商品有机肥替代部分化肥对玉米生长、产量及土壤肥力的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究商品有机肥替代部分化肥施用后对玉米生长、产量、土壤肥力及经济效益的影响,为玉米生产中有机肥替代部分化肥的应用提供可行性依据。【方法】设3个处理,不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、有机肥替代部分化肥(MNPK)(等养分条件下,氮、磷和钾替代比例分别为10.0%、18.3%和15.0%),设田间小区试验与室内分析。【结果】商品有机肥替代部分化肥(MNPK)较常规施肥(NPK)和不施肥(CK),提高了玉米各生育期株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶片SPAD值;改善了玉米的穗部性状和产量构成;玉米产量增加83.47%、14.94%,净收益增加419.58元/hm~2;土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量分别增加13.08%～39.29%、71.97%～95.70%、13.29%～45.13%、20.00%～23.26%,提高含水量,降低土壤pH和土壤容重。【结论】商品有机肥替代部分化肥是促进玉米生长、增产增效和培肥土壤的一种经济可行的施肥方法。
【Objective】 This project aims to study the effects of commercial fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer on the maize growth,yield,soil fertility and economic benefits in the hope of providing a feasible basis for its the application in maize production. 【Method】Three treatments were set up,no fertilization control(CK),conventional fertilization(NPK),commercial organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer(MNPK) based on equivalent N,P,K rate,in which the chemical N,P and K replacement ratios were 10.0%,18.3%,and 15.0%,respectively,and after that, the field plot experiments and indoor analysis were carried out. 【Result】The substitution of commercial organic fertilizer for part of chemical fertilizer(MNPK) increased the plant height, basal stem diameter, leaf number and leaf SPAD value of maize at different growth stages compared with conventional fertilization(NPK) and non-fertilization control(CK). The ear traits and yield components of maize were improved effectively. Maize yield increased by 83.47%,net income increased by 419.58 yuan/hm~2. The contents of soil alkaline N,available P,available K and organic matter increased by 13.08%-39.29%,71.97%-95.70%,13.29%-45.13% and 20.00%-23.26%, respectively. Finally, the soil moisture, soil pH and soil bulk density decreased. 【Conclusion】Replacing part of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer is an economical and feasible fertilization method for promoting maize growth,increasing yield and lifting efficiency and fertilizing soil.
【Objective】 This project aims to study the effects of commercial fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer on the maize growth,yield,soil fertility and economic benefits in the hope of providing a feasible basis for its the application in maize production. 【Method】Three treatments were set up,no fertilization control(CK),conventional fertilization(NPK),commercial organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer(MNPK) based on equivalent N,P,K rate,in which the chemical N,P and K replacement ratios were 10.0%,18.3%,and 15.0%,respectively,and after that, the field plot experiments and indoor analysis were carried out. 【Result】The substitution of commercial organic fertilizer for part of chemical fertilizer(MNPK) increased the plant height, basal stem diameter, leaf number and leaf SPAD value of maize at different growth stages compared with conventional fertilization(NPK) and non-fertilization control(CK). The ear traits and yield components of maize were improved effectively. Maize yield increased by 83.47%,net income increased by 419.58 yuan/hm~2. The contents of soil alkaline N,available P,available K and organic matter increased by 13.08%-39.29%,71.97%-95.70%,13.29%-45.13% and 20.00%-23.26%, respectively. Finally, the soil moisture, soil pH and soil bulk density decreased. 【Conclusion】Replacing part of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer is an economical and feasible fertilization method for promoting maize growth,increasing yield and lifting efficiency and fertilizing soil.
引文
[1]Jin,S.,Zhou,F.(2018).Zero growth of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use:china's objectives,progress and challenges.Journal of Resources and Ecology,9 (1) :50-58.
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[7] Yu,H.,Ding,W.,Luo,J.,Geng,R.,Cai,Z.(2012).Long-term application of organic manure and mineral fertilizers on aggregation and aggregate-associated carbon in a sandy loam soil.Soil and Tillage Research,124 (4) :170-177.
