欧洲能源联盟建设及对未来俄欧能源关系的影响
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摘要
俄罗斯和欧盟互为重要的能源合作伙伴,双方在地缘战略方面存在竞争与合作,既相互依存又相互矛盾。21世纪以来,俄欧能源关系几经波折,近期因乌克兰危机陷入困境。俄欧能源摩擦反映的是两个政治经济行为体之间的利益冲突,能源市场运作方式难以摆脱地缘政治因素的影响。欧盟在表示尊重市场自由化竞争原则的同时,也常常通过条约或指令的方式对市场进行干预。为防范地缘政治变动导致的能源供应短缺风险,欧盟于2015年2月宣布成立能源联盟,奉行市场与地缘政治相结合的"弹性能源政策"。欧洲能源联盟建设的推进不仅需要成员国间共同的政治意愿,在对外政策上也需要协调与中东欧国家和俄罗斯的地缘政治关系。未来的俄欧能源关系不是单纯的市场力量所能主导的,必然会受到欧盟内部成员国间不同的利益诉求、俄欧间复杂的地缘政治经济关系与安全战略矛盾的制约。
Russia and the EU are each other's important energy cooperation partners. The competition and cooperation between the two sides in geostrategic aspects are both interdependent and contradictory. Since the beginning of the 21 st century, Russia-EU energy relations have experienced twists and turns, the crisis in Ukraine has made it worse. The energy friction between Russia and the EU reflects the conflict of interests between the two political and economic actors, the way energy markets work is hard to shake off geopolitics. While showing respect for the principle of market liberalization and competition, the EU often intervenes in the market through treaties or directives. In order to prevent the risk of energy supply shortage caused by geopolitical changes, the EU announced the establishment of an energy union in February 2015, which pursues a "flexible energy policy" combining market and geopolitics. The building of the EU's energy union requires not only the common political will of the member states, but also the coordination of geopolitical relations with Central and Eastern European countries and Russia in terms of foreign policies. The energy relationship between Russia and the EU in the future cannot be dominated by pure market forces, and will inevitably be restricted by the different interest demands of EU member states, the complex geopolitical and economic relations between Russia and the EU and the contradiction of security strategy.
Russia and the EU are each other's important energy cooperation partners. The competition and cooperation between the two sides in geostrategic aspects are both interdependent and contradictory. Since the beginning of the 21 st century, Russia-EU energy relations have experienced twists and turns, the crisis in Ukraine has made it worse. The energy friction between Russia and the EU reflects the conflict of interests between the two political and economic actors, the way energy markets work is hard to shake off geopolitics. While showing respect for the principle of market liberalization and competition, the EU often intervenes in the market through treaties or directives. In order to prevent the risk of energy supply shortage caused by geopolitical changes, the EU announced the establishment of an energy union in February 2015, which pursues a "flexible energy policy" combining market and geopolitics. The building of the EU's energy union requires not only the common political will of the member states, but also the coordination of geopolitical relations with Central and Eastern European countries and Russia in terms of foreign policies. The energy relationship between Russia and the EU in the future cannot be dominated by pure market forces, and will inevitably be restricted by the different interest demands of EU member states, the complex geopolitical and economic relations between Russia and the EU and the contradiction of security strategy.
引文
(1)Прогноз развития энергетики мира и России?2016.?М.:ИНЭИ РАН,Аналитический центр при Правительстве РФ,2016,C.?166.
(2) Energy in figures.Statistical Pocketbook 2016.Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union,2016,p.26.
(3) BP Statistical Review of World Energy,June 2018,http://www.bp.com
(4) Youngs R,Europe’s External Energy Policy:Between Geopolitics and the Market,CEPS Working Document№278.Brussels:CEPS,Nov.2007.
(5) Westphal K,Energy Policy between Multilateral Governance and Geopolitics:Whither Europe?Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft,pp.45-46.
(6) Finon D Locatelli C,Russian and European Gas Interdependence:Could Contractual Trade Channel Geopolitics?,Energy Policy.2008.Vol.36.pp.423-425.
(7) Stoddard E,Reconsidering the Ontological Foundations of International Energy Affairs:Realist Geopolitics,Market Liberalism and a Politico-Economic Alternative,European Security.2013.Vol.22.No4,p.446.
(1) Klare M.Rising Powers,Shrinking Planet:The New Geopolitics of Energy,New York:Metropolitan Books,2008.
(2) Correlj,A.van der Linde,C.Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics:A European Perspective,Energy Policy.2006.Vol.34.pp.532-533.
