“马伯乐”的前世今生——萧红小说《马伯乐》的翻译、续书与续译
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摘要
《马伯乐》是我国现代著名女作家萧红的一部没有完成的小说。美国翻译家葛浩文不仅将其翻译成英文,还用英语续写了小说的后续发展和最终结局,并且请夫人林丽君将英文续写译成中文,使中、英文读者在萧红去世76年后,都能有机会读到一部完整的《马伯乐》。本文在钩沉原文上下卷"合璧"史实的基础上,考察葛浩文在翻译、续写原作以及林丽君在汉译英文续写过程中的选择及效果,认识到翻译作为一种社会实践,不是一个简单的从原文到译文的线性转换过程,而是各个行为人(agent)不断协商合作的过程,而且各个行为人的身份往往不是泾渭分明的,译者有时需要同时扮演学者、推介者、作者、编辑、译者等多重角色,同时不忘时时把自己放在读者的位置进行考量,而在这部小说的翻译、续写和续译过程中,译者多重身份相互渗透的现象尤为突出。作为中国现代文学翻译史上跨越时空的一个创举,《马伯乐》英译本和汉语完整版的完成,是中外翻译家携手打造文学经典的一个有益尝试,对于推动中国文学"走出去"具有一定的启示意义。
Because of her untimely death in 1942, Xiao Hong was unable to finish writing her last novel Ma Bo'le. The ending-less story however caught the attention of Howard Goldblatt, who in early 1980 s turned the unfinished manuscript into English, then came up with a "complete" English version of the story in 2018 by adding to his 1980's rendition an ending of his own invention, and finally had his wife-collaborator Lin Li-chun turn the added ending into Chinese, thus made available a "complete" version of Xiao Hong's story in Chinese 76 years after the original writer's death. The strange twists and turns in Ma Bo'le's afterlife show that translation is far from a simple and linear process from the source text to the target text. Rather, it is a process of collaboration among agents of translation, often a process of negotiations between the translator and the author, the editor, the reader, and other agents involved. The role each agent plays is incapable of being defined clearly. As the case of Ma Bo'le indicates, the translator could also serve in other capacities, frequently doubling as a researcher, a promoter,or even a co-author. A keen awareness of the possibility as well as the potentials of what may be called "multiple authorship" will help in Chinese literature's present endeavor to "go global."
Because of her untimely death in 1942, Xiao Hong was unable to finish writing her last novel Ma Bo'le. The ending-less story however caught the attention of Howard Goldblatt, who in early 1980 s turned the unfinished manuscript into English, then came up with a "complete" English version of the story in 2018 by adding to his 1980's rendition an ending of his own invention, and finally had his wife-collaborator Lin Li-chun turn the added ending into Chinese, thus made available a "complete" version of Xiao Hong's story in Chinese 76 years after the original writer's death. The strange twists and turns in Ma Bo'le's afterlife show that translation is far from a simple and linear process from the source text to the target text. Rather, it is a process of collaboration among agents of translation, often a process of negotiations between the translator and the author, the editor, the reader, and other agents involved. The role each agent plays is incapable of being defined clearly. As the case of Ma Bo'le indicates, the translator could also serve in other capacities, frequently doubling as a researcher, a promoter,or even a co-author. A keen awareness of the possibility as well as the potentials of what may be called "multiple authorship" will help in Chinese literature's present endeavor to "go global."
引文
[1]曹玥.美国汉学家葛浩文续写《马伯乐》[EB/OL].(2018)[2019-01-30]http://www.northnews.cn/2018/1112/2966697.shtml.
[2]李渔.闲情偶寄[M].北京:中华书局,2007.
[3]刘以鬯.萧红的“马伯乐”续稿[A].刘以鬯(主编).短绠集[M].北京:中国友谊出版公司,1985:1-12.
[4]萧红、葛浩文.马伯乐[M].林丽君(译).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2018.
[5]萧红.马伯乐[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1981.
[6]应妮.跨越世纪的书写-美国汉学家葛浩文续写萧红《马伯乐》[EB/OL].(2018)[2019-01-30]http://www.ddcpc.cn/dushu/201809/t20180917_226116.shtml.
[7]中国大百科全书出版社.《马伯乐》文学沙龙在京举办:一次跨越世纪的书写,一份连通中西的友谊[EB/OL].(2018)[2019-01-30]http://www.cnpubg.com/news/2018/0920/40758.shtml.
[8]Carter,Sam.What’s New in Translation[EB/OL].(2018-7)[2019-02-08]https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2018/07/09/whats-new-in-translation-july-2018/?from=singlemessage&isappi nstalled=0#more-16761
[9]Goldblatt,Howard&Sylvia Li-chun Lin.The Limits of Fidelity[P].上海:中国现当代文学在海外的译介与接受国际研讨会,2018-09-28.
[10]Huang,Martin W.Introduction[A].In Martin W Huang(ed.).Snakes’Legs:Sequels,Continuations,Rewritings,and Chinese Fiction[C].Honolulu:University of Hawaii’Press,2004.
[11]Orthofer,Michael.The Complete Review’s Review[EB/OL].[2019-02-08]http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/china/xiao_hong.htm?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0.
