北京城市土地复合生态服务功效演变特征
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摘要
城市的发展依赖于土地复合生态系统提供各项的生态服务功能,其产出是生态服务功效,可分为正向和负向的服务功效。快速的城市化导致的土地利用变化影响了土地的生态服务功效。在GIS平台的支持下,基于遥感影像和城市社会经济发展数据,以特大城市北京为案例城市,建立了基于正向和负向生态功效的空间指标体系,采用划分单元空间网格评价方法,评估了上一版城市总体规划实施以来土地复合生态服务功效的变化特征。研究表明由于城市化的快速发展影响了土地的复合生态功效,2003—2011年城市土地复合生态功效评价结果显示,土地的生态服务负功效在增长,而正功效在不断减少,2003年土地正负服务功效空间分别为57.7%和42.3%,2011年则分别为51.3%和48.7%。2003年的生态服务负功效空间以中心城为核心,成放射状向新城辐射;而2011年生态服务负功效空间以中心城为核心向外呈饼状蔓延;外延式的城市发展空间发展模式是导致负功效增长的主要因素。为建设良好的城市生态环境,需要在未来的城市规划和管理中,重视非建设用地的生态功能管理,引导外部生态空间渗入城市,强化土地生态服务功能;同时优化城乡结合部的用地结构,保育郊区的生态环境。
Land is a complex ecosystem that provides various ecosystem service functions that are necessary and important for the development of sustainable cities. For rapid urbanization and industrialization,considerable areas of eco-service land have been utilized for urban construction,resulting in serious ecological and environmental issues,such as deteriorated urban heat islands,soil erosion,air and water pollution,and decreased biodiversity,which seriously challenge the sustainable development capacity. The output of natural eco-service function is eco-efficiency,and it can be divided into positive and negative eco-services; positive eco-services could create the basis of harmony and a comfortable environment;however,negative eco-services could impede sustainable development. Urban land use and cover change are often responsible for increasing negative eco-services. To understand the process of how eco-service efficiency changes with the implementation of city master plans,this paper took Beijing as a case study based on GIS and RS technology,with the support of socioeconomic data,methods grid analyses,and complex ecological assessments,and established spatial indexes for a complex eco-efficiency assessment from both positive and negative aspects. The results showed that during the period from 2003 to 2011,when the last city master plan was being implemented,the negative eco-service efficiency of the urban land increased from 42. 3% to 48. 7%,and correspondingly,the positive eco-service efficiency decreased from 57. 7% to51.3%. In the last eight years,the center of Beijing City continued expanding outwards at the expense of eco-service lands,resulting in increasing negative eco-service efficiency. To create a livable and sustainable city,it was suggested that the Department of City Planning and Management should develop a strategic plan to effectively manage the city development,especially,to clearly determine the urban spatial structure. Furthermore,it is essential to strengthen the complex ecoservice efficiency of the land by optimizing land use structure in urban and rural areas,and efficiently conserve the rural natural environment.
Land is a complex ecosystem that provides various ecosystem service functions that are necessary and important for the development of sustainable cities. For rapid urbanization and industrialization,considerable areas of eco-service land have been utilized for urban construction,resulting in serious ecological and environmental issues,such as deteriorated urban heat islands,soil erosion,air and water pollution,and decreased biodiversity,which seriously challenge the sustainable development capacity. The output of natural eco-service function is eco-efficiency,and it can be divided into positive and negative eco-services; positive eco-services could create the basis of harmony and a comfortable environment;however,negative eco-services could impede sustainable development. Urban land use and cover change are often responsible for increasing negative eco-services. To understand the process of how eco-service efficiency changes with the implementation of city master plans,this paper took Beijing as a case study based on GIS and RS technology,with the support of socioeconomic data,methods grid analyses,and complex ecological assessments,and established spatial indexes for a complex eco-efficiency assessment from both positive and negative aspects. The results showed that during the period from 2003 to 2011,when the last city master plan was being implemented,the negative eco-service efficiency of the urban land increased from 42. 3% to 48. 7%,and correspondingly,the positive eco-service efficiency decreased from 57. 7% to51.3%. In the last eight years,the center of Beijing City continued expanding outwards at the expense of eco-service lands,resulting in increasing negative eco-service efficiency. To create a livable and sustainable city,it was suggested that the Department of City Planning and Management should develop a strategic plan to effectively manage the city development,especially,to clearly determine the urban spatial structure. Furthermore,it is essential to strengthen the complex ecoservice efficiency of the land by optimizing land use structure in urban and rural areas,and efficiently conserve the rural natural environment.
引文
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[19]Ma J,Liu Y,Yu G B,Li H B,Yu S,Jiang Y P,Li G L,Lin J C.Temporal dynamics of urbanization-driven environmental changes explored by metal contamination in surface sediments in a restoring urban wetland park.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,309:228-235.
