震后地下岩层分形渗透率的时间演化规律研究
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摘要
天然地震发生后,地震波及区域内的地下岩层渗透率常常会发生显著改变,其变化曲线显示出独有的特征,造成这一现象的机理较为复杂,传统渗流理论尚不能给出合理解释.针对这一问题,从震后渗透率变化规律入手,深入分析了地下岩层裂缝体系对渗透率的影响,给出了裂缝结构参数与渗透率之间的定量关系.结合岩层黏弹特性以及天然地震所产生的地下岩层体应变特征,基于裂缝体系分维度正比于外部应力的实验事实,将黏弹体应力松弛机制引入该体系,对裂缝分形渗透率模型进行了含时推广,建立起震后地下岩层渗透率的时间演化模型,理论预测曲线与实验曲线吻合较好.在此基础上提出‘分形裂缝渗透率松弛效应’这一全新概念.本研究为震控流体运移研究提供了新思路,对于揭示震后断层恢复机制,探讨断层活动与孕震的关联有一定的理论价值和现实意义.
After the natural earthquakes,the permeability of underground rock in the affected area often changes remarkably.The time evolution curve of permeability shows unique characteristics.The mechanism of this anomaly is so complicated that the traditional percolation theory cannot give a reasonable explanation.In response to this problem,starting with the law of permeability change after earthquakes,we analyze the influence of rock fracture system on permeability and acquire the quantitative relation between the fracture parameters and permeability.Because of the fact that the fractal dimension is proportional to the external stress,by combining the underground rock viscoelastic characteristics and the body strain generated by earthquake,the time-dependent generalization has been done to the fractal crack permeability model.We introduce the stress relaxation mechanism into the rock system to establish the time evolution model of permeability after the earthquake,and the theoretical result agrees well with the experimental data.On this basis,a new concept of relaxation effect of fractal permeability is proposed.This model providesa new way for the research on earthquake fluid migration.It has both theoretical value and practical significance for revealing the mechanism of fault recovery after the earthquake and the earthquake preparation.
After the natural earthquakes,the permeability of underground rock in the affected area often changes remarkably.The time evolution curve of permeability shows unique characteristics.The mechanism of this anomaly is so complicated that the traditional percolation theory cannot give a reasonable explanation.In response to this problem,starting with the law of permeability change after earthquakes,we analyze the influence of rock fracture system on permeability and acquire the quantitative relation between the fracture parameters and permeability.Because of the fact that the fractal dimension is proportional to the external stress,by combining the underground rock viscoelastic characteristics and the body strain generated by earthquake,the time-dependent generalization has been done to the fractal crack permeability model.We introduce the stress relaxation mechanism into the rock system to establish the time evolution model of permeability after the earthquake,and the theoretical result agrees well with the experimental data.On this basis,a new concept of relaxation effect of fractal permeability is proposed.This model providesa new way for the research on earthquake fluid migration.It has both theoretical value and practical significance for revealing the mechanism of fault recovery after the earthquake and the earthquake preparation.
引文
Bouchaud E,Lapasset G,Planès J.1990.Fractal dimension of fractured surfaces:A universal value.Europhysics Letters,13(1):73.
Deng J X,Han D H,Wang S X.2011.A study of the influence of stress relaxation on the elastic properties of granular materials and the calibration of effective media model.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(4):1079-1089,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.023.
Elkhoury J E,Brodsky E E,Agnew D C.2006.Seismic waves increase permeability.Nature,441(29):1135-1138,doi:10.1038/nature04798
Elkhoury J E,Niemeijer A R,Brodsky E E,et al.2009.Dynamic stress stimulates flow in fractures.∥AGU Fall Meeting AGUFall Meeting Abstracts.American Geophysical Union.San Francisco,California,USA.
Elkhoury J E,Niemeijer A,Brodsky E E,Marone C.2011.Laboratory observations of permeability enhancement by fluid pressure oscillation of in situ fractured rock.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,116,B02311,doi:10.1029/2010JB007759.