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[10] 晁赢,李絮花,赵秉强,等.有机无机肥料长期配施对作物产量及氮素吸收利用的影响 [J].山东农业科学,2009,(3) :71-75.CHAO Ying,LI Xu-hua,ZHAO Bing-qiang,et al.(2009).Effects of long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on crop yield and nitrogen uptake [J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,(3) :71-75.(in Chinese)
[11] 祝英,王治业,彭轶楠,等.有机肥替代部分化肥对土壤肥力和微生物特征的影响 [J].土壤通报,2015,46 (5) :1 161-1 167.ZHU Ying,WANG Zhi-ye,PENG Yi-nan,et al.(2015).Changes of soil nutrients and microbial communities under the condition of organic fertilizers replacing part of chemical fertilizers [J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,46 (5) :1,161-1,167.(in Chinese)
[12] 孙文涛,宫亮,包红静,等.不同有机无机配比对玉米产量及土壤物理性质的影响 [J].中国农学通报,2011,27 (3) :80-84.SUN Wen-tao,GONG Liang,BAO Hong-jing,et al.(2011).Effect of different ratios of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on improving maize yield and soil physical properties [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,27 (3) :80-84.(in Chinese)
[13] Liu,C.A.,Li,F.R.,Zhou,L.M.,Zhang,R.H.,Lin,S.L.,Wang,L.J.,et al.(2013).Effect of organic manure and fertilizer on soil water and crop yields in newly-built terraces with loess soils in a semi-arid environment.Agricultural Water Management,117 (117) :123-132.
[14] 高菊生,黄晶,董春华,等.长期有机无机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤有效养分影响 [J].土壤学报,2014,(2) :314-324.GAO Ju-sheng,HUANG Jing,DONG Chun-hua,et al.(2014).Effects of long-term combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil available nutrients [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,(2) :314-324.(in Chinese)
[15] 马臣,刘艳妮,梁路,等.有机无机肥配施对旱地冬小麦产量和硝态氮残留淋失的影响 [J].应用生态学报,2018,29 (4) :1 240-1 248.MA Chen,LIU Yan-ni,LIANG Lu,et al.(2018).Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure on wheat yield and leaching of residual nitrate-n in dryland soil [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,29 (4) :1,240-1,248.(in Chinese)
[16] 霍琳,王成宝,逄焕成,等.有机无机肥配施对新垦盐碱荒地土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响 [J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33 (4) :105-111.HUO Lin,WANG Cheng-bao,PANG Huan-cheng,et al.(2015).Effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on physical and chemical properties and crop yields in alkali-saline soil [J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,33 (4) :105-111.(in Chinese)
[17] 吕凤莲,侯苗苗,张弘弢,等.塿土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系有机肥替代化肥比例研究 [J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24 (1) :22-32.Lü Feng-lian,HOU Miao-miao,ZHANG Hong-tao,et al.(2018).Replacement ratio of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with manure under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Lou soil [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,24 (1) :22-32.(in Chinese)
[18] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析 [M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.BAO Shi-dan.(2000).Soil agricultural chemistry analysis [M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press.(in Chinese)
[19] 郝小雨,高伟,王玉军,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响 [J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31 (3) :538-547.HAO Xiao-yu,GAO Wei,WANG Yu-jun,et al.(2012).Effects of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on yield and quality of tomato and soil nitrate leaching loss under greenhouse condition [J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,31 (3) :538-547.(in Chinese)
[20] 刘恩科,赵秉强,胡昌浩,等.长期不同施肥制度对玉米产量和品质的影响 [J].中国农业科学,2004,37 (5) :711-716.LIU En-ke,ZHAO Bing-qiang,HU Chang-hao,et al.(2004).Effects of long-term fertilization systems on yield and quality of maize [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,37 (5) :711-716.(in Chinese)
[21] 王立刚,李维炯,邱建军,等.生物有机肥对作物生长、土壤肥力及产量的效应研究 [J].中国土壤与肥料,2004,(5) :12-16.WANG Li-gang,LI Wei-jiong,QIU Jian-jun,et al.(2004).Effect of biological organic fertilizer on crops growth,soil fertility and yield [J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,(5) :12-16.(in Chinese)
[22] 侯小畔,安婷婷,周亚男,等.增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响[J].玉米科学,2018,26 (1) :127-133.HOU Xiao-pan,AN Ting-ting,ZHOU Ya-nan,et al.(2018).Effect of adding organic fertilizer on summer maize production and soil properties [J].Journal of Maize Sciences,26 (1) :127-133.(in Chinese)
[23] 张秀芝,高洪军,彭畅,等.等氮量投入下有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及氮素利用的影响 [J].玉米科学,2012,20 (6) :123-127.ZHANG Xiu-zhi,GAO Hong-jun,PENG Chang,et al.(2012).Effects of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on maize yield and nitrogen utilization under equal nitrogen rates [J].Journal of Maize Sciences,20 (6) :123-127.(in Chinese)