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[21]阳文锐.北京城市景观格局时空变化及驱动力.生态学报,2015,35(13):4357-4366.
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[23]李新,石建屏,曹洪.基于指标体系和层次分析法的洱海流域水环境承载力动态研究.环境科学学报,2011,31(6):1338-1344.
[24]徐涵秋.利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究.遥感学报,2005,9(5):589-595.
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[27]穆少杰,李建龙,陈奕兆,刚成诚,周伟,居为民.2001—2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征.地理学报,2012,67(9):1255-1268.
[28]Wilson J W,Sexton J O,Jobe R T,Haddad N M.The relative contribution of terrain,land cover,and vegetation structure indices to species distribution models.Biological Conservation,2013,164:170-176.
[29]Rose R,Monteith D T,Henrys P,Smart S,Wood C,Morecroft M,Andrews C,Beaumont D,Benham S,Bowmaker V,Corbett S,Dick J,Dodd B,Dodd N,Flexen M,Mc Kenna C,Mc Millan S,Pallett D,Rennie S,Schfer S,Scott T,Sherrin L,Turner A,Watson H.Evidence for increases in vegetation species richness across UK Environmental Change Network sites linked to changes in air pollution and weather patterns.Ecological Indicators,2016,68:52-62.
[30]阳文锐,李锋,何永.2003—2011年夏季北京城市热景观变化特征.生态学报,2014,34(15):4390-4399.
[31]王浩,李文龙,杜国祯,朱晓丽.基于3s技术的甘南草地覆盖度动态变化研究.草业学报,2012,21(3):26-37.
[32]汤洁,姜毅,李昭阳,张楠,胡猛.基于CASA模型的吉林西部植被净初级生产力及植被碳汇量估测.干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(4):1-7.
[33]朱文泉,潘耀忠,张锦水.中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算.植物生态学报,2007,31(3):413-424.
[34]邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[35]傅立新,郝吉明,何东权,贺克斌.北京市机动车污染物排放特征.环境科学,2000,21(3):68-70.
[36]谢绍东,张远航,唐孝炎.我国城市地区机动车污染现状与趋势.环境科学研究,2000,13(4):22-25.
[37]郭宇宏,王自发,康宏,谷超,王刚,张小啸,纪元,李沫.机动车尾气排放对城市空气质量的影响研究——以乌鲁木齐市春节前后对比分析.环境科学学报,2014,34(5):1109-1117.
[38]仇江啸,王效科,逯非,欧阳志云,郑华.城市景观破碎化格局与城市化及社会经济发展水平的关系——以北京城区为例.生态学报,2012,32(9):2659-2669.
[39]北京市统计局,国家统计局北京调查总队.北京统计年鉴2012.北京:中国统计出版社,2013.
[40]王如松.绿韵红脉的交响曲:城市共轭生态规划方法探讨.城市规划学刊,2008,(1):8-17.
[41]于英汉.北京市机动车发展及颗粒排放物污染特征研究.北京:北京建筑大学,2015.
[42]王如松,李锋,韩宝龙,黄和平,尹科.城市复合生态及生态空间管理.生态学报,2014,34(1):1-11.
[2]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究.生态学报,1999,19(5):607-613.
[3]欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务的生态学机制研究进展.生态学报,2009,29(11):6183-6189.
[4]黄锟.中国城镇化的最新进展和目标模式.武汉大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2014,67(2):109-116.
[5]刘新卫,张定祥,陈百明.快速城镇化过程中的中国城镇土地利用特征.地理学报,2008,63(3):301-310.
[6]黄忠华,杜雪君.快速城市化地区土地利用变化的生态环境效应——以杭州市中心城区为例.水土保持通报,2015,35(6):223-229.
[7]冯荣光,林媚珍,葛志鹏,纪少婷.快速城市化地区土地利用变化对生态服务的影响——以佛山市顺德区为例.生态科学,2014,33(3):574-579.
[8]郭荣中,杨敏华.长沙-株洲-湘潭市主城区土地利用变化的生态环境效应.水土保持通报,2013,33(2):261-264.
[9]罗媞,刘艳芳,孔雪松.中国城市化与生态环境系统耦合研究进展.热带地理,2014,34(2):266-274.
[10]王如松,胡聃,王祥荣,唐礼俊.城市生态服务.北京:气象出版社,2004.
[11]阳文锐,李锋,王如松,熊侠仙,刘安生.城市土地利用的生态服务功效评价方法——以常州市为例.生态学报,2013,33(14):4486-4494.
[12]马世骏,王如松.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统.生态学报,1984,4(1):1-9.
[13]Gridharan R,Ganesan S,Lau SSY.Daytime urban heat island effect in high-rise and high-density residential developments in Hong Kong.Energy and Buildings,2004,36(6):525-534.