Feng Z C,Zhao Y S,Wen Z M.2005.Study on 3D fractal distribution law of the surface number in rock mass.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),24(4):601-609.
Fu J,Zhou X J,Sun B J,et al.2008.Research on factors influencing permeability of low-permeability fracture-type reservoirs.Oil Drilling&Production Technology(in Chinese),30(2):69-71,89.
Hauksson E,Jones L M,Hutton K.2002.The 1999 MW7.1Hector mine,California,earthquake sequence:Complex conjugate strike-slip faulting.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,92(4):1154-1170,doi:10.1785/0120000920.
He C Z,Hua M Q.1998.Fractal geometry description of reservoir pore structure.Oil&Gas Geology(in Chinese),19(1):15-23.
Jiang R Z,Wang P,Wei X H,et al.2012.Study on the factors affecting the start-up status of low flow-mobility oil reservoir.Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs(in Chinese),19(5):60-62.
Lai G J,Ge H K,Xue L,et al.2013.Permeability variation and recovery following the Wenchuan earthquake from water level data of multiple wells in the near field.Geophysics in China,2013:115-122.
Lee S H,Hamm S Y,Ha K,et al.2012.Groundwater response analysis to multiple earthquakes on Jeju volcanic island.Geosciences Journal,16(4):469-478,doi:10.1007/s12303-012-0033-4.
Ling H C,Yang Z M,Xiao Q H,et al.2013.Study on a new porous flow model in tight oil formation.Science Technology and Engineering(in Chinese),13(26):7624-7628.
Liu W,Manga M.2009.Changes in permeability caused by dynamic stresses in fractured sandstone.Geophysical Research Letters,36,:L20307,doi:10.1029/2009GL039852.
Mandelbrot B B.1982.The Fractal Geometry of Nature.New York:WH Freedman and Co.
Manga M,Beresnev I,Brodsky E E,et al.2012.Changes in permeability caused by transient stresses:field observations,experiments,and mechanisms.Reviews of Geophysics,50,RG2004,doi:10.1029/2011RG000382.
Manga M,Brodsky E E,Boone M.2003.Response of streamflow to multiple earthquakes.Geophysical Research Letters,30(5):1214,doi:10.1029/2002GL016618.
Rojstaczer S,Wolf S.1992.Permeability changes associated with large earthquakes:An example from Loma Prieta,California.Geology,20(3):211-214.
She C X.2009.Research on nonlinear viscoelasto-plastic creep model of rock.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),28(10):2006-2011.
Shi Z M,Wang G C,Wang C Y,et al.2014.Comparison of hydrological responses to the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,391:193-200,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.048.
Sornette A,Davy P,Sornette D.1990.Growth of fractal fault patterns.Physical Review Letters,65(18):2266-2269,doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.2266.
Tokunaga T.1999.Modeling of earthquake-induced hydrological changes and possible permeability enhancement due to the 17January 1995 Kobe Earthquake,Japan.Journal of Hydrology,223(3-4):221-229,doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00124-9.
Tong D K,Ge J L.1996.A seepage flow model with non-darcy lowvelocity for fractal reservoirs and its solution.Petroleum Geology&Oilfield Development in Daqing(in Chinese),15(3):18-23.
Walker D D,Roberts R M.2003.Flow dimensions corresponding to hydrogeologic conditions.Water Resources Research,39(12):1349,doi:10.1029/2002WR001511.
Xu W Y,Zhou J W,Yang S Q.2006.Study on creep damage constitutive relation of greenschist specimen.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),25(S1):3093-3097.
Xue L,Li H B,Brodsky E E,et al.2013.Continuous permeability measurements record healing inside the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone.Science,340(6140):1555-1559,doi:10.1126/science.1237237.
Yang W C.1987.A resonance Q model for viscoelastic rocks.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),30(4):399-411.
