中国南方豆梨形态多样性研究
|
摘要
【目的】了解中国南方豆梨资源的分布现状,并对其进行形态多样性评价。【方法】2017年9月3—16日,9月23日—10月1日和10月30日—11月16日,前往浙江、湖南、湖北、广东、广西和江西6省的豆梨原生境采集豆梨资源78份,采用巢式方差分析、方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析及邓肯氏多重比较分析等方法对其叶片以及果实等16个表型性状进行研究。【结果】我国南方豆梨资源具有丰富的表型多样性,其叶片和果实的8个质量性状的多样性指数的范围为0.56～1.04,8个数量性状的平均变异系数为19.85%,其中叶柄长度的最大,达到37.48%,果形指数的最小(8.1%)。主成分分析表明,前7个主成分对应的特征值均大于1,其累计贡献率达70.804%,表明前7个主成分能较好的解释所有变量所包含的全部遗传信息。聚类分析的结果表明,在欧式距离系数为9.9处,可将78份豆梨材料聚为五大类。【结论】不同性状变异系数相差较大,供试豆梨资源不同居群间存在着丰富的变异。
【Objective】The objective of the study was to investigte the distribution of Pyrus calleryana Dcne. and assess morphological diversity of the species in southern China.【Methods】We refered to the floras of China, floras of several provinces and articles published in recent 10 years on the resources of wild fruit trees, and the data of Chinese Virtual Herbarium for selecting the regions to investigate. From September 3 to 16, September 23 to October 1, and October 30 to November 16, 2017, we went to Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangxi provinces and collected 78 P. calleryana resources. Variance analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and Duncan's multiple comparative analysis were carried out to study 19 morphological traits of the leaves and fruits of the species.【Results】The results showed that there were abundant morphological diversity of P. calleryana in southern China. The diversity index of the eleven descriptive traits of branches, leaves and fruits was 0.56-1.04, among them the diversity indices of the shape of leaf base(1.04), the leaf extension state(0.96),and the fruit core position(0.93) were higher. The diversity indices of the annual branch color(0.87), the leaf bud attitude(0.63),the leaf bud apical feature(0.30), the leaf shape(0.75), the leaf apex shape(0.56), the leaf margin(0.82), the fruit shape(0.71) and the fruit bottom color(0.88) were relatively lower. Among the eight quantitative traits, the difference of the length of carpopodium and fruit shape index among the populations reached a very significant level, indicating that there were wide differences in the lengthes of carpopodium stalk and fruit shape indices among the populations, and the differences of fruit transverse diameter and fruit longitudinal diameter within and between populations reached significant levels, indicating that there were wide variations in the fruit transverse diameter and the fruit longitudinal diameter in the groups and between the populations. The F values among populations were higher than those within populations in all quantitative traits. There were more genetic variation between the populations of P. calleryana than those within the populations. The average coefficient of variations of the eight quantitative traits was 19.85, among them the length of petiole was the largest(37.48%), followed by the length of carpopodium(19.75%) and the leaf width(19.40%), and the fruit shape index was the smallest(8.1%). The morphological diversity of the populations varied greatly. The average coefficient of variations of the populations collected from Guangxi and Hubei was the largest, 18.47% and18.61% respectively, indicating that the dispersal degree of each traits index of the population was larger, while the average coefficient of variations of the populations collected from Guangdong was the smallest, only 11.93%, indicating that the variation of Guangdong population was small. The results of multiple comparative analysis of 8 quantitative traits showed that the leaf length and the leaf width of the populations collected from Hubei were significantly larger than those of other populations, indicating that there were mostly large leaf individuals of P. calleryana in Hubei. The leaf shape index of Hubei population was significantlylarger than that of Zhejiang population, suggesting that the leaves of P.calleryana from Hunan and Hubei were mostly oblong, while those from Zhejiang were mostly short circle, and the Length of petiole of Hubei population was significantly larger than that of Guangdong population. The fruit shape indices of Zhejiang and Hubei populations were significantly higher than that of Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Guangxi, populayions, indicating that the fruits of P. calleryana in Zhejiang and Hubei were mostly oblong, while those from Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Guangxi were mostly oblate. The Length of petiole of Zhejiang populations was significantly longer than that of other populations, indicating that the petioles of P. calleryana in Zhejiang were longer than that of the populayions from other areas. The principal component analysis of 8 quantitative traits showed that the Eigenvalue of the first seven principal components were all over 1, and the cumulative contribution rate was 70.804, indicating that the first seven principal components could better explain all the genetic information of the all variables. The cluster analysis of 19 phenotypic characters of 78 P. calleryana showed that when the distance coefficient was 9.9, 78 P. calleryana could be grouped into five categories.The first category consisted of the materials from Hubei and Zhejiang; the second category consisted of the materials from Hunan; the third category included all the materials from Jiangxi and the materials from Quanzhou county of Guangxi; the fourth category included the materials from Guangdong;and the fifth category included the materials from Huanjiang County, Yizhou City, Bama County and Ningming County of Guangxi.【Conclusion】The coefficient of variation of different characters varied greatly, and there were abundant variations among different populations of P. calleryana resources.
