考虑墙壁摩擦影响的挡土墙主动土压力非线性分布研究
|
摘要
挡土墙背土压力的大小与分布是挡土墙设计的普遍关心的问题。由于边界条件、墙背摩擦等的影响,墙背土压力呈现非线性分布特征。而现有几种考虑土拱效应的土压力计算方法,其准确性有待验证。利用开发的挡土墙土压力试验装置,配合椭圆钢棒相似土进行了二维可视化模型试验。采用钢棒相似土配合载荷计测试的方法,精确测量土压力变化,解决了土压力盒测试侧向土压力往往存在较大误差的问题。对静止条件和主动平移模式两种情况下的土压力分布进行了模拟与实测,并与应用现有几种理论方法的计算结果进行对比。由于墙背摩擦以及土拱效应的影响,静止和主动土压力均呈非线性分布,静止土压力实测值小于理论值,实测主动土压力值与Paik法数据吻合较好。由于受墙壁摩擦影响,墙后滑移面倾角小于理论破裂面倾角,且墙壁摩擦引起的应力偏转导致弧形滑移面的发展。
The magnitude and distribution of earth pressure against retaining wall is a common concern in the design of retaining wall.The distribution of earth pressure on a retaining wall normally presents nonlinear feature under the influence of boundary conditions,friction of wall back, etc. However, the accuracy of several current earth pressure calculation methods considering soil arching effect needs to be verified. In this paper, a series of 2 D visual model tests were carried out on a self-developed apparatus measuring the earth pressure of the retaining wall, using test setup and analogical soil that was mixed with elliptical steel rods. The application of analogical soil in collaboration with loadometers to accurately measure the variation of earth pressure can reduce errors in the measurement of lateral pressure using the pressure cell. Two conditions include static condition and active translation model were considered in simulating and measuring the distribution of earth pressure. The results were compared with that of several theoretical methods. Due to impacts of the friction on retaining wall and soil arching effect, both the static and active earth pressure present nonlinear distribution. Meanwhile, the measured static earth pressure is less than theoretical value, while the measured active earth pressure is in good agreement with that of Paik's method. Due to the influence of wall friction, the inclination angle of sliding surfaces is less than that of the theoretical value at the rupture surface. Moreover, inclination of stresses caused by the friction between wall induces the development of arch-shaped slip surfaces.
The magnitude and distribution of earth pressure against retaining wall is a common concern in the design of retaining wall.The distribution of earth pressure on a retaining wall normally presents nonlinear feature under the influence of boundary conditions,friction of wall back, etc. However, the accuracy of several current earth pressure calculation methods considering soil arching effect needs to be verified. In this paper, a series of 2 D visual model tests were carried out on a self-developed apparatus measuring the earth pressure of the retaining wall, using test setup and analogical soil that was mixed with elliptical steel rods. The application of analogical soil in collaboration with loadometers to accurately measure the variation of earth pressure can reduce errors in the measurement of lateral pressure using the pressure cell. Two conditions include static condition and active translation model were considered in simulating and measuring the distribution of earth pressure. The results were compared with that of several theoretical methods. Due to impacts of the friction on retaining wall and soil arching effect, both the static and active earth pressure present nonlinear distribution. Meanwhile, the measured static earth pressure is less than theoretical value, while the measured active earth pressure is in good agreement with that of Paik's method. Due to the influence of wall friction, the inclination angle of sliding surfaces is less than that of the theoretical value at the rupture surface. Moreover, inclination of stresses caused by the friction between wall induces the development of arch-shaped slip surfaces.
引文
[1]TERZAGHI K.Old earth pressure theories and new test results[J].Engineering News-Record,1920,85(14):632-637.
[2]JAKY J.The coefficient of earth pressure at rest[J].Journal of the Society of Hungarian Architects and Engineers,1944,78(22):355-358.
[3]杨贵,王阳阳,刘彦辰.基于曲线滑裂面的挡墙主动土压力分析[J].岩土力学,2017,38(8):2182-2188.YANG Gui,WANG Yang-yang,LIU Yan-chen.Analysis of active earth pressure on retaining walls based on curved sliding surface[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(8):2182-2188.
[4]GETZLER Z,KOMORNIK A,MAZURIK A.Model study on arching above buried structures[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics&Foundations Divsion,1968,94:1123-1142.
[5]WANG W L,YEN B C.Soil arching in slopes[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1974,100:61-78.
[6]HANDY R L.The arch in soil arching[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1985,111(3):302-318.
[7]HARROP-WILLIAMS K O.Geostatic wall pressures[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1989,115(9):1321-1325.
[8]PAIK K H,SALGADO R.Estimation of active earth pressure against rigid retaining walls considering arching effects[J].Geotechnique,2003,53(7):643-654.