(3)Goldthau A,Witte J.From Energy Security to Global Governance,Journal of Energy Security,March.6,2010.http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=234:from-energy-security-to-globalenergygovernance&catid=103:energysecurity%20issuecontent&Itemid=358
(4) Goldthau A.,Sitter N.A Liberal Actor in a Realist World?The Commission and the External Dimension of the Single Market for Energy,Journal of European Public Policy.2014.Vol.21,No.10.pp.1452-1453.
(1)См.:?Федеральный закон о порядке осуществления ино странных инвестиции в хозяйственные общества,имеющие стратегическое значение для обеспечения обороны страны и безопа сности государства?;?Закон Российской Федерации"Онедрах"?.
(2)Романова Т.A.Проблема взаимности в отношениях России и Европейского союза//Вестник Санкт-Петербур ского университета.Сер.6.2013.Вып.3.C.135-136.
(3)Романова T.A.Энергетический союз ЕС и его последствия для России//Энергетическая политика,2016,№6,C.30.
(4) European Commission,Upstream gas supplies in Central and Eastern Europe.Case 39816.http://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/case_details.cfm?proc_code=1_39816
(1) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,European Energy Security Strategy,Brussels,May 28,2014.
(2) Austvic O.G.The Energy Union and security-of-gas supply Energy Policy.2016.Vol.96,p.382.
(1)欧盟对外行动署的职能是协助欧盟外交与安全政策高级代表开展《里斯本条约》赋予其在共同外交和安全政策、共同安全和防务政策以及相关对外关系政策领域的协调工作。参见欧盟对外行动署网站:https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en
(2)本文为便于论述,对新、老成员国立场的划分是相对的,如捷克虽然是新入盟国家,但由于其已基本形成了多元化的能源供应格局,因此倾向于市场观点;而法国传统上主张在与能源供应国的对话方面应实施国家干预。
(1) Tusk D,A united Europe can end Russia’s energy stranglehold,Financial Times,April 21,2014.https://www.ft.com/content/91508464-c661-11e3-ba0e-00144feabdc0
(2) A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy,Brussels,February 25,2015.
(3) Ibid.
(1) A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy.
(2) Commission proposes new rules for consumer centred clean energy transition,载欧盟官方网站2016年11月30日,https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/news/commission-proposes-new-rules-consumer-centred-clean-energy-transition
(1) Commission proposes new rules for consumer centred clean energy transition.
(2)?《阿国际石油基金2016年巨资建“南部天然气走廊”》,载国际燃气网2015年12月31日。http://gas.inen.com/html/gas-2374426.shtml
(1) BP Statistical Review of World Energy,June 2018,http://www.bp.com
(1)《欧盟委员会:能源联盟计划要点解读》,载《电力国际信息参考》2015年4月2日,http://www.cec.org.cn/guojidianli/2015-04-02/135979.html
(2)?“共同利益项目”是欧盟宣布启动的195个关键能源基础设施项目的统称,这些项目作为能源联盟建设的基础工程,其完成将有助于尽快结束欧盟部分成员国的能源隔绝状态,提高可再生能源在电网中的输送比例,实现能源供给的多元化。
(1)Романова T.A.Энергетический союз ЕС и его последствия для России//Энергетическая политика,2016,№6,C.34.
(1)“东部伙伴关系计划”是欧盟于2009年5月启动的为东部六国--白俄罗斯、乌克兰、摩尔多瓦、格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚和阿塞拜疆的安全与稳定而出台的一项加强版的欧洲邻居政策。“东部伙伴关系计划”的肇始明显是针对俄罗斯的,与美国冷战以来“遏制、弱化和挤压俄罗斯战略空间”的政策一脉相承,力图使俄周边重要六国变成受欧美影响和控制的区域,其目的是摆脱对俄罗斯能源的依赖,并进一步挤压俄罗斯的战略空间。这一做法最终造成俄罗斯采取强烈的抵制态度并提出一系列对冲政策,从而引发俄欧更深层次的矛盾。
(2) Energy in figures.Statistical Pocketbook 2016.Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union,2016,p.26.
(3) BP Statistical Review of World Energy,June 2018,http://www.bp.com
(4) Youngs R,Europe’s External Energy Policy:Between Geopolitics and the Market,CEPS Working Document№278.Brussels:CEPS,Nov.2007.
(5) Westphal K,Energy Policy between Multilateral Governance and Geopolitics:Whither Europe?Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft,pp.45-46.
(6) Finon D Locatelli C,Russian and European Gas Interdependence:Could Contractual Trade Channel Geopolitics?,Energy Policy.2008.Vol.36.pp.423-425.