【Objective】The objective of the study was to investigte the distribution of Pyrus calleryana Dcne. and assess morphological diversity of the species in southern China.【Methods】We refered to the floras of China, floras of several provinces and articles published in recent 10 years on the resources of wild fruit trees, and the data of Chinese Virtual Herbarium for selecting the regions to investigate. From September 3 to 16, September 23 to October 1, and October 30 to November 16, 2017, we went to Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangxi provinces and collected 78 P. calleryana resources. Variance analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and Duncan's multiple comparative analysis were carried out to study 19 morphological traits of the leaves and fruits of the species.【Results】The results showed that there were abundant morphological diversity of P. calleryana in southern China. The diversity index of the eleven descriptive traits of branches, leaves and fruits was 0.56-1.04, among them the diversity indices of the shape of leaf base(1.04), the leaf extension state(0.96),and the fruit core position(0.93) were higher. The diversity indices of the annual branch color(0.87), the leaf bud attitude(0.63),the leaf bud apical feature(0.30), the leaf shape(0.75), the leaf apex shape(0.56), the leaf margin(0.82), the fruit shape(0.71) and the fruit bottom color(0.88) were relatively lower. Among the eight quantitative traits, the difference of the length of carpopodium and fruit shape index among the populations reached a very significant level, indicating that there were wide differences in the lengthes of carpopodium stalk and fruit shape indices among the populations, and the differences of fruit transverse diameter and fruit longitudinal diameter within and between populations reached significant levels, indicating that there were wide variations in the fruit transverse diameter and the fruit longitudinal diameter in the groups and between the populations. The F values among populations were higher than those within populations in all quantitative traits. There were more genetic variation between the populations of P. calleryana than those within the populations. The average coefficient of variations of the eight quantitative traits was 19.85, among them the length of petiole was the largest(37.48%), followed by the length of carpopodium(19.75%) and the leaf width(19.40%), and the fruit shape index was the smallest(8.1%). The morphological diversity of the populations varied greatly. The average coefficient of variations of the populations collected from Guangxi and Hubei was the largest, 18.47% and18.61% respectively, indicating that the dispersal degree of each traits index of the population was larger, while the average coefficient of variations of the populations collected from Guangdong was the smallest, only 11.93%, indicating that the variation of Guangdong population was small. The results of multiple comparative analysis of 8 quantitative traits showed that the leaf length and the leaf width of the populations collected from Hubei were significantly larger than those of other populations, indicating that there were mostly large leaf individuals of P. calleryana in Hubei. The leaf shape index of Hubei population was significantlylarger than that of Zhejiang population, suggesting that the leaves of P.calleryana from Hunan and Hubei were mostly oblong, while those from Zhejiang were mostly short circle, and the Length of petiole of Hubei population was significantly larger than that of Guangdong population. The fruit shape indices of Zhejiang and Hubei populations were significantly higher than that of Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Guangxi, populayions, indicating that the fruits of P. calleryana in Zhejiang and Hubei were mostly oblong, while those from Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Guangxi were mostly oblate. The Length of petiole of Zhejiang populations was significantly longer than that of other populations, indicating that the petioles of P. calleryana in Zhejiang were longer than that of the populayions from other areas. The principal component analysis of 8 quantitative traits showed that the Eigenvalue of the first seven principal components were all over 1, and the cumulative contribution rate was 70.804, indicating that the first seven principal components could better explain all the genetic information of the all variables. The cluster analysis of 19 phenotypic characters of 78 P. calleryana showed that when the distance coefficient was 9.9, 78 P. calleryana could be grouped into five categories.The first category consisted of the materials from Hubei and Zhejiang; the second category consisted of the materials from Hunan; the third category included all the materials from Jiangxi and the materials from Quanzhou county of Guangxi; the fourth category included the materials from Guangdong;and the fifth category included the materials from Huanjiang County, Yizhou City, Bama County and Ningming County of Guangxi.【Conclusion】The coefficient of variation of different characters varied greatly, and there were abundant variations among different populations of P. calleryana resources.
