黏结剂对生物质成型燃料燃烧过程中颗粒物排放特性的影响
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摘要
主要研究了黏结剂对生物质成型燃料燃烧过程中颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)排放特性的影响。实验中采用固体床反应器模拟生物质成型燃料的燃烧,并探究细微颗粒物的生成特性。研究表明,成型能够抑制燃烧过程中碱金属的释放,有助于减少颗粒物的排放。PM_1的主要生成途径为碱金属氯化物和硫酸盐的冷凝和异相凝结,而碱土金属和硅则是PM_(1-10)的重要组成。膨润土黏结剂的添加对PM排放的影响较小,而另外2种黏结剂CMC和木质素磺酸钙则显著增加了PM_1的生成,但同时略微降低了PM_(1-10)的排放。该研究表明,从细微颗粒物排放角度来看,现有的黏结剂无法满足环保的要求,需要探究新型黏结剂或复合黏结剂实现生物质资源的清洁利用。
In this study, the effect of binders on particulate matter(PM) emission characteristics from the combustion of biomass pellets was investigated. In the experiments, a vertical fixed-bed reactor was used to simulate the combustion of biomass pellets, and the formation characteristics of particulate matter were studied. Researches show that densification inhibites the release of alkali metals during combustion and help to reduce particulate matter emission. PM_1 is mainly generated by the homogeneous condensation and heterogeneous coagulation of alkali metal chlorides and sulfates, while alkaline earth metals and Si play an important role in the formation of PM_(10). The addition of bentonite has little effect on PM emission, while the other two kinds of binder(calcium lignosulfonate and CMC) can increase the emission of PM_1 effectively and reduce PM_(1-10) emission slightly. This study shows that the conventional binders can not meet the requirements of environmental protection from the perspective of particulate matter emission. So it is necessary to explore new binders or composite binders to realize the clean utilization of biomass resources.
In this study, the effect of binders on particulate matter(PM) emission characteristics from the combustion of biomass pellets was investigated. In the experiments, a vertical fixed-bed reactor was used to simulate the combustion of biomass pellets, and the formation characteristics of particulate matter were studied. Researches show that densification inhibites the release of alkali metals during combustion and help to reduce particulate matter emission. PM_1 is mainly generated by the homogeneous condensation and heterogeneous coagulation of alkali metal chlorides and sulfates, while alkaline earth metals and Si play an important role in the formation of PM_(10). The addition of bentonite has little effect on PM emission, while the other two kinds of binder(calcium lignosulfonate and CMC) can increase the emission of PM_1 effectively and reduce PM_(1-10) emission slightly. This study shows that the conventional binders can not meet the requirements of environmental protection from the perspective of particulate matter emission. So it is necessary to explore new binders or composite binders to realize the clean utilization of biomass resources.
引文
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[24]王泉斌,徐明厚,夏永俊.煤与生物质混烧时可吸入颗粒物中的矿物质元素演变研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(16):103-108.Wang Quanbin,Xu Minghou,Xia Yongjun.Experimental study on transformation of mineral elements of inhaled particulate matters during Co-combustion of coal with biomass[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2006,26(16):103-108(in Chinese).
[25]Xu Yishu,Liu Xiaowei,Zhang Yu,et al.A novel Ti-based sorbent for reducing ultrafine particulate matter formation during coal combustion[J].Fuel,2017,193:72-80.
[26]Grimm A,Skoglund N,Bostr?m D,et al.Bed agglomeration characteristics in fluidized quartz bed combustion of phosphorus-rich biomass fuels[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(3):937-947.
[27]Bostr?m D,Skoglund N,Grimm A,et al.Ash transformation chemistry during combustion of biomass[J].Energy&Fuels,2012,26(1):85-93.
[2]刘小伟,徐明厚,于敦喜,等.燃煤过程中矿物质变化与颗粒物生成的研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(22):104-108.Liu Xiaowei,Xu Minghou,Yu Dunxi,et al.Coal mineral transformation on emission of particulate matters during coal combustion[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2005,25(22):104-108(in Chinese).
[3]Li Xia,Huang Yongmei,Gong Jirui,et al.A study of the development of bio-energy resources and the status of eco-society in China[J].Energy,2010,35(11):4451-4456.
[4]Niedzió?ka I,Szpryngiel M,Kachel-Jakubowska M,et al.Assessment of the energetic and mechanical properties of pellets produced from agricultural biomass[J].Renewable Energy,2015,76:312-317.
[5]Mani S,Tabil L G,Sokhansanj S.Effects of compressive force,particle size and moisture content on mechanical properties of biomass pellets from grasses[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2006,30(7):648-654.
[6]Si Yaohui,Hu Junhao,Wang Xianhua,et al.Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose binder on the quality of biomass pellets[J].Energy&Fuels,2016,30(7):5799-808.
