面向即时数据采集的经验取样法:应用、价值与展望
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摘要
经验取样法是一种在自发、自然的情境下,多次采集人们在事件发生时的主观体验的方法。"互联网+"时代,不断涌现的新技术与工具促进了经验取样法的发展,使之成为教育研究与应用领域的新手段。传统上,经验取样法借助辅助工具(如闹钟)提醒被试,使被试在随机或事件发生等诸多瞬间自我报告,从而达到自动采集自然情境下即时数据的目的。与其他自陈测验方法(如问卷法)相比,经验取样法是一种测量个体随情境、时间而变化的研究方法,在时间与空间上更加接近于真实情境,有利于降低被试的社会期许与回忆偏差。该方法强调在学习发生的真实情境下纵向动态地开展教育研究,侧重学习者内在状态的真实性与情境性,关注个体内在学习体验的动态性与规律性,有助于提升教育量化研究的质量与精度。
Experience sampling method(ESM) enables us to examine human experiences at the time of an event in a spontaneous, authentic context. In the era of "Internet +", the emergence of new technologies and tools has promoted the development of ESM, making it a new method for educational research.Traditionally, to collect real-time data in natural situations, ESM reminds subjects using auxiliary tools(such as alarm), so that subjects would report themselves at any random time or close to event occurrence. Compared with other self-report methods(such as questionnaire), ESM measures individuals' changes in natural and real situations, which is beneficial to reduce the social desirability and recall biases of the subjects. ESM emphasizes the vertical and dynamic educational research under the real situations, focuses on authenticity and contextuality of learners' inner state, and pays attention to the dynamic and regularity of individuals' learning experience, which helps to improve the quality and precision of educational quantitative research.
Experience sampling method(ESM) enables us to examine human experiences at the time of an event in a spontaneous, authentic context. In the era of "Internet +", the emergence of new technologies and tools has promoted the development of ESM, making it a new method for educational research.Traditionally, to collect real-time data in natural situations, ESM reminds subjects using auxiliary tools(such as alarm), so that subjects would report themselves at any random time or close to event occurrence. Compared with other self-report methods(such as questionnaire), ESM measures individuals' changes in natural and real situations, which is beneficial to reduce the social desirability and recall biases of the subjects. ESM emphasizes the vertical and dynamic educational research under the real situations, focuses on authenticity and contextuality of learners' inner state, and pays attention to the dynamic and regularity of individuals' learning experience, which helps to improve the quality and precision of educational quantitative research.
引文
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[31]张琪,武法提.学习分析中的生物数据表征——眼动与多模态技术应用前瞻[J].电化教育研究,2016,37(9):76-81,109.
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[35]SHUMOW L,SCHMIDT J A,KACKAR H. Reading in class&out of class:an experience sampling method study[J].Middle grades research journal,2008,3(3):97-120.
[36]GREENE J A,AZEVEDO R.The measurement of learners'self-regulated cognitive and metacognitive processes while using computer-based learning environments[J]. Educational psychologist,2010,45(4):203-209.
[37]CHAROENPIT S,OHKURA M. A new e-Learning system focusing on emotional aspect using biological signals[M]//Humancomputer interaction. Berlin:Springer,2013:343-350.
[38]SHI Y,RUIZ N,TAIB R,et al.Galvanic skin response(GSR)as an index of cognitive load[C]//CHI'07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York:ACM,2007:2651-2656.
[39]CHRISTENSON S L,RESCHLY A L,WYLIE C. Handbook of research on student engagement[M]. New York:Springer Science&Business Media, 2012.
[40]FREDRICKS J A,BLUMENFELD P C,PARIS A H. School engagement:potential of the concept,state of the evidence[J]. Review of educational research,2004,74(1):59-109.
[41]倪士光,伍新春.学习投入:概念、测量与相关变量[J].心理研究,2011,4(1):81-87.