引文
[1] RUBTSOV G A. Geographical distribution of the genus Pyrus and trends and factors in its evolution[J]. American Naturalist,1944,78(777):358-366.
[2] CHALICE J S,WESTWOOD M N. Numerical taxonomic studies of the genus Pyrus using both chemical and botanical characters[J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,2010,67(2):121-148.
[3]俞德浚,陆玲娣,谷粹芝.中国植物志.第36卷[M].北京:科学出版社,1974.YU Dejun,LU Lingdi,GU Cuizhi. Flora reipublicae populais sinicae. Volume 36[M]. Beijing:Science Press,1974.
[4]贾支.中国果树第三卷梨[M].科学通报,1963(10):74.JIA Zhi. Chinese fruit trees·pear[M]. Chinese Science Bulletin,1963(10):74.
[5]李祝成,陈勤,何宗能,郭晓玲.豆梨丰产稳产栽培技术[J].中国热带农业,2011(3):59-60.LI Zhucheng,CHEN Qin,HE Zongneng,GUO Xiaoling. Cultivation techniques for high yield and stable yield of Pyrus calleryana Decne.[J]. China Tropical Agriculture,2011(3):59-60.
[6]蒋学莉,史锋厚,沈永宝,仲磊,卢克成.豆梨资源的保护与开发利用[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(3):162-165.JIANG Xueli,SHI Fenghou,SHEN Yongbao,ZHONG Lei,LU Kecheng. Protection and development of Pyrus calleryana resourse[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(3):162-165.
[7]陶爱群.豆梨离体再生体系建立与rolB基因转化研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2008.TAO Aiqun. Study on the establishment of in vitro regeneration system from P. calleryana Decne. and rolB gene transformation[D]. Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2008.
[8]冯涛,张红,陈学森,张艳敏,何天明,冯建荣,许正.新疆野苹果果实形态与矿质元素含量多样性以及特异性状单株[J].植物遗传资源学报,2006,7(3):270-276.FENG Tao,ZHANG Hong,CHEN Xuesen,ZHANG Yanmin,HE Tianming,FENG Jianrong,XU Zheng. Genetic diversity of fruit morphological traits and content of mineral element in Malus sieversii(Ldb.)Roem. and its Elite Seedlings[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2006,7(3):270-276.
[9]刘玉皎,宗绪晓.青海蚕豆种质资源形态多样性分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2008,9(1):79-83.LIU Yujiao,ZONG Xuxiao. Morphological diversity analysis of faba bean(Vicia faba L.)germplasm resources from Qinghai[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resource,2008,9(1):79-83.
[10]聂石辉,彭琳,王仙,季良.鹰嘴豆种质资源农艺性状遗传多样性分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2015,16(1):64-70.NIE Shihui,PENG Lin,WANG Xian,JI Liang. Genetic diversity of agronomic traits in chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)germplasm resources[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resource,2015,16(1):64-70.
[11]潘存祥,许勇,纪海波,李玉明,陈年来.西瓜种质资源表型多样性及聚类分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2015,16(1):59-63.PAN Cunxiang,XU Yong,JI Haibo,LI Yuming,CHEN Nianlai.Phenotypic diversity and clustering analysis of watermelon germplasm[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resource,2015,16(1):59-63.
[12]刘晶.中国豆梨与川梨的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.LIU Jing. Studies on genetic diversity and structure of Pyrus calleryana and P. vashia in China[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013.
[13]宗宇,孙萍,牛庆丰,滕元文.中国北方野生杜梨分布现状及其形态多样性评价[J].果树学报,2013,30(6):918-923.ZONG Yu,SUN Ping,NIU Qingfeng,TENG Yuanwen. Distribution situation and assessment of morphological diversity of wild Pyrus betulaefolia in Northern China[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2013,30(6):918-923.
[14]曹玉芬.梨种质资源描述规范和数据标准[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.CAO Yufen. Descriptors and data standard for pear(Pyrus spp.)[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006.
[15] SHANNON C E,WEAVER W. The mathem atical theory of communication[M]. Urbana:University of Lllinois Press,1949:3-14.