[24] 聂佳如.有机肥与化肥配施对土壤养分的影响研究 [J].环境科学与管理,2016,41 (9) :52-55.NIE Jia-ru.(2016).Inluence of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil nutrients [J].Environmental Science and Management,41 (9) :52-55.(in Chinese)
[25] 江春,黄菁华,李修强,等.长期施用有机肥对红壤旱地土壤线虫群落的影响 [J].土壤学报,2011,48 (6) :1 235-1 241.JIANG Chun,HUANG Jing-hua,LI Xiu-qiang,et al.(2011).Responses of soil nematode community to long-term application of organic manure in upland red soil [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,48 (6) :1,235-1,241.(in Chinese)
[26] 党翼,张建军,赵刚,等.不同用量的有机肥对陇东旱地春玉米生长特性及产量的影响 [J].中国土壤与肥料,2015,(3):62-67.DANG Yi,ZHANG Jian-jun,ZHAO Gang,et al.(2015).Effect of different amount of manure on growth characteristics and yield of spring maize in calcic kastanozems soil of eastern Gansu's Loess Plateau [J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,(3) :62-67.(in Chinese)
[2] 谢军,赵亚南,陈轩敬,等.有机肥氮替代化肥氮提高玉米产量和氮素吸收利用效率 [J].中国农业科学,2016,49 (20) :3 934-3 943.XIE Jun,ZHAO Ya-nan,CHEN Xuan-jing,et al.(2016).Nitrogen of organic manure replacing chemical nitrogenous fertilizer improve maize yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,49 (20) :3,934-3,943.(in Chinese)
[3] Manna,M.C.,Swarup,A.,Wanjari,R.H.,Ravankar,H.N.,Mishra,B.,Saha,M.N.,et al.(2005).Long-term effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil organic carbon storage,soil quality and yield sustainability under sub-humid and semi-arid tropical India.Field Crops Research,93 (2-3) :264-280.
[4] 傅伟,刘坤平,陈洪松,等.等氮配施有机肥对喀斯特峰丛洼地农田作物产量与养分平衡的影响 [J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25 (6) :812-820.FU Wei,LIU Kun-ping,CHEN Hong-song,et al.(2017).Effect of partial replacement of inorganic N with organic manure on crop yield and soil nutrient balance in arable ecosystem in karst peak-cluster depression [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,25 (6) :812-820.(in Chinese)
[5] Liu,Y.R.,Xiang,L.I.,Shen,Q.R.,Yangchun,X.U.(2013).Enzyme activity in water-stable soil aggregates as affected by long-term application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer.Pedosphere,23 (1) :111-119.
[6] 温延臣,张曰东,袁亮,等.商品有机肥替代化肥对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响 [J].中国农业科学,2018,51 (11) :2 136-2 142.WEN Yan-chen,ZHANG Yue-dong,YUAN Liang.et al.(2018).Crop yield and soil fertility response to commercial organic fertilizer substituting chemical fertilizer [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,51 (11) :2,136-2,142.(in Chinese)
[7] Yu,H.,Ding,W.,Luo,J.,Geng,R.,Cai,Z.(2012).Long-term application of organic manure and mineral fertilizers on aggregation and aggregate-associated carbon in a sandy loam soil.Soil and Tillage Research,124 (4) :170-177.
[8] 罗洋,郑金玉,郑洪兵,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对玉米生长发育及产量的影响 [J].玉米科学,2014,22 (5):132-136.LUO Yang,ZHENG Jin-yu,ZHENG Hong-bing,et al.(2014).Effects of manure and fertilizer application on growth and yield of maize [J].Journal of Maize Sciences,22 (5) :132-136.(in Chinese)
[9] 李春阳,查晓明,王帅.有机无机复混肥改善土壤生态环境的作用 [J].现代农业科技,2011,(20) :288.LI Chun-yang,ZHA Xiao-ming,WANG Shuai.(2011).Effect of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer on soil ecological environment [J].Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology,(20) :288.(in Chinese)
[10] 晁赢,李絮花,赵秉强,等.有机无机肥料长期配施对作物产量及氮素吸收利用的影响 [J].山东农业科学,2009,(3) :71-75.CHAO Ying,LI Xu-hua,ZHAO Bing-qiang,et al.(2009).Effects of long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on crop yield and nitrogen uptake [J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,(3) :71-75.(in Chinese)
[11] 祝英,王治业,彭轶楠,等.有机肥替代部分化肥对土壤肥力和微生物特征的影响 [J].土壤通报,2015,46 (5) :1 161-1 167.ZHU Ying,WANG Zhi-ye,PENG Yi-nan,et al.(2015).Changes of soil nutrients and microbial communities under the condition of organic fertilizers replacing part of chemical fertilizers [J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,46 (5) :1,161-1,167.(in Chinese)
[12] 孙文涛,宫亮,包红静,等.不同有机无机配比对玉米产量及土壤物理性质的影响 [J].中国农学通报,2011,27 (3) :80-84.SUN Wen-tao,GONG Liang,BAO Hong-jing,et al.(2011).Effect of different ratios of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on improving maize yield and soil physical properties [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,27 (3) :80-84.(in Chinese)
[13] Liu,C.A.,Li,F.R.,Zhou,L.M.,Zhang,R.H.,Lin,S.L.,Wang,L.J.,et al.(2013).Effect of organic manure and fertilizer on soil water and crop yields in newly-built terraces with loess soils in a semi-arid environment.Agricultural Water Management,117 (117) :123-132.
