Lake and its sedimentary implications.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(10):1318-1324.[徐利强,徐芳,周涛发.巢湖沉积物粒度特征及其沉积学意义.地理科学,2015,35(10):1318-1324.]
[4]Yang Yang,Gao Shu,Zhou Liang,et al.Grain size distribution of surface sediments and sedimentary environment in the lagoon of Xincun,Hainan Island.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2016,38(1):94-105.[杨阳,高抒,周亮,等.海南新村港潟湖表层沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境.海洋学报,2016,38(1):94-105.]
[5]Chen Dinghao,Ren Jie,Tang Quanhui,et al.Transport characteristics of surface sediments at the Yangtze river estuary.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2016,55(3):22-29.[陈鼎豪,任杰,唐权辉,等.长江河口表层沉积物输移特征分析.中山大学学报(自然科学版),2016,55(3):22-29.]
[6]Zhang Jin,Li Anchun,Wan Shiming,et al.Grain size distribution of surface sediments in the southern South China Sea and influencing factors.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2016,36(2):1-10.[张晋,李安春,万世明,等.南海南部表层沉积物粒度分布特征及其影响因素.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2016,36(2):1-10.]
[7]Gao Shu,Collins M.Analysis of grain size trends,for defining sediment transport pathways in marine environments.Journal of Coastal Research,1994,10(1):70-78.
[8]Wang Yaping,Gao Shu,Jia Jianjun.Sediment distribution and transport patterns in Jiaozhou Bay and adjoining areas.Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(4):449-458.[汪亚平,高抒,贾建军.胶州湾及邻近海域沉积物分布特征和运移趋势.地理学报,2000,55(4):449-458.]
[9]Peng Xiaotong,Zhou Huaiyang,Ye Ying,et al.Characteristics of sediment grain size and their implications for bottom hydrodynamic environment in the Pearl River Estuary.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(3):487-493.[彭晓彤,周怀阳,叶瑛,等.珠江河口沉积物粒度特征及其对底层水动力环境的指示.沉积学报,2004,22(3):487-493.]
[10]Chen Shenliang,Yan Suzhuang,Li Yuzhong.Characteristics of surface sediment distribution in the Yangtze Estuary and its adjacent waters.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(2):152-156.[陈沈良,严肃庄,李玉中.长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物分布特征.长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(2):152-156.]
[11]Liu Hong,He Qing,Wang Zhengbing,et al.Dynamics and spatial variability of near-bottom sediment exchange in the Yangtze Estuary,China.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2010,86(3):322-330.
[12]Zhan Qing,Wang Zhanghua,Chen Yong,et al.Grain size of recent sediments in Yangtze River subaqueous delta and its response to sediments supply decline.Geologcal Bulletin of China,2016,35(10):1715-1723.[战庆,王张华,陈勇,等.长江口水下三角洲沉积物粒度组成及其在减沙背景下的响应.地质通报,2016,35(10):1715-1723.]
[13]Yuan Ping,Bi Naishuang,Wu Xiao,et al.Surface sediments at the subaqueous Yellow River Delta:Classification and distribution.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2016,36(2):49-57.[袁萍,毕乃双,吴晓,等.现代黄河三角洲表层沉积物的空间分布特征.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2016,36(2):49-57.]
[14]Dai Zhijun,Chen Jiyu,Cheng Heqin,et al.Sediment characteristics and transport patterns in Nanhui joint area.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2005,14(6):63-67.[戴志军,陈吉余,程和琴,等.南汇边滩的沉积特征和沉积物输运趋势.长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(6):63-67.]
[15]Luo Xiangxin,Yang Shilun,Zhang Wenxiang,et al.Recent spatial pattern and temporal variation in sediment grain size in the inshore area adjacent to the Yangtze Estuary and Hangzhou Bay.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2012,30(1):137-147.[罗向欣,杨世伦,张文祥,等.近期长江口-杭州湾邻近海域沉积物粒径的时空变化及其影响因素.沉积学报,2012,30(1):137-147.]
[16]Xie Huoyan,Wang Rusheng,Zhang Guo'an,et al.Discussion on grain-size characteristics of seafloor sediment and transport pattern in the northern passage of the Yangtze River Estuary.Shanghai Land&Resources,2016,37(2):84-88.[谢火艳,王如生,张国安,等.长江口北槽沉积物的粒度特征和输运趋势探讨.上海国土资源,2016,37(2):84-88.]
[17]Yan Hong,Dai Zhijun,Li Jiufa,et al.Distribution of surficial tidal flat sediments in the Yangtze Estuary.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(5):629-637.[闫虹,戴志军,李九发,等.长江口拦门沙河段潮滩表层沉积物分布特征.地理学报,2009,64(5):629-637.]