[16]李斌,顾万春,卢宝明.白皮松天然群体种实性状表型多样性研究[J].生物多样性,2002,10(2):181-188.LI Bin,GU Wanchun,LU Baoming. A study on phenotypic diversity of seeds and cones characteristics in Pinus bungeana[J].Biodiversity Science,2002,10(2):181-188.
[17] HEGAY S,GELETA M,BRYNGELSSON T. Genetic diversity analysis in Phaseolus vulgaris L. using morphological traits[J].Genetic Resources&Crop Evolution,2014,61(3):555-566.
[18]肖亮,蒋建雄,易自力,艾辛,覃静萍,刘树玲,陈智勇,林聪.广西省芒野生居群表型多样性研究[J].草业学报,2013,22(4):43-45.XIAO Liang,JIANG Jianxiong,YI Zili,AI Xin,QIN Jingping,LIU Shuling,CHEN Zhiyong,LIN Cong. A study on phenotypic diversity of Miscanthus sinensis natural population in Guangxi province[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(4):43-45.
[19] PEAKALL R,SMOUSE P E. GENALEX 6:genetic analysis in Excel,population genetic software for teaching and research[J].Molecular Ecology Notes,2006,6(1):288-295.
[20]刘维,陈芬,陈雨,潘大建,范芝兰,陈建酉,李晨.粤北普通野生稻表型多样性研究[J].广东农业科学,2010,37(8):21-24.LIU Wei,CHEN Fen,CHEN Yu,PAN Dajian,FAN Zhilan,CHEN Jianyou,LI Chen. Phenotype diversity of ordinary wild rice in north of Guangdong[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2010,37(8):21-24.
[21]曾杰,郑海水,甘四明,白嘉雨.广西西南桦天然居群的表型变异[J].林业科学,2005,41(2):59-65.ZENG Jie,ZHENG Haishui,GAN Siming,BAI Jiayu. Phenotypic variation in natural populations of Betula alnoides in Guangxi,China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(2):59-65.
[22]庞广昌,姜冬梅.群体遗传多样性和数据分析[J].林业科学,1995,31(6):543-550.PANG Guangchang,JIANG Dongmei. Population genetic diversity and data analysis[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1995,31(6):543-550.
[23] PETRUCCELLI R,GANINO T,CIACCERI L. Phenotypic diversity of traditional cherry accessions present in the Tuscan region[J]. Scientia Horticulturae,2013,150(2):334-347.
[2] CHALICE J S,WESTWOOD M N. Numerical taxonomic studies of the genus Pyrus using both chemical and botanical characters[J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,2010,67(2):121-148.
[3]俞德浚,陆玲娣,谷粹芝.中国植物志.第36卷[M].北京:科学出版社,1974.YU Dejun,LU Lingdi,GU Cuizhi. Flora reipublicae populais sinicae. Volume 36[M]. Beijing:Science Press,1974.
[4]贾支.中国果树第三卷梨[M].科学通报,1963(10):74.JIA Zhi. Chinese fruit trees·pear[M]. Chinese Science Bulletin,1963(10):74.
[5]李祝成,陈勤,何宗能,郭晓玲.豆梨丰产稳产栽培技术[J].中国热带农业,2011(3):59-60.LI Zhucheng,CHEN Qin,HE Zongneng,GUO Xiaoling. Cultivation techniques for high yield and stable yield of Pyrus calleryana Decne.[J]. China Tropical Agriculture,2011(3):59-60.
[6]蒋学莉,史锋厚,沈永宝,仲磊,卢克成.豆梨资源的保护与开发利用[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(3):162-165.JIANG Xueli,SHI Fenghou,SHEN Yongbao,ZHONG Lei,LU Kecheng. Protection and development of Pyrus calleryana resourse[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(3):162-165.
[7]陶爱群.豆梨离体再生体系建立与rolB基因转化研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2008.TAO Aiqun. Study on the establishment of in vitro regeneration system from P. calleryana Decne. and rolB gene transformation[D]. Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2008.
[8]冯涛,张红,陈学森,张艳敏,何天明,冯建荣,许正.新疆野苹果果实形态与矿质元素含量多样性以及特异性状单株[J].植物遗传资源学报,2006,7(3):270-276.FENG Tao,ZHANG Hong,CHEN Xuesen,ZHANG Yanmin,HE Tianming,FENG Jianrong,XU Zheng. Genetic diversity of fruit morphological traits and content of mineral element in Malus sieversii(Ldb.)Roem. and its Elite Seedlings[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2006,7(3):270-276.
