生物有机肥对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性及根系活力的影响
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摘要
针对大量化肥长期施用对马铃薯田土壤造成的生物活性降低等问题,利用根际益生菌(PGPR)制成生物有机肥,通过盆栽试验,研究了不施肥(对照,CK)以及分别施化肥(CF)、普通有机肥(OF)和5种生物有机肥(BOF1,BOF2,BOF3,BOF4和BOF5)对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性和根系活力的影响。结果表明,在马铃薯的成熟期,5种生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量平均比CF及OF高52%和37%,微生物量碳比CF和OF处理平均增加了30%,其中以BOF3效果最明显,比其它生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量和微生物量碳增加达3%～7%和2%～7%;且土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),相比CF和OF,5种生物有机肥处理土壤酶活性的增幅为11%～114%;根系活力分别增加了265%和224%,块茎产量分别增加了16%和21%,根系活力和块茎产量的提高也以BOF3效果最明显,其根系活力比BOF5高出166%,其块茎产量比其它生物有机肥处理的增幅为5%～9%。说明生物有机肥有助于提高土壤的生物活性,改善马铃薯的根际环境,进而提高了马铃薯的根系活力,增加了马铃薯的块茎产量。
The long-term application of a large amount of chemical fertilizer to potato field can cause the decrease in soil bio-activity. To solve this problem, we studied the effect of the bio-organic fertilizer with the selected plant growth promoting rhizobaeteria(PGPR) on the soil bio-activity. The treatments included no fertilizer(CK), chemical fertilizer(CF), ordinary organic fertilizer(OF), and five biological organic fertilizers(BOF1, BOF2, BOF3, BOF4 and BOF5) on the bioactivity and root activities of potato rhizosphere soil through a pot experiment. The result showed that during the potato maturity period, the five types of bio-organic fertilizer treatments increased cultivable bacteria by 52% and 37% on average and microbial biomass carbon by 30% compared with the CF and OF treatments. The increase in cultivable bacteria and microbial carbon of BOF3 compared with that of other biological organic fertilizers was 3% to 7% and 2% to 7%, respectively. Soil urease, sucrase, and phosphatase activities also increased significantly(P<0.05). Compared with that of the CF and OF treatments, the increase of enzyme activities was 11%～114%. The root activities and tuber yield also increased with the improvement of soil biological activities. The most significant effects was with BOF3, compared with CF and OF, the root activities of the five bio-organic fertilizers increased by 265% and 224%, respectively, and the tuber yield increased by 16% and 21%. The root activity of BOF3 was 166% higher than that of BOF5. The tuber yield of BOF3 was higher than that of other biological organic fertilizer treatments by 5% and 9%, respectively. It indicated that increase in the number of cultivable bacteria and actinomycetes resulted from biological organic fertilizers increased the biomass carbon(nitrogen) and enzyme activities of the soil, thus improved the biological activity of the soil,created a favorable rhizosphere environment for potato roots, and consequently improved the root vitality and promoted the growth of the potato.
The long-term application of a large amount of chemical fertilizer to potato field can cause the decrease in soil bio-activity. To solve this problem, we studied the effect of the bio-organic fertilizer with the selected plant growth promoting rhizobaeteria(PGPR) on the soil bio-activity. The treatments included no fertilizer(CK), chemical fertilizer(CF), ordinary organic fertilizer(OF), and five biological organic fertilizers(BOF1, BOF2, BOF3, BOF4 and BOF5) on the bioactivity and root activities of potato rhizosphere soil through a pot experiment. The result showed that during the potato maturity period, the five types of bio-organic fertilizer treatments increased cultivable bacteria by 52% and 37% on average and microbial biomass carbon by 30% compared with the CF and OF treatments. The increase in cultivable bacteria and microbial carbon of BOF3 compared with that of other biological organic fertilizers was 3% to 7% and 2% to 7%, respectively. Soil urease, sucrase, and phosphatase activities also increased significantly(P<0.05). Compared with that of the CF and OF treatments, the increase of enzyme activities was 11%～114%. The root activities and tuber yield also increased with the improvement of soil biological activities. The most significant effects was with BOF3, compared with CF and OF, the root activities of the five bio-organic fertilizers increased by 265% and 224%, respectively, and the tuber yield increased by 16% and 21%. The root activity of BOF3 was 166% higher than that of BOF5. The tuber yield of BOF3 was higher than that of other biological organic fertilizer treatments by 5% and 9%, respectively. It indicated that increase in the number of cultivable bacteria and actinomycetes resulted from biological organic fertilizers increased the biomass carbon(nitrogen) and enzyme activities of the soil, thus improved the biological activity of the soil,created a favorable rhizosphere environment for potato roots, and consequently improved the root vitality and promoted the growth of the potato.