[18]Liu Hong,He Qing,Wang Yuanye,et al.Temporal and spatial characteristics of surface sediment grain-size distribution in Changjiang Estuary.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2007,25(3):445-455.[刘红,何青,王元叶,等.长江口表层沉积物粒度时空分布特征.沉积学报,2007,25(3):445-455.]
[19]Wu Shuaihu,Cheng Heqin,Li Jiufa,et al.Recent morphological processes and surface sediment distributions on the Yangtze Estuary.Journal of Sediment Research,2015(6):52-58.[吴帅虎,程和琴,李九发,等.近期长江河口主槽冲淤过程与沉积物分布及变化特征.泥沙研究,2015(6):52-58.]
[20]Zhu Lei,He Qing,Shen Jian,et al.The influence of human activities on morphodynamics and alteration of sediment source and sink in the Changjiang Estuary.Geomorphology,2016,273:52-62.
[21]Liu Hong,He Qing,Meng Yi,et al.Characteristics of surface sediment distribution and its hydrodynamic responses in the Yangtze River Estuary.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(1):81-92.[刘红,何青,孟翊,等.长江口表层沉积物分布特征及动力响应.地理学报,2007,62(1):81-92.]
[22]Yun Caixing.Recent Developments of the Changjiang Estuary.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2004:1-2.[恽才兴.长江河口近期演变基本规律.北京:海洋出版社,2004:1-2.]
[23]Wang Jun.Study on the Evolution and Regulation of the River Channel in the Yangtze Estuary.Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2013:3-8.[王俊.长江口河道演变规律与治理研究.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2013:3-8.]
[24]Folk R,Ward W.Brazos River bar:A study in the significance of grain size parameters.Journal of Sedimentary Research,1957,27(1):3-26.
[25]Folk R,Andrews P,Lewis D.Detrital sedimentary rock classification and nomenclature for use in New Zealand.New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,1970,13(4):937-968.
[26]Mao Zhichang,Yu Zhiying,Xu Haigen.Muddy Tidal Flats Shanghai.Shanghai:East China Normal University Press,2014:12-18.[茅志昌,虞志英,徐海根.上海潮滩研究.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2014:12-18.]
[27]Zhu Huifang,Yun Caixing,Mao Zhichang,et al.Characteristics and empiric relationships of wind generated wave in the Changjiang Estuary.Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science),1984(1):74-84.[朱慧芳,恽才兴,茅志昌,等.长江河口的风浪特性和风浪经验关系.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),1984(1):74-84.]
[28]Du Jinglong,Jiang Liping,Yang Shilun.GIS analysis of the natural evolvement of the Hengsha East Shoal of the Yangtze River and the infects of projects in the last thirty years.Marine Science Bulletin,2007,26(5):43-48.[杜景龙,姜俐平,杨世伦.长江口横沙东滩近30年来自然演变及工程影响的GIS分析.海洋通报,2007,26(5):43-48.]
[29]Xiao Wenjun.Numerical simulation of water waves in Yangtze Estuary and adjacent sea area[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2008.[肖文军.长江口邻近海域波浪场数值计算[D].上海:华东师范大学,2008.]
[30]Wang Baodong.Flocculation of fine sediments in estuaries.Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai&Bohai Seas,1994,12(1):71-76.[王保栋.河口细颗粒泥沙的絮凝作用.黄渤海海洋,1994,12(1):71-76.]
[31]Shen Huanting,He Songlin,Pan Ding'an,et al.A study of turbidity maximum in the Changjiang Estuary.Acta Geographica Sinica,1992,47(5):472-479.[沈焕庭,贺松林,潘定安,等.长江河口最大浑浊带研究.地理学报,1992,47(5):472-479.]
[32]Guan Xuwei,Chen Yingzu,Du Xinhui.Experimental study on mechanism of flocculation in Yangtze Estuary.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1996,27(6):70-74.[关许为,陈英祖,杜心慧.长江口絮凝机理的试验研究.水利学报,1996,27(6):70-74.]
[33]Liu Hong,He Qing,Gert J,et al.Sediment exchange and transport processes in the Yangtze River Estuary:Concurrent discussion on the effects of sediment sink in the muddy area.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(3):291-304.[刘红,何青,Gert J,等.长江入海泥沙的交换和输移过程:兼论泥质区的“泥库”效应.地理学报,2011,66(3):291-304.]
(1)中华人民共和国海事局,人民交通出版社,2013年6月第2版.
[2]Li Liang,Chen Zhong,Liu Jianguo,et al.Distribution of surface sediment types and sedimentary environment divisions in the northern South China Sea.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2014,33(1):54-61.[李亮,陈忠,刘建国,等.南海北部表层沉积物类型及沉积环境区划.热带海洋学报,2014,33(1):54-61.]