[9]刘玉皎,宗绪晓.青海蚕豆种质资源形态多样性分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2008,9(1):79-83.LIU Yujiao,ZONG Xuxiao. Morphological diversity analysis of faba bean(Vicia faba L.)germplasm resources from Qinghai[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resource,2008,9(1):79-83.
[10]聂石辉,彭琳,王仙,季良.鹰嘴豆种质资源农艺性状遗传多样性分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2015,16(1):64-70.NIE Shihui,PENG Lin,WANG Xian,JI Liang. Genetic diversity of agronomic traits in chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)germplasm resources[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resource,2015,16(1):64-70.
[11]潘存祥,许勇,纪海波,李玉明,陈年来.西瓜种质资源表型多样性及聚类分析[J].植物遗传资源学报,2015,16(1):59-63.PAN Cunxiang,XU Yong,JI Haibo,LI Yuming,CHEN Nianlai.Phenotypic diversity and clustering analysis of watermelon germplasm[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resource,2015,16(1):59-63.
[12]刘晶.中国豆梨与川梨的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.LIU Jing. Studies on genetic diversity and structure of Pyrus calleryana and P. vashia in China[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2013.
[13]宗宇,孙萍,牛庆丰,滕元文.中国北方野生杜梨分布现状及其形态多样性评价[J].果树学报,2013,30(6):918-923.ZONG Yu,SUN Ping,NIU Qingfeng,TENG Yuanwen. Distribution situation and assessment of morphological diversity of wild Pyrus betulaefolia in Northern China[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2013,30(6):918-923.
[14]曹玉芬.梨种质资源描述规范和数据标准[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.CAO Yufen. Descriptors and data standard for pear(Pyrus spp.)[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006.
[15] SHANNON C E,WEAVER W. The mathem atical theory of communication[M]. Urbana:University of Lllinois Press,1949:3-14.
[16]李斌,顾万春,卢宝明.白皮松天然群体种实性状表型多样性研究[J].生物多样性,2002,10(2):181-188.LI Bin,GU Wanchun,LU Baoming. A study on phenotypic diversity of seeds and cones characteristics in Pinus bungeana[J].Biodiversity Science,2002,10(2):181-188.
[17] HEGAY S,GELETA M,BRYNGELSSON T. Genetic diversity analysis in Phaseolus vulgaris L. using morphological traits[J].Genetic Resources&Crop Evolution,2014,61(3):555-566.
[18]肖亮,蒋建雄,易自力,艾辛,覃静萍,刘树玲,陈智勇,林聪.广西省芒野生居群表型多样性研究[J].草业学报,2013,22(4):43-45.XIAO Liang,JIANG Jianxiong,YI Zili,AI Xin,QIN Jingping,LIU Shuling,CHEN Zhiyong,LIN Cong. A study on phenotypic diversity of Miscanthus sinensis natural population in Guangxi province[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(4):43-45.
[19] PEAKALL R,SMOUSE P E. GENALEX 6:genetic analysis in Excel,population genetic software for teaching and research[J].Molecular Ecology Notes,2006,6(1):288-295.
[20]刘维,陈芬,陈雨,潘大建,范芝兰,陈建酉,李晨.粤北普通野生稻表型多样性研究[J].广东农业科学,2010,37(8):21-24.LIU Wei,CHEN Fen,CHEN Yu,PAN Dajian,FAN Zhilan,CHEN Jianyou,LI Chen. Phenotype diversity of ordinary wild rice in north of Guangdong[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2010,37(8):21-24.
[21]曾杰,郑海水,甘四明,白嘉雨.广西西南桦天然居群的表型变异[J].林业科学,2005,41(2):59-65.ZENG Jie,ZHENG Haishui,GAN Siming,BAI Jiayu. Phenotypic variation in natural populations of Betula alnoides in Guangxi,China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(2):59-65.
[22]庞广昌,姜冬梅.群体遗传多样性和数据分析[J].林业科学,1995,31(6):543-550.PANG Guangchang,JIANG Dongmei. Population genetic diversity and data analysis[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1995,31(6):543-550.
[23] PETRUCCELLI R,GANINO T,CIACCERI L. Phenotypic diversity of traditional cherry accessions present in the Tuscan region[J]. Scientia Horticulturae,2013,150(2):334-347.