[42]余胜泉,毛芳.非正式学习——e-Learning研究与实践的新领域[J].电化教育研究,2005(10):18-23.
[43]SCOLLON C N,PRIETO C K,DIENER E.Experience sampling:promises and pitfalls,strength and weaknesses[M]//Assessing wellbeing. Springer,Dordrecht,Netherlands:Springer Netherlands,2009:157-180.
[44]杨欣,于勇.非正式学习研究现状综述[J].现代教育技术,2010,20(11):14-18.
[45]STONE A,SHIFFMAN S,ATIENZA A,et al.The science of real-time data capture:self-reports in health research[M].London:Oxford University Press,2007.
[46]LARSON R,CSIKSZENTMIHALYI M. The experience sampling method[J].New directions for methodology of social&behavioral science,1983.
[47]ZUZANEK J.Experience sampling method:current and potential research applications[C]//Workshop on Measurement of and Research on Time Use.Washington,DC.:The National Academies Press 1999:108.
[48]BANDURA A,CERVONE D. Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation[J].Organizational behavior&human decision processes,1986,38(1):92-113.
[49]谢明初.情境认知理论对数学教育的意义[J].教育研究,2009(8):69-73.
[50]INTILLE S S. Emerging technology for studying daily life[M]//MEHL M R,CONNER T S. Handbook of research methods for studying daily life. New York:The Guilford Press,2012.
[51]BEAL D J. Power analysis for intensive longitudinal studies[M]//MEHL M R,CONNER T S. Handbook of research methods for studying daily life.New York:The Guilford Press,2012.
[2]DAVIES C,HATTIE J C. The dangers of extreme positive responses in Likert scales administered to young children[J].International journal of educational and psychological assessment,2012,11(1):75-89.
[3]ZIRKEL S,GARCIA J A,MURPHY M C. Experience-sampling research methods and their potential for education research[J].Educational researcher,2015,44(1):7-16.
[4]HEKTNER J M,SCHMIDT J A,CSIKSZENTMIHALYI M. Experience sampling method:measuring the quality of everyday life[M].California:Sage Publications,2007.
[5]张银普,骆南峰,石伟.经验取样法——一种收集“真实”数据的新方法[J].心理科学进展,2016,24(2):305-316.
[6]BOLGER N,LAURENCEAU J P. Intensive longitudinal methods:an introduction to diary and experience sampling research[M].New York:Guilford Press,2016.
[7]CONNER T S,LEHMAN B J. Getting started:launching a study in daily life[M]//MEHL M R,CONNER T S. Handbook of research methods for studying daily life. New York:Guilford Press,2012.
[8]李文静,郑全全.日常经验研究:一种独具特色的研究方法[J].心理科学进展,2008(1):169-174.
[9]张银普,石伟,骆南峰,等.经验取样法在组织行为学中的应用[J].心理科学进展,2017,25(6):943-954.
[10]段锦云,陈文平.基于动态评估的取样法:经验取样法[J].心理科学进展, 2012,20(7):1110-1120.
[11]SCOLLON C N,KIM P C,DIENER E.Experience sampling:promises and pitfalls,strengths and weaknesses[J].Journal of happiness studies,2003,4(1):5-34.
[12]CSIKSZENTMIHALYI M,LEFEVRE J.Optimal experience in work and leisure[J].Journal of personality and social psychology,1989,56(5):815-822.
[13]NEZLEK J B,WHEELER L,REIS H T.Studies of social participation[J].New directions for methodology of social and behavioral science,1983,15,57-73.
[14]WHEELER L,REIS H. Self-recording of everyday life events:origins,types,and uses[J].Journal of personality,1991,59,339-354.
[15]CSIKSZENTMIHALYI M,LARSON R. Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method[J].Journal of nervous and mental disease,1987,175(9):526-536.
[16]DEVRIES M,DIJKMAN-CAES C,DELESPAUL P.The sampling of experience:a method of measuring the co-occurrence of anxiety and depression in daily life[J