[3]Xu Liqiang,Xu Fang,Zhou Taofa.Grain-size features of lacustrine sediments from Chaohu Lake and its sedimentary implications.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(10):1318-1324.[徐利强,徐芳,周涛发.巢湖沉积物粒度特征及其沉积学意义.地理科学,2015,35(10):1318-1324.]
[4]Yang Yang,Gao Shu,Zhou Liang,et al.Grain size distribution of surface sediments and sedimentary environment in the lagoon of Xincun,Hainan Island.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2016,38(1):94-105.[杨阳,高抒,周亮,等.海南新村港潟湖表层沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境.海洋学报,2016,38(1):94-105.]
[5]Chen Dinghao,Ren Jie,Tang Quanhui,et al.Transport characteristics of surface sediments at the Yangtze river estuary.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2016,55(3):22-29.[陈鼎豪,任杰,唐权辉,等.长江河口表层沉积物输移特征分析.中山大学学报(自然科学版),2016,55(3):22-29.]
[6]Zhang Jin,Li Anchun,Wan Shiming,et al.Grain size distribution of surface sediments in the southern South China Sea and influencing factors.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2016,36(2):1-10.[张晋,李安春,万世明,等.南海南部表层沉积物粒度分布特征及其影响因素.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2016,36(2):1-10.]
[7]Gao Shu,Collins M.Analysis of grain size trends,for defining sediment transport pathways in marine environments.Journal of Coastal Research,1994,10(1):70-78.
[8]Wang Yaping,Gao Shu,Jia Jianjun.Sediment distribution and transport patterns in Jiaozhou Bay and adjoining areas.Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(4):449-458.[汪亚平,高抒,贾建军.胶州湾及邻近海域沉积物分布特征和运移趋势.地理学报,2000,55(4):449-458.]
[9]Peng Xiaotong,Zhou Huaiyang,Ye Ying,et al.Characteristics of sediment grain size and their implications for bottom hydrodynamic environment in the Pearl River Estuary.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(3):487-493.[彭晓彤,周怀阳,叶瑛,等.珠江河口沉积物粒度特征及其对底层水动力环境的指示.沉积学报,2004,22(3):487-493.]
[10]Chen Shenliang,Yan Suzhuang,Li Yuzhong.Characteristics of surface sediment distribution in the Yangtze Estuary and its adjacent waters.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(2):152-156.[陈沈良,严肃庄,李玉中.长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物分布特征.长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(2):152-156.]
[11]Liu Hong,He Qing,Wang Zhengbing,et al.Dynamics and spatial variability of near-bottom sediment exchange in the Yangtze Estuary,China.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2010,86(3):322-330.
[12]Zhan Qing,Wang Zhanghua,Chen Yong,et al.Grain size of recent sediments in Yangtze River subaqueous delta and its response to sediments supply decline.Geologcal Bulletin of China,2016,35(10):1715-1723.[战庆,王张华,陈勇,等.长江口水下三角洲沉积物粒度组成及其在减沙背景下的响应.地质通报,2016,35(10):1715-1723.]
[13]Yuan Ping,Bi Naishuang,Wu Xiao,et al.Surface sediments at the subaqueous Yellow River Delta:Classification and distribution.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2016,36(2):49-57.[袁萍,毕乃双,吴晓,等.现代黄河三角洲表层沉积物的空间分布特征.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2016,36(2):49-57.]
[14]Dai Zhijun,Chen Jiyu,Cheng Heqin,et al.Sediment characteristics and transport patterns in Nanhui joint area.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2005,14(6):63-67.[戴志军,陈吉余,程和琴,等.南汇边滩的沉积特征和沉积物输运趋势.长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(6):63-67.]
[15]Luo Xiangxin,Yang Shilun,Zhang Wenxiang,et al.Recent spatial pattern and temporal variation in sediment grain size in the inshore area adjacent to the Yangtze Estuary and Hangzhou Bay.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2012,30(1):137-147.[罗向欣,杨世伦,张文祥,等.近期长江口-杭州湾邻近海域沉积物粒径的时空变化及其影响因素.沉积学报,2012,30(1):137-147.]
[16]Xie Huoyan,Wang Rusheng,Zhang Guo'an,et al.Discussion on grain-size characteristics of seafloor sediment and transport pattern in the northern passage of the Yangtze River Estuary.Shanghai Land&Resources,2016,37(2):84-88.[谢火艳,王如生,张国安,等.长江口北槽沉积物的粒度特征和输运趋势探讨.上海国土资源,2016,37(2):84-88.]