[9]WANG W L,YEN B C.Soil arching in slopes[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1974,100:61-78.
[10]ZHOU Y,CHEN Q,CHEN F,et al.Active earth pressure on translating rigid retaining structures considering soil arching effect[J].European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering,2018,22(8):910-926.
[11]BENMEBAREK S,KHELIFA T,BENMEBAREK N,et al.Numerical evaluation of 3D passive earth pressure coefficients for retaining wall subjected to translation[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2008,35(1):47-60.
[12]GOEL S,PATRA N R.Effect of arching on active earth pressure for rigid retaining walls considering translation mode[J].International Journal of Geomechanics,2008,8(2):123-133.
[13]KHOSRAVI M H,PIPATPONGSA T,TAKEMURA J.Experimental analysis of earth pressure against rigid retaining walls under translation mode[J].Geotechnique,2013,63(12):1020.
[14]FANG Y S,CHEN J M,CHEN C Y.Earth pressures with sloping backfill[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,1997,123(3):250-259.
[15]SPERL M.Experiments on corn pressure in soil cellstranslation and comment of Janssen’s paper from 1895[J].Granular Matter,2006,8(2):59-65.
[16]FANG Y S,CHEN T J,WU B F.Passive earth pressures with various wall movements[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1994,120(8):1307-1323.
[17]CHEN T J,FANG Y S.Earth pressure due to vibratory compaction[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2008,134(4):437-444.
[18]TAKE W A,VALSANGKAR A J.Earth pressures on unyielding retaining walls of narrow backfill width[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2001,38(6):1220-1230.
[19]WEILER W A,KULHAWY F H.Factors affecting stress cell measurements in soil[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,1982,108(12):1529-1548.
[20]TALESNICK M.Measuring soil contact pressure on a solid boundary and quantifying soil arching[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2005,28(2):171-179.
[21]RUI R,VAN TOL A F,XIA Y Y,et al.Investigation of soil-arching development in dense sand by 2D model tests[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2016,39(3):415-430.
[22]WHITE D J,TAKE W A,BOLTON M D.Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry(PIV)and photogrammetry[J].Geotechnique,2003,53(7):619-631.
[23]JAKY J.Pressure in silos[C]//Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.Rotterdam:[s.n.],1948:103-107.
[24]JENCK O,DIAS D,KASTNER R.Two-dimensional physical and numerical modeling of a pile-supported earth platform over soft soil[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2007,133(3):295-305.
[25]ROTHENBURG L,BATHURST R J.Effects of particle shape on micromechanical behavior of granular materials[J].Studies in Applied Mechanics,1992,31(5):343-352.
[26]芮瑞,张龙,孙义,等.桩承式路堤土拱演化的二维钢棒相似土模型试验[J].中国公路学报,2017,30(10):8-16.RUI Rui,ZHANG Long,SUN Yi,et al.2D model tests of soil arching evolution in piled embankments using steel rod analogical soil[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2017,30(10):8-16.
[27]徐日庆,龚慈,魏纲,等.考虑平动位移效应的刚性挡土墙土压力理论[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2005,39(1):119-122.XU Ri-qing,GONG Ci,WEI Gang,et al.Theory of earth pressure against rigid retaining walls considering translational movement effect[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science),2005,39(1):119-122.
[28]娄培杰.黏性土填料下考虑土拱效应的非极限主动土压力计算方法[J].岩土力学,2015,36(4):988-994.LOU Pei-jie.A method to calculate the active earth pressure with considering soil arching effect under the nonlimit state of clayey soil[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(4):988-994.
[29]CHANG M F.Lateral earth pressures behind rotating walls[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1997,34(34):498-509.
[30]TSAGARELI Z V.Experimental investigation of the pressure of a loose medium on retaining walls with a vertical back face and horizontal backfill surface[J].Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,1965,2(4):197-200.
[31]TERZAGHI K.Large retaining wall test[N].Enginnering News Record,1934,112(20):136-140.
[32]MATSUO M,KENMOCHI S,YAGI H.Experimental study on earth pressure of retaining wall by field tests[J].Journal of the Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics&Foundation Engineering,1978,18(3):27-41.
[2]JAKY J.The coefficient of earth pressure at rest[J].Journal of the Society of Hungarian Architects and Engineers,1944,78(22):355-358.
[3]杨贵,王阳阳,刘彦辰.基于曲线滑裂面的挡墙主动土压力分析[J].岩土力学,2017,38(8):2182-2188.YANG Gui,WANG Yang-yang,LIU Yan-chen.Analysis of active earth pressure on retaining walls based on curved sliding surface[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(8):2182-2188.