引文
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[4] 刘星,张书乐,刘国锋,等.连作对甘肃中部沿黄灌区马铃薯干物质积累和分配的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(7):1274-1285.
[5] 何万春,何昌福,邱慧珍,等.不同氮水平对旱地覆膜马铃薯干物质积累与分配的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(4):175-182.
[6] 刘玉环,张春梅,秦嘉海,等.马铃薯多功能专用肥配方筛选及其对土壤理化性质的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):127-133.
[7] 刘星,张书乐,刘国锋,等.土壤生物消毒对甘肃省中部沿黄灌区马铃薯连作障碍的防控效果[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(4):1205-1214.
[8] 程万莉,刘星,高怡安,等.有机肥替代部分化肥对马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响[J].土壤通报,2015,46(6):1459-1465.
[9] 刘星,张书乐,刘国锋,等.土壤熏蒸-微生物有机肥联用对连作马铃薯生长和土壤生化性质的影响[J].草业学报,2015,24(3):122-133.
[10] 高怡安,程万莉,张文明,等.有机肥替代部分化肥对甘肃省中部沿黄灌区马铃薯产量、土壤矿质氮水平及氮肥效率的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2016,51(2):54-60,68.
[11] 曹慧,孙辉,杨浩,等.土壤酶活性及其对土壤质量的指示研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(1):105-109.
[12] 胡君利,林先贵.土壤微生物与土壤健康:生物指示与生态调控[C]//范云六.第七次全国土壤生物与生物化学学术研讨会暨第二次全国土壤健康学术研讨会论文集.武汉:中国农业科技导报,2014:31-32.
[13] Pan G X,Zhou P,Li Z P,et al.Combined inorganic/organic fertilization enhances N efficiency and increases rice productivity through organic carbon accumulation in a rice paddy from the Tai Lake region,China [J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2009,131(3):274-280.
[14] 李双喜,沈其荣,郑宪清,等.施用微生物有机肥对连作条件下西瓜的生物效应及土壤生物性状的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(2):169-174.
[15] 梁斌,周建斌,杨学云.长期施肥对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及矿质态氮含量动态变化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(2):321-326.
[16] 李锐,陶瑞,王丹,等.减氮配施有机肥对滴灌棉田土壤生物活性与团聚体特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(10):3297-3304.
[17] 邓开英,凌宁,张鹏,等.专用生物有机肥对营养钵西瓜苗生长和根际微生物区系的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2013,36(2):103-109.
[18] 栗丽,洪坚平,谢英荷,等.生物菌肥对采煤塌陷复垦土壤生物活性及盆栽油菜产量和品质的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(5):939-944.
[19] 王飞,李俊华,赵思峰,等.拮抗菌和生物有机肥防治棉花黄萎病及其对土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤通报,2011,42(3):584-588.
[20] 朱秋莲,邢肖毅,程曼,等.宁南山区典型植物根际与非根际土壤碳、氮形态[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(4):983-988.
[21] 李振高,骆永明,滕应.土壤与环境微生物研究法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008,322-413.
[22] 高俊风.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2011,57-59.
[23] Liu Y P,Zhang N,Qiu M H,et al.Enhanced rhizosphere colonization of beneficial Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 by pathogen infection[J].FEMS Microbiology Letters,2014,353:49-56.
[24] 和文祥,谭向平,王旭东,等.土壤总体酶活性指标的初步研究[J].土壤学报,2010,47(6):1232-1236.
[25] 李亮亮,吴正超,陈彬,等.生物炭对添加自毒物质土壤酶活性、微生物区系结构的影响[J].华北农学报,2015,30(4):219-225.
[26] 斯琴巴特尔,吴红英.不同逆境对玉米幼苗根系活力及硝酸还原酶活性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2001,19(2):67-70.
[27] 梁银丽,陈培元.水分胁迫和氮素营养对小麦根苗生长及水分利用效率的效应[J].西北植物学报,1995,15(1):21-25.
[28] 郑林林.山东烟区不同种植模式对土壤生物活性及烟叶品质的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2010.
[29] 臧逸飞,郝明德,张丽琼,等.26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1445-1451.
[30] 钟书堂,沈宗专,孙逸飞,等.生物有机肥对连作蕉园香蕉生产和土壤可培养微生物区系的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(2):481-489.
[31] 姬兴杰,熊淑萍,李春明,等.不同肥料类型对土壤酶活性与微生物数量时空变化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):123-127,133.
[32] 范淼珍,尹昌,范分良,等.长期不同施肥对红壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(3):833-838.
[33] 张静,杨江舟,胡伟,等.生物有机肥对大豆红冠腐病及土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(3):548-554.
[34] Wirén N V,Gazzarrini S,Frommer W B.Regulation of mineral nitrogen uptake in plants [J].Plant Soil,1997,96:191-199.
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