[17]Yan Hong,Dai Zhijun,Li Jiufa,et al.Distribution of surficial tidal flat sediments in the Yangtze Estuary.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(5):629-637.[闫虹,戴志军,李九发,等.长江口拦门沙河段潮滩表层沉积物分布特征.地理学报,2009,64(5):629-637.]
[18]Liu Hong,He Qing,Wang Yuanye,et al.Temporal and spatial characteristics of surface sediment grain-size distribution in Changjiang Estuary.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2007,25(3):445-455.[刘红,何青,王元叶,等.长江口表层沉积物粒度时空分布特征.沉积学报,2007,25(3):445-455.]
[19]Wu Shuaihu,Cheng Heqin,Li Jiufa,et al.Recent morphological processes and surface sediment distributions on the Yangtze Estuary.Journal of Sediment Research,2015(6):52-58.[吴帅虎,程和琴,李九发,等.近期长江河口主槽冲淤过程与沉积物分布及变化特征.泥沙研究,2015(6):52-58.]
[20]Zhu Lei,He Qing,Shen Jian,et al.The influence of human activities on morphodynamics and alteration of sediment source and sink in the Changjiang Estuary.Geomorphology,2016,273:52-62.
[21]Liu Hong,He Qing,Meng Yi,et al.Characteristics of surface sediment distribution and its hydrodynamic responses in the Yangtze River Estuary.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(1):81-92.[刘红,何青,孟翊,等.长江口表层沉积物分布特征及动力响应.地理学报,2007,62(1):81-92.]
[22]Yun Caixing.Recent Developments of the Changjiang Estuary.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2004:1-2.[恽才兴.长江河口近期演变基本规律.北京:海洋出版社,2004:1-2.]
[23]Wang Jun.Study on the Evolution and Regulation of the River Channel in the Yangtze Estuary.Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2013:3-8.[王俊.长江口河道演变规律与治理研究.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2013:3-8.]
[24]Folk R,Ward W.Brazos River bar:A study in the significance of grain size parameters.Journal of Sedimentary Research,1957,27(1):3-26.
[25]Folk R,Andrews P,Lewis D.Detrital sedimentary rock classification and nomenclature for use in New Zealand.New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics,1970,13(4):937-968.
[26]Mao Zhichang,Yu Zhiying,Xu Haigen.Muddy Tidal Flats Shanghai.Shanghai:East China Normal University Press,2014:12-18.[茅志昌,虞志英,徐海根.上海潮滩研究.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2014:12-18.]
[27]Zhu Huifang,Yun Caixing,Mao Zhichang,et al.Characteristics and empiric relationships of wind generated wave in the Changjiang Estuary.Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science),1984(1):74-84.[朱慧芳,恽才兴,茅志昌,等.长江河口的风浪特性和风浪经验关系.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),1984(1):74-84.]
[28]Du Jinglong,Jiang Liping,Yang Shilun.GIS analysis of the natural evolvement of the Hengsha East Shoal of the Yangtze River and the infects of projects in the last thirty years.Marine Science Bulletin,2007,26(5):43-48.[杜景龙,姜俐平,杨世伦.长江口横沙东滩近30年来自然演变及工程影响的GIS分析.海洋通报,2007,26(5):43-48.]
[29]Xiao Wenjun.Numerical simulation of water waves in Yangtze Estuary and adjacent sea area[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2008.[肖文军.长江口邻近海域波浪场数值计算[D].上海:华东师范大学,2008.]
[30]Wang Baodong.Flocculation of fine sediments in estuaries.Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai&Bohai Seas,1994,12(1):71-76.[王保栋.河口细颗粒泥沙的絮凝作用.黄渤海海洋,1994,12(1):71-76.]
[31]Shen Huanting,He Songlin,Pan Ding'an,et al.A study of turbidity maximum in the Changjiang Estuary.Acta Geographica Sinica,1992,47(5):472-479.[沈焕庭,贺松林,潘定安,等.长江河口最大浑浊带研究.地理学报,1992,47(5):472-479.]
[32]Guan Xuwei,Chen Yingzu,Du Xinhui.Experimental study on mechanism of flocculation in Yangtze Estuary.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1996,27(6):70-74.[关许为,陈英祖,杜心慧.长江口絮凝机理的试验研究.水利学报,1996,27(6):70-74.]
[33]Liu Hong,He Qing,Gert J,et al.Sediment exchange and transport processes in the Yangtze River Estuary:Concurrent discussion on the effects of sediment sink in the muddy area.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(3):291-304.[刘红,何青,Gert J,等.长江入海泥沙的交换和输移过程:兼论泥质区的“泥库”效应.地理学报,2011,66(3):291-304.]
(1)中华人民共和国海事局,人民交通出版社,2013年6月第2版.