Zhang F X,Wang X H,Li Y B,et al.2011.The contribution of fractures of Kuqa foreland fractured sandstone gas reservoirs to formation permeability.Journal of Oil and Gas Technology(in Chinese),33(6):149-152.
Zhang Y,Fu L Y,Huang F Q,et al.2015.Permeability enhancement in the aquifer of Fuxin Well in geothermal area of northeastern China induced by low-frequency teleseismic waves of the 2011 MW9.0Tohoku earthquake.Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia,12(1177):29-38,doi:10.13168/AGG.2015.0007.
Zhang Y T.2002.Theory of Thermo-Viscoelasticity.Tianjin:Tianjin University Press.
Zhao B H,Yang D,Zhao Y S,et al.1999.Experimental study of control fracturing of rock in three-dimensional stress state.Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology(in Chinese),30(6):571-574.
Zhao,Y.1998.Crack pattern evolution and a fractal damage constitutive model for rock.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,35(3):349-366,doi:10.1016/S0148-9062(97)00340-9.
Zhao Y L,Cao P,Wen Y D,et al.2008.Elastovisco-plastic rheological experiment and nonlinear rheological model of rocks.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),27(3):477-486.
Zheng Y,Cao J X.2015.Analysis of the post-seismic permeability change caused by growth of the micro-crack system by using the fractal crack system model.Science Technology and Engineering(in Chinese),15(13):7-12.
邓继新,韩德华,王尚旭.2011.应力松弛对颗粒物质弹性性质的影响及等效介质模型校正研究.地球物理学报,54(4):1079-1089,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.023.
冯增朝,赵阳升,文再明.2005.岩体裂缝面数量三维分形分布规律研究.岩石力学与工程学报,24(4):601-609.
付静,周晓君,孙宝江等.2008.低渗裂缝性油藏渗透率的影响因素研究.石油钻采工艺,30(2):69-71,89.
贺承祖,华明琪.1998.储层孔隙结构的分形几何描述.石油与天然气地质,19(1):15-23.
姜瑞忠,王平,卫喜辉等.2012.低流度油藏启动状况影响因素研究.特种油气藏,19(5):60-62.
凌浩川,杨正明,肖前华等.2013.致密油储层渗流新模型研究.科学技术与工程,13(26):7624-7628.
佘成学.2009.岩石非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型研究.岩石力学与工程学报,28(10):2006-2011.
同登科,葛家理.1996.分形油藏非达西低速渗流模型及其解.大庆石油地质与开发,15(3):18-23.
徐卫亚,周家文,杨圣奇.2006.绿片岩蠕变损伤本构关系研究.岩石力学与工程学报,25(S1):3093-3097.
杨文采.1987.岩石的粘弹性谐振Q模型.地球物理学报,30(4):399-411.
张福祥,王新海,李元斌等.2011.库车山前裂缝性砂岩气层裂缝对地层渗透率的贡献率.石油天然气学报,33(6):149-152.
张义同.2002.热粘弹性理论.天津:天津大学出版社.
赵宝虎,杨栋,赵阳升等.1999.岩石三维应力控制压裂实验研究.太原理工大学学报,30(6):571-574.
赵延林,曹平,文有道等.2008.岩石弹黏塑性流变试验和非线性流变模型研究.岩石力学与工程学报,27(3):477-486.
郑懿,曹俊兴.2015.利用分形统计模型解释震后岩石裂缝体系发育因素导致的渗透率增加现象.科学技术与工程,15(13):7-12.
Deng J X,Han D H,Wang S X.2011.A study of the influence of stress relaxation on the elastic properties of granular materials and the calibration of effective media model.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(4):1079-1089,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.023.