[14] 高菊生,黄晶,董春华,等.长期有机无机肥配施对水稻产量及土壤有效养分影响 [J].土壤学报,2014,(2) :314-324.GAO Ju-sheng,HUANG Jing,DONG Chun-hua,et al.(2014).Effects of long-term combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil available nutrients [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,(2) :314-324.(in Chinese)
[15] 马臣,刘艳妮,梁路,等.有机无机肥配施对旱地冬小麦产量和硝态氮残留淋失的影响 [J].应用生态学报,2018,29 (4) :1 240-1 248.MA Chen,LIU Yan-ni,LIANG Lu,et al.(2018).Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure on wheat yield and leaching of residual nitrate-n in dryland soil [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,29 (4) :1,240-1,248.(in Chinese)
[16] 霍琳,王成宝,逄焕成,等.有机无机肥配施对新垦盐碱荒地土壤理化性状和作物产量的影响 [J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33 (4) :105-111.HUO Lin,WANG Cheng-bao,PANG Huan-cheng,et al.(2015).Effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on physical and chemical properties and crop yields in alkali-saline soil [J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,33 (4) :105-111.(in Chinese)
[17] 吕凤莲,侯苗苗,张弘弢,等.塿土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系有机肥替代化肥比例研究 [J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24 (1) :22-32.Lü Feng-lian,HOU Miao-miao,ZHANG Hong-tao,et al.(2018).Replacement ratio of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with manure under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Lou soil [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,24 (1) :22-32.(in Chinese)
[18] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析 [M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.BAO Shi-dan.(2000).Soil agricultural chemistry analysis [M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press.(in Chinese)
[19] 郝小雨,高伟,王玉军,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响 [J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31 (3) :538-547.HAO Xiao-yu,GAO Wei,WANG Yu-jun,et al.(2012).Effects of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on yield and quality of tomato and soil nitrate leaching loss under greenhouse condition [J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,31 (3) :538-547.(in Chinese)
[20] 刘恩科,赵秉强,胡昌浩,等.长期不同施肥制度对玉米产量和品质的影响 [J].中国农业科学,2004,37 (5) :711-716.LIU En-ke,ZHAO Bing-qiang,HU Chang-hao,et al.(2004).Effects of long-term fertilization systems on yield and quality of maize [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,37 (5) :711-716.(in Chinese)
[21] 王立刚,李维炯,邱建军,等.生物有机肥对作物生长、土壤肥力及产量的效应研究 [J].中国土壤与肥料,2004,(5) :12-16.WANG Li-gang,LI Wei-jiong,QIU Jian-jun,et al.(2004).Effect of biological organic fertilizer on crops growth,soil fertility and yield [J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,(5) :12-16.(in Chinese)
[22] 侯小畔,安婷婷,周亚男,等.增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响[J].玉米科学,2018,26 (1) :127-133.HOU Xiao-pan,AN Ting-ting,ZHOU Ya-nan,et al.(2018).Effect of adding organic fertilizer on summer maize production and soil properties [J].Journal of Maize Sciences,26 (1) :127-133.(in Chinese)
[23] 张秀芝,高洪军,彭畅,等.等氮量投入下有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及氮素利用的影响 [J].玉米科学,2012,20 (6) :123-127.ZHANG Xiu-zhi,GAO Hong-jun,PENG Chang,et al.(2012).Effects of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on maize yield and nitrogen utilization under equal nitrogen rates [J].Journal of Maize Sciences,20 (6) :123-127.(in Chinese)
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[25] 江春,黄菁华,李修强,等.长期施用有机肥对红壤旱地土壤线虫群落的影响 [J].土壤学报,2011,48 (6) :1 235-1 241.JIANG Chun,HUANG Jing-hua,LI Xiu-qiang,et al.(2011).Responses of soil nematode community to long-term application of organic manure in upland red soil [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,48 (6) :1,235-1,241.(in Chinese)
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