清末修律对女性犯罪的宽宥
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摘要
清末的司法改革,将民刑案件分开,完善了司法审判程序。通过交罚金、收所习艺、去除凌迟以及一系列酷刑等措施,使得这一时期对犯罪女性的惩罚环境较为宽松,成为女性犯罪增加的原因之一。清末新律,尤其是新刑律,对女性的一些典型犯罪如性犯罪、拐逃罪和殴杀罪等进行了减轻处理。然因新律触犯了一些纲常伦纪,引发了守旧人士的反对,争论主要围绕女性的一些事关风化的问题。新律虽然因清末政局动荡未能有效施行且遭到了质疑,但在民初得以推动,使得女性获得了相应的法律身份和话语权,为女权运动的深入人心打下了良好的基础。
The judicial reform in the late Qing Dynasty separated the civil and criminal cases and improved the judicial procedure. By paying the fine,collecting the skills and removing the torture,the punishment environment for female criminals in this period was more relaxed,which increased the incidences of female crimes. The new law in the late Qing Dynasty,especially the new criminal law,alleviated some typical crimes of women,such as sex crimes,fleeing crimes and assault and murder crimes. However,because the new law has violated some norms and customs,it has triggered the opposition of the old-fashioned people. Although the new law was not implemented effectively because of the political turmoil in the late Qing Dynasty and was questioned,it was promoted in the early Republic of China,which enabled women to obtain the corresponding legal status and the right to speak,and laid a good foundation for the deep penetration of the feminist movement.
The judicial reform in the late Qing Dynasty separated the civil and criminal cases and improved the judicial procedure. By paying the fine,collecting the skills and removing the torture,the punishment environment for female criminals in this period was more relaxed,which increased the incidences of female crimes. The new law in the late Qing Dynasty,especially the new criminal law,alleviated some typical crimes of women,such as sex crimes,fleeing crimes and assault and murder crimes. However,because the new law has violated some norms and customs,it has triggered the opposition of the old-fashioned people. Although the new law was not implemented effectively because of the political turmoil in the late Qing Dynasty and was questioned,it was promoted in the early Republic of China,which enabled women to obtain the corresponding legal status and the right to speak,and laid a good foundation for the deep penetration of the feminist movement.
引文
[1]吴永明.民国前期司法变革研究(1912-1928)[D].南京大学博士学位论文,2000.
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[15]赵凤喈.中国妇女在法律上之地位[M].台北县:稻香出版社,1993.
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[18]余录,秦瑞玠.新刑律释义序[J].四川政报,1913,(5).
[19]张晋藩.中国近代社会与法制文明[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.
[20]“中华民国史事纪要编纂委员会”.清刑部奏准免除虚拟死罪条例[Z].台北:国使馆,1982.
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[23]李贵连.沈家本传[M].北京:法律出版社,2000.
[24]故宫博物院明清档案部.清末筹备立宪档案(下)[Z].北京:中华书局,1979.
[25]郑秦.中国法制史[M].台北:文津出版社,1995.
[26]辽宁省地方志编纂委员会办公室.奉天通志[Z].沈阳:辽宁民族出版社,2003.
[27]程维荣.中国审判制度史[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2001.
[28]汪海燕.刑事诉讼模式的演进[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版,2004.
(1)如宫刑、骑木驴、去衣受杖等,均是在公开场合进行,无视女性的尊严,极具侮辱性。
[2]薛梅卿,叶峰.中国法制史稿[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990.
[3]赵尔巽,柯邵忞.清史稿(卷143)[Z].北京:中华书局,1976.
[4]续修四库全书编纂委员会.续修四库全书(史部·政书类)[Z].上海:上海古籍出版社,2002.
[5]曾宪义.清末修律初探[A].中国法律史协会·法律史论丛编委会.法律史论丛[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1983.
[6]费正清.剑桥中国晚清史(下)[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985.
[7]张晋藩.中国百年法制大事纵览[M].北京:法律出版社,2001.
[8]大清法规大全(六)[Z].北京:政学社,1909.
[9]张仁善.礼·法·社会——清代法律转型与社会变迁[M].天津:古籍出版社,2001.
[10]张晋藩.中国法制通史(第九卷)[M].北京:法律出版社,1999.
[11]刘锦藻.皇朝续文献通考(卷246)[Z].北京图书馆,1905.
[12]李贵连.沈家本传[M].北京:法律出版社,2004.
[13]永2),纪昀.大清律例校正条例[Z].台北:台湾商务印书馆,1983.
[14]陶毅,明欣.中国婚姻家庭制度史[M].北京:东方出版社,1994.
[15]赵凤喈.中国妇女在法律上之地位[M].台北县:稻香出版社,1993.
[16]大清光绪宣统新法令(15册·司法)[Z].上海:商务印书馆,1909.
[17]董康.略诱和诱笺疑[J].法学会杂志,1913,(2).
[18]余录,秦瑞玠.新刑律释义序[J].四川政报,1913,(5).
[19]张晋藩.中国近代社会与法制文明[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.
[20]“中华民国史事纪要编纂委员会”.清刑部奏准免除虚拟死罪条例[Z].台北:国使馆,1982.
[21]沈家本.寄簃文存(卷3)[M].台北:商务印书馆,1976.
[22]世续,等.大清德宗景(光绪)皇帝实录(卷544)[Z].台北:华文书局,1970.
[23]李贵连.沈家本传[M].北京:法律出版社,2000.
[24]故宫博物院明清档案部.清末筹备立宪档案(下)[Z].北京:中华书局,1979.
[25]郑秦.中国法制史[M].台北:文津出版社,1995.
[26]辽宁省地方志编纂委员会办公室.奉天通志[Z].沈阳:辽宁民族出版社,2003.
[27]程维荣.中国审判制度史[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2001.
[28]汪海燕.刑事诉讼模式的演进[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版,2004.
(1)如宫刑、骑木驴、去衣受杖等,均是在公开场合进行,无视女性的尊严,极具侮辱性。