Elkhoury J E,Brodsky E E,Agnew D C.2006.Seismic waves increase permeability.Nature,441(29):1135-1138,doi:10.1038/nature04798
Elkhoury J E,Niemeijer A R,Brodsky E E,et al.2009.Dynamic stress stimulates flow in fractures.∥AGU Fall Meeting AGUFall Meeting Abstracts.American Geophysical Union.San Francisco,California,USA.
Elkhoury J E,Niemeijer A,Brodsky E E,Marone C.2011.Laboratory observations of permeability enhancement by fluid pressure oscillation of in situ fractured rock.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,116,B02311,doi:10.1029/2010JB007759.
Feng Z C,Zhao Y S,Wen Z M.2005.Study on 3D fractal distribution law of the surface number in rock mass.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),24(4):601-609.
Fu J,Zhou X J,Sun B J,et al.2008.Research on factors influencing permeability of low-permeability fracture-type reservoirs.Oil Drilling&Production Technology(in Chinese),30(2):69-71,89.
Hauksson E,Jones L M,Hutton K.2002.The 1999 MW7.1Hector mine,California,earthquake sequence:Complex conjugate strike-slip faulting.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,92(4):1154-1170,doi:10.1785/0120000920.
He C Z,Hua M Q.1998.Fractal geometry description of reservoir pore structure.Oil&Gas Geology(in Chinese),19(1):15-23.
Jiang R Z,Wang P,Wei X H,et al.2012.Study on the factors affecting the start-up status of low flow-mobility oil reservoir.Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs(in Chinese),19(5):60-62.
Lai G J,Ge H K,Xue L,et al.2013.Permeability variation and recovery following the Wenchuan earthquake from water level data of multiple wells in the near field.Geophysics in China,2013:115-122.
Lee S H,Hamm S Y,Ha K,et al.2012.Groundwater response analysis to multiple earthquakes on Jeju volcanic island.Geosciences Journal,16(4):469-478,doi:10.1007/s12303-012-0033-4.
Ling H C,Yang Z M,Xiao Q H,et al.2013.Study on a new porous flow model in tight oil formation.Science Technology and Engineering(in Chinese),13(26):7624-7628.
Liu W,Manga M.2009.Changes in permeability caused by dynamic stresses in fractured sandstone.Geophysical Research Letters,36,:L20307,doi:10.1029/2009GL039852.
Mandelbrot B B.1982.The Fractal Geometry of Nature.New York:WH Freedman and Co.
Manga M,Beresnev I,Brodsky E E,et al.2012.Changes in permeability caused by transient stresses:field observations,experiments,and mechanisms.Reviews of Geophysics,50,RG2004,doi:10.1029/2011RG000382.
Manga M,Brodsky E E,Boone M.2003.Response of streamflow to multiple earthquakes.Geophysical Research Letters,30(5):1214,doi:10.1029/2002GL016618.
Rojstaczer S,Wolf S.1992.Permeability changes associated with large earthquakes:An example from Loma Prieta,California.Geology,20(3):211-214.
She C X.2009.Research on nonlinear viscoelasto-plastic creep model of rock.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),28(10):2006-2011.
Shi Z M,Wang G C,Wang C Y,et al.2014.Comparison of hydrological responses to the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,391:193-200,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.048.
Sornette A,Davy P,Sornette D.1990.Growth of fractal fault patterns.Physical Review Letters,65(18):2266-2269,doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.2266.
Tokunaga T.1999.Modeling of earthquake-induced hydrological changes and possible permeability enhancement due to the 17January 1995 Kobe Earthquake,Japan.Journal of Hydrology,223(3-4):221-229,doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00124-9.
Tong D K,Ge J L.1996.A seepage flow model with non-darcy lowvelocity for fractal reservoirs and its solution.Petroleum Geology&Oilfield Development in Daqing(in Chinese),15(3):18-23.
Walker D D,Roberts R M.2003.Flow dimensions corresponding to hydrogeologic conditions.Water Resources Research,39(12):1349,doi:10.1029/2002WR001511.