(1)见香港《时代批评》杂志1941年第83期第15页刊登的《启》。
(2)俄克拉荷马大学“中国文学翻译档案库”之“东北作家系列”第三盒第三份档案中葛浩文1980年12月1日写的一封信件。
(3)俄克拉荷马大学“中国文学翻译档案库”之“东北作家系列”第三盒第三份档案中葛浩文1980年2月1日写给乔治高的信件。
(4)俄克拉荷马大学“中国文学翻译档案库”之“东北作家系列”第三盒第三份档案中标题为“The Misadventures of Ma Bole-The Beginnings of a Wartime Chinese Trilogy To Be Translated,Tinkered with,and Completed by Howard Goldblatt”的档案材料。
(5)此处的中文为笔者根据英文所译。
(6)此处括号中的译文是萧红小说原文的第一句,按照英文版可以直译为:“马伯乐在抗战之前就是个懦夫。”下文括号里所附中文均为笔者根据英文版所译。
(7)本节中在讨论葛浩文对小说的续写时,引用的是林丽君对葛浩文续篇的中文译文。
(8)陈晓明,参见曹玥,《美国汉学家葛浩文续写〈马伯乐〉》.[EB/OL].http://www.northnews.cn/2018/1112/2966697.shtml[2019-01-30]
(9)伊萨克·巴别尔(1894-1940),前苏联籍犹太裔作家、短篇小说家。1986年,《欧洲人》杂志选出100位世界最佳小说家,巴别尔名列第一。
(10)俄克拉荷马大学“中国文学翻译档案库”之“东北作家系列”第三盒第三份档案中题目为“The Misadventures of Ma Bole”的一份报告。
(11)这是笔者在https://www.worldcat.org网站上检索的结果。
(12)三篇书评的链接:http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/china/xiao_hong.htm?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0;https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2018/07/09/whats-new-intranslation-july-2018/?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0#mo re-16761;https://www.asymptotejournal.com/criticism/xiao-hong-ma-bolessecond-life/?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0
(13)指葛浩文《萧红评传》以及萧红译作的出版使读者重新认识到萧红作品的价值,使萧红获得第二次生命。
[2]李渔.闲情偶寄[M].北京:中华书局,2007.
[3]刘以鬯.萧红的“马伯乐”续稿[A].刘以鬯(主编).短绠集[M].北京:中国友谊出版公司,1985:1-12.
[4]萧红、葛浩文.马伯乐[M].林丽君(译).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2018.
[5]萧红.马伯乐[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1981.
[6]应妮.跨越世纪的书写-美国汉学家葛浩文续写萧红《马伯乐》[EB/OL].(2018)[2019-01-30]http://www.ddcpc.cn/dushu/201809/t20180917_226116.shtml.
[7]中国大百科全书出版社.《马伯乐》文学沙龙在京举办:一次跨越世纪的书写,一份连通中西的友谊[EB/OL].(2018)[2019-01-30]http://www.cnpubg.com/news/2018/0920/40758.shtml.
[8]Carter,Sam.What’s New in Translation[EB/OL].(2018-7)[2019-02-08]https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2018/07/09/whats-new-in-translation-july-2018/?from=singlemessage&isappi nstalled=0#more-16761
[9]Goldblatt,Howard&Sylvia Li-chun Lin.The Limits of Fidelity[P].上海:中国现当代文学在海外的译介与接受国际研讨会,2018-09-28.
[10]Huang,Martin W.Introduction[A].In Martin W Huang(ed.).Snakes’Legs:Sequels,Continuations,Rewritings,and Chinese Fiction[C].Honolulu:University of Hawaii’Press,2004.
[11]Orthofer,Michael.The Complete Review’s Review[EB/OL].[2019-02-08]http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/china/xiao_hong.htm?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0.
(1)见香港《时代批评》杂志1941年第83期第15页刊登的《启》。
(2)俄克拉荷马大学“中国文学翻译档案库”之“东北作家系列”第三盒第三份档案中葛浩文1980年12月1日写的一封信件。
(3)俄克拉荷马大学“中国文学翻译档案库”之“东北作家系列”第三盒第三份档案中葛浩文1980年2月1日写给乔治高的信件。
(4)俄克拉荷马大学“中国文学翻译档案库”之“东北作家系列”第三盒第三份档案中标题为“The Misadventures of Ma Bole-The Beginnings of a Wartime Chinese Trilogy To Be Translated,Tinkered with,and Completed by Howard Goldblatt”的档案材料。
(5)此处的中文为笔者根据英文所译。
(6)此处括号中的译文是萧红小说原文的第一句,按照英文版可以直译为:“马伯乐在抗战之前就是个懦夫。”下文括号里所附中文均为笔者根据英文版所译。
(7)本节中在讨论葛浩文对小说的续写时,引用的是林丽君对葛浩文续篇的中文译文。
(8)陈晓明,参见曹玥,《美国汉学家葛浩文续写〈马伯乐〉》.[EB/OL].http://www.northnews.cn/2018/1112/2966697.shtml[2019-01-30]
(9)伊萨克·巴别尔(1894-1940),前苏联籍犹太裔作家、短篇小说家。1986年,《欧洲人》杂志选出100位世界最佳小说家,巴别尔名列第一。
(10)俄克拉荷马大学“中国文学翻译档案库”之“东北作家系列”第三盒第三份档案中题目为“The Misadventures of Ma Bole”的一份报告。
(11)这是笔者在https://www.worldcat.org网站上检索的结果。
(12)三篇书评的链接:http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/china/xiao_hong.htm?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0;https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2018/07/09/whats-new-intranslation-july-2018/?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0#mo re-16761;https://www.asymptotejournal.com/criticism/xiao-hong-ma-bolessecond-life/?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0
(13)指葛浩文《萧红评传》以及萧红译作的出版使读者重新认识到萧红作品的价值,使萧红获得第二次生命。
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