[14]Memon R A,Leung D Y C,Liu C H.An investigation of urban heat island intensity(UHI)as an indicator of urban heating.Atmospheric Research,2009,94(3):491-500.
[15]Imhoff M L,Zhang P,Wolfe R E,Bounoua L.Remote sensing of the urban heat island effect across biomes in the continental USA.Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(3):504-513.
[16]Li Y,Li Y F,Qureshi S,Kappas M,Hubacek K.On the relationship between landscape ecological patterns and water quality across gradient zones of rapid urbanization in coastal China.Ecological Modelling,2015,318:100-108.
[17]Wu P L,Tan M H.Challenges for sustainable urbanization:a case study of water shortage and water environment changes in Shandong,China.Procedia Environmental Sciences,2012,13(3):919-927.
[18]Wei Y L,Bao L J,Wu C C,He Z C,Zeng E Y.Assessing the effects of urbanization on the environment with soil legacy and current-use insecticides:A case study in the Pearl River Delta,China.Science of the Total Environment,2015,514:409-417.
[19]Ma J,Liu Y,Yu G B,Li H B,Yu S,Jiang Y P,Li G L,Lin J C.Temporal dynamics of urbanization-driven environmental changes explored by metal contamination in surface sediments in a restoring urban wetland park.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,309:228-235.
[20]Tan P H,Chou C,Chou C C K.Impact of urbanization on the air pollution"holiday effect"in Taiwan.Atmospheric Environment,2013,70:361-375.
[21]阳文锐.北京城市景观格局时空变化及驱动力.生态学报,2015,35(13):4357-4366.
[22]李崧,邱微,赵庆良,刘正茂.层次分析法应用于黑龙江省生态环境质量评价研究.环境科学,2006,27(5):1031-1034.
[23]李新,石建屏,曹洪.基于指标体系和层次分析法的洱海流域水环境承载力动态研究.环境科学学报,2011,31(6):1338-1344.
[24]徐涵秋.利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究.遥感学报,2005,9(5):589-595.
[25]北京市水务局.北京市水资源公报2003.北京:北京市水务局,2003.
[26]北京市水务局.北京市水资源公报2011.北京:北京市水务局,2011.
[27]穆少杰,李建龙,陈奕兆,刚成诚,周伟,居为民.2001—2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征.地理学报,2012,67(9):1255-1268.
[28]Wilson J W,Sexton J O,Jobe R T,Haddad N M.The relative contribution of terrain,land cover,and vegetation structure indices to species distribution models.Biological Conservation,2013,164:170-176.
[29]Rose R,Monteith D T,Henrys P,Smart S,Wood C,Morecroft M,Andrews C,Beaumont D,Benham S,Bowmaker V,Corbett S,Dick J,Dodd B,Dodd N,Flexen M,Mc Kenna C,Mc Millan S,Pallett D,Rennie S,Schfer S,Scott T,Sherrin L,Turner A,Watson H.Evidence for increases in vegetation species richness across UK Environmental Change Network sites linked to changes in air pollution and weather patterns.Ecological Indicators,2016,68:52-62.
[30]阳文锐,李锋,何永.2003—2011年夏季北京城市热景观变化特征.生态学报,2014,34(15):4390-4399.
[31]王浩,李文龙,杜国祯,朱晓丽.基于3s技术的甘南草地覆盖度动态变化研究.草业学报,2012,21(3):26-37.
[32]汤洁,姜毅,李昭阳,张楠,胡猛.基于CASA模型的吉林西部植被净初级生产力及植被碳汇量估测.干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(4):1-7.
[33]朱文泉,潘耀忠,张锦水.中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算.植物生态学报,2007,31(3):413-424.
[34]邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[35]傅立新,郝吉明,何东权,贺克斌.北京市机动车污染物排放特征.环境科学,2000,21(3):68-70.
[36]谢绍东,张远航,唐孝炎.我国城市地区机动车污染现状与趋势.环境科学研究,2000,13(4):22-25.
[37]郭宇宏,王自发,康宏,谷超,王刚,张小啸,纪元,李沫.机动车尾气排放对城市空气质量的影响研究——以乌鲁木齐市春节前后对比分析.环境科学学报,2014,34(5):1109-1117.
[38]仇江啸,王效科,逯非,欧阳志云,郑华.城市景观破碎化格局与城市化及社会经济发展水平的关系——以北京城区为例.生态学报,2012,32(9):2659-2669.
[39]北京市统计局,国家统计局北京调查总队.北京统计年鉴2012.北京:中国统计出版社,2013.
[40]王如松.绿韵红脉的交响曲:城市共轭生态规划方法探讨.城市规划学刊,2008,(1):8-17.
[41]于英汉.北京市机动车发展及颗粒排放物污染特征研究.北京:北京建筑大学,2015.
[42]王如松,李锋,韩宝龙,黄和平,尹科.城市复合生态及生态空间管理.生态学报,2014,34(1):1-11.