Xu W Y,Zhou J W,Yang S Q.2006.Study on creep damage constitutive relation of greenschist specimen.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),25(S1):3093-3097.
Xue L,Li H B,Brodsky E E,et al.2013.Continuous permeability measurements record healing inside the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone.Science,340(6140):1555-1559,doi:10.1126/science.1237237.
Yang W C.1987.A resonance Q model for viscoelastic rocks.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),30(4):399-411.
Zhang F X,Wang X H,Li Y B,et al.2011.The contribution of fractures of Kuqa foreland fractured sandstone gas reservoirs to formation permeability.Journal of Oil and Gas Technology(in Chinese),33(6):149-152.
Zhang Y,Fu L Y,Huang F Q,et al.2015.Permeability enhancement in the aquifer of Fuxin Well in geothermal area of northeastern China induced by low-frequency teleseismic waves of the 2011 MW9.0Tohoku earthquake.Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia,12(1177):29-38,doi:10.13168/AGG.2015.0007.
Zhang Y T.2002.Theory of Thermo-Viscoelasticity.Tianjin:Tianjin University Press.
Zhao B H,Yang D,Zhao Y S,et al.1999.Experimental study of control fracturing of rock in three-dimensional stress state.Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology(in Chinese),30(6):571-574.
Zhao,Y.1998.Crack pattern evolution and a fractal damage constitutive model for rock.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,35(3):349-366,doi:10.1016/S0148-9062(97)00340-9.
Zhao Y L,Cao P,Wen Y D,et al.2008.Elastovisco-plastic rheological experiment and nonlinear rheological model of rocks.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),27(3):477-486.
Zheng Y,Cao J X.2015.Analysis of the post-seismic permeability change caused by growth of the micro-crack system by using the fractal crack system model.Science Technology and Engineering(in Chinese),15(13):7-12.
邓继新,韩德华,王尚旭.2011.应力松弛对颗粒物质弹性性质的影响及等效介质模型校正研究.地球物理学报,54(4):1079-1089,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.023.
冯增朝,赵阳升,文再明.2005.岩体裂缝面数量三维分形分布规律研究.岩石力学与工程学报,24(4):601-609.
付静,周晓君,孙宝江等.2008.低渗裂缝性油藏渗透率的影响因素研究.石油钻采工艺,30(2):69-71,89.
贺承祖,华明琪.1998.储层孔隙结构的分形几何描述.石油与天然气地质,19(1):15-23.
姜瑞忠,王平,卫喜辉等.2012.低流度油藏启动状况影响因素研究.特种油气藏,19(5):60-62.
凌浩川,杨正明,肖前华等.2013.致密油储层渗流新模型研究.科学技术与工程,13(26):7624-7628.
佘成学.2009.岩石非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型研究.岩石力学与工程学报,28(10):2006-2011.
同登科,葛家理.1996.分形油藏非达西低速渗流模型及其解.大庆石油地质与开发,15(3):18-23.
徐卫亚,周家文,杨圣奇.2006.绿片岩蠕变损伤本构关系研究.岩石力学与工程学报,25(S1):3093-3097.
杨文采.1987.岩石的粘弹性谐振Q模型.地球物理学报,30(4):399-411.
张福祥,王新海,李元斌等.2011.库车山前裂缝性砂岩气层裂缝对地层渗透率的贡献率.石油天然气学报,33(6):149-152.
张义同.2002.热粘弹性理论.天津:天津大学出版社.
赵宝虎,杨栋,赵阳升等.1999.岩石三维应力控制压裂实验研究.太原理工大学学报,30(6):571-574.
赵延林,曹平,文有道等.2008.岩石弹黏塑性流变试验和非线性流变模型研究.岩石力学与工程学报,27(3):477-486.
郑懿,曹俊兴.2015.利用分形统计模型解释震后岩石裂缝体系发育因素导致的渗透率增加现象.科学技术与工程,15(13):7-12.
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