[4]GETZLER Z,KOMORNIK A,MAZURIK A.Model study on arching above buried structures[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics&Foundations Divsion,1968,94:1123-1142.
[5]WANG W L,YEN B C.Soil arching in slopes[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1974,100:61-78.
[6]HANDY R L.The arch in soil arching[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1985,111(3):302-318.
[7]HARROP-WILLIAMS K O.Geostatic wall pressures[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1989,115(9):1321-1325.
[8]PAIK K H,SALGADO R.Estimation of active earth pressure against rigid retaining walls considering arching effects[J].Geotechnique,2003,53(7):643-654.
[9]WANG W L,YEN B C.Soil arching in slopes[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1974,100:61-78.
[10]ZHOU Y,CHEN Q,CHEN F,et al.Active earth pressure on translating rigid retaining structures considering soil arching effect[J].European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering,2018,22(8):910-926.
[11]BENMEBAREK S,KHELIFA T,BENMEBAREK N,et al.Numerical evaluation of 3D passive earth pressure coefficients for retaining wall subjected to translation[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2008,35(1):47-60.
[12]GOEL S,PATRA N R.Effect of arching on active earth pressure for rigid retaining walls considering translation mode[J].International Journal of Geomechanics,2008,8(2):123-133.
[13]KHOSRAVI M H,PIPATPONGSA T,TAKEMURA J.Experimental analysis of earth pressure against rigid retaining walls under translation mode[J].Geotechnique,2013,63(12):1020.
[14]FANG Y S,CHEN J M,CHEN C Y.Earth pressures with sloping backfill[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,1997,123(3):250-259.
[15]SPERL M.Experiments on corn pressure in soil cellstranslation and comment of Janssen’s paper from 1895[J].Granular Matter,2006,8(2):59-65.
[16]FANG Y S,CHEN T J,WU B F.Passive earth pressures with various wall movements[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1994,120(8):1307-1323.
[17]CHEN T J,FANG Y S.Earth pressure due to vibratory compaction[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2008,134(4):437-444.
[18]TAKE W A,VALSANGKAR A J.Earth pressures on unyielding retaining walls of narrow backfill width[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2001,38(6):1220-1230.
[19]WEILER W A,KULHAWY F H.Factors affecting stress cell measurements in soil[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,1982,108(12):1529-1548.
[20]TALESNICK M.Measuring soil contact pressure on a solid boundary and quantifying soil arching[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2005,28(2):171-179.
[21]RUI R,VAN TOL A F,XIA Y Y,et al.Investigation of soil-arching development in dense sand by 2D model tests[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2016,39(3):415-430.
[22]WHITE D J,TAKE W A,BOLTON M D.Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry(PIV)and photogrammetry[J].Geotechnique,2003,53(7):619-631.
[23]JAKY J.Pressure in silos[C]//Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.Rotterdam:[s.n.],1948:103-107.
[24]JENCK O,DIAS D,KASTNER R.Two-dimensional physical and numerical modeling of a pile-supported earth platform over soft soil[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2007,133(3):295-305.
[25]ROTHENBURG L,BATHURST R J.Effects of particle shape on micromechanical behavior of granular materials[J].Studies in Applied Mechanics,1992,31(5):343-352.
[26]芮瑞,张龙,孙义,等.桩承式路堤土拱演化的二维钢棒相似土模型试验[J].中国公路学报,2017,30(10):8-16.RUI Rui,ZHANG Long,SUN Yi,et al.2D model tests of soil arching evolution in piled embankments using steel rod analogical soil[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2017,30(10):8-16.
[27]徐日庆,龚慈,魏纲,等.考虑平动位移效应的刚性挡土墙土压力理论[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2005,39(1):119-122.XU Ri-qing,GONG Ci,WEI Gang,et al.Theory of earth pressure against rigid retaining walls considering translational movement effect[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science),2005,39(1):119-122.
[28]娄培杰.黏性土填料下考虑土拱效应的非极限主动土压力计算方法[J].岩土力学,2015,36(4):988-994.LOU Pei-jie.A method to calculate the active earth pressure with considering soil arching effect under the nonlimit state of clayey soil[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(4):988-994.
[29]CHANG M F.Lateral earth pressures behind rotating walls[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1997,34(34):498-509.
[30]TSAGARELI Z V.Experimental investigation of the pressure of a loose medium on retaining walls with a vertical back face and horizontal backfill surface[J].Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,1965,2(4):197-200.
[31]TERZAGHI K.Large retaining wall test[N].Enginnering News Record,1934,112(20):136-140.
[32]MATSUO M,KENMOCHI S,YAGI H.Experimental study on earth pressure of retaining wall by field tests[J].Journal of the Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics&Foundation Engineering,1978,18(3):27-41.