[7]陈汉平,李斌,杨海平,等.生物质燃烧技术现状与展望[J].工业锅炉,2009(5):1-7.Chen Hanping,Li Bin,Yang Haiping,et al.Status and prospect of biomass combustion technology[J].Industrial Boiler,2009(5):1-7(in Chinese).
[8]Limousy L,Jeguirim M,DutourniéP,et al.Gaseous products and particulate matter emissions of biomass residential boiler fired with spent coffee grounds pellets[J].Fuel,2013,107:323-329.
[9]Verma V K,Bram S,Gauthier G,et al.Performance of a domestic pellet boiler as a function of operational loads:Part-2[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2011,35(1):272-279.
[10]Ahn B J,Chang HS,Lee S M,et al.Effect of binders on the durability of wood pellets fabricated from Larix kaemferi C.and Liriodendron tulipiferaL.sawdust[J].Renewable Energy,2014,62:18-23.
[11]Tabil L G,Sokhansanj S,Tyler R T.Performance different binders during alfalfa pelleting[J].Canadian Agricultural Engineering,1997,39(1):17-23.
[12]Hu Qiang,Shao Jingai,Yang Haiping,et al.Effects of binders on the properties of bio-char pellets[J].Applied Energy,2015,157:508-516.
[13]Yang Wei,Zhu Youjian,Cheng Wei,et al.Characteristics of particulate matter emitted from agricultural biomass combustion[J].Energy&Fuels,2017,31(7):7493-7501.
[14]王泉斌,徐明厚,姚洪,等.生物质与煤的混烧特性及其对可吸入颗粒物排放的影响[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(5):7-12.Wang Quanbin,Xu Minghou,Yao Hong,et al.Co-combustion characteristics of biomass with coal and its effect on inhaled particulate matters emission[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2007,27(5):7-12(in Chinese).
[15]Zhu Youjian,Piotrowska P,Van Eyk P J,et al.Fluidized bed Co-gasification of algae and wood pellets:gas yields and bed agglomeration analysis[J].Energy&Fuels,2016,30(3):1800-1809.
[16]Williams A,Jones J M,Ma L,et al.Pollutants from the combustion of solid biomass fuels[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2012,38(2):113-137.
[17]Xu Yue,Wang Yan,Chen Yingjun,et al.Characterization of fine and carbonaceous particles emissions from pelletized biomass-coal blends combustion:Implications on residential crop residue utilization in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,141:312-319.
[18]Yang Wei,Zhu Youjian,Cheng Wei,et al.Effect of minerals and binders on particulate matter emission from biomass pellets combustion[J].Applied Energy,2018,215:106-115.
[19]Lim M T,Phan A,Roddy D,et al.Technologies for measurement and mitigation of particulate emissions from domestic combustion of biomass:A review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,49:574-584.
[20]Li Chunzhu.Importance of volatile-char interactions during the pyrolysis and gasification of low-rank fuels-Areview[J].Fuel,2013,112:609-623.
[21]Díaz-Ramírez M,Boman C,Sebastián F,et al.Ash characterization and transformation behavior of the fixed-bed combustion of novel crops:poplar,brassica,and cassava fuels[J].Energy&Fuels,2012,26(6):3218-3229.
[22]Niu Yanqing,Wang Zhizhou,Zhu Yiming,et al.Experimental evaluation of additives and K2O-Si O2-Al2O3 diagrams on high-temperature silicate melt-induced slagging during biomass combustion[J].Fuel,2016,179:52-59.
[23]曾宪鹏,于敦喜,修毓,等.准东煤与稻壳混烧中颗粒物的生成特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(16):4429-4435.Zeng Xianpeng,Yu Dunxi,Xiu Yu,et al.Particulate matter formation characteristics during zhundong coal and rice husk Co-combustion[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(16):4429-4435(in Chinese).
[24]王泉斌,徐明厚,夏永俊.煤与生物质混烧时可吸入颗粒物中的矿物质元素演变研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(16):103-108.Wang Quanbin,Xu Minghou,Xia Yongjun.Experimental study on transformation of mineral elements of inhaled particulate matters during Co-combustion of coal with biomass[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2006,26(16):103-108(in Chinese).
[25]Xu Yishu,Liu Xiaowei,Zhang Yu,et al.A novel Ti-based sorbent for reducing ultrafine particulate matter formation during coal combustion[J].Fuel,2017,193:72-80.
[26]Grimm A,Skoglund N,Bostr?m D,et al.Bed agglomeration characteristics in fluidized quartz bed combustion of phosphorus-rich biomass fuels[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(3):937-947.
[27]Bostr?m D,Skoglund N,Grimm A,et al.Ash transformation chemistry during combustion of biomass[J].Energy&Fuels,2012,26(1):85-93.