(7) Stoddard E,Reconsidering the Ontological Foundations of International Energy Affairs:Realist Geopolitics,Market Liberalism and a Politico-Economic Alternative,European Security.2013.Vol.22.No4,p.446.
(1) Klare M.Rising Powers,Shrinking Planet:The New Geopolitics of Energy,New York:Metropolitan Books,2008.
(2) Correlj,A.van der Linde,C.Energy Supply Security and Geopolitics:A European Perspective,Energy Policy.2006.Vol.34.pp.532-533.
(3)Goldthau A,Witte J.From Energy Security to Global Governance,Journal of Energy Security,March.6,2010.http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=234:from-energy-security-to-globalenergygovernance&catid=103:energysecurity%20issuecontent&Itemid=358
(4) Goldthau A.,Sitter N.A Liberal Actor in a Realist World?The Commission and the External Dimension of the Single Market for Energy,Journal of European Public Policy.2014.Vol.21,No.10.pp.1452-1453.
(1)См.:?Федеральный закон о порядке осуществления ино странных инвестиции в хозяйственные общества,имеющие стратегическое значение для обеспечения обороны страны и безопа сности государства?;?Закон Российской Федерации"Онедрах"?.
(2)Романова Т.A.Проблема взаимности в отношениях России и Европейского союза//Вестник Санкт-Петербур ского университета.Сер.6.2013.Вып.3.C.135-136.
(3)Романова T.A.Энергетический союз ЕС и его последствия для России//Энергетическая политика,2016,№6,C.30.
(4) European Commission,Upstream gas supplies in Central and Eastern Europe.Case 39816.http://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/case_details.cfm?proc_code=1_39816
(1) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,European Energy Security Strategy,Brussels,May 28,2014.
(2) Austvic O.G.The Energy Union and security-of-gas supply Energy Policy.2016.Vol.96,p.382.
(1)欧盟对外行动署的职能是协助欧盟外交与安全政策高级代表开展《里斯本条约》赋予其在共同外交和安全政策、共同安全和防务政策以及相关对外关系政策领域的协调工作。参见欧盟对外行动署网站:https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en
(2)本文为便于论述,对新、老成员国立场的划分是相对的,如捷克虽然是新入盟国家,但由于其已基本形成了多元化的能源供应格局,因此倾向于市场观点;而法国传统上主张在与能源供应国的对话方面应实施国家干预。
(1) Tusk D,A united Europe can end Russia’s energy stranglehold,Financial Times,April 21,2014.https://www.ft.com/content/91508464-c661-11e3-ba0e-00144feabdc0
(2) A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy,Brussels,February 25,2015.
(3) Ibid.
(1) A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy.
(2) Commission proposes new rules for consumer centred clean energy transition,载欧盟官方网站2016年11月30日,https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/news/commission-proposes-new-rules-consumer-centred-clean-energy-transition
(1) Commission proposes new rules for consumer centred clean energy transition.
(2)?《阿国际石油基金2016年巨资建“南部天然气走廊”》,载国际燃气网2015年12月31日。http://gas.inen.com/html/gas-2374426.shtml
(1) BP Statistical Review of World Energy,June 2018,http://www.bp.com
(1)《欧盟委员会:能源联盟计划要点解读》,载《电力国际信息参考》2015年4月2日,http://www.cec.org.cn/guojidianli/2015-04-02/135979.html
(2)?“共同利益项目”是欧盟宣布启动的195个关键能源基础设施项目的统称,这些项目作为能源联盟建设的基础工程,其完成将有助于尽快结束欧盟部分成员国的能源隔绝状态,提高可再生能源在电网中的输送比例,实现能源供给的多元化。
(1)Романова T.A.Энергетический союз ЕС и его последствия для России//Энергетическая политика,2016,№6,C.34.
(1)“东部伙伴关系计划”是欧盟于2009年5月启动的为东部六国--白俄罗斯、乌克兰、摩尔多瓦、格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚和阿塞拜疆的安全与稳定而出台的一项加强版的欧洲邻居政策。“东部伙伴关系计划”的肇始明显是针对俄罗斯的,与美国冷战以来“遏制、弱化和挤压俄罗斯战略空间”的政策一脉相承,力图使俄周边重要六国变成受欧美影响和控制的区域,其目的是摆脱对俄罗斯能源的依赖,并进一步挤压俄罗斯的战略空间。这一做法最终造成俄罗斯采取强烈的抵制态度并提出一系列对冲政策,从而引发俄欧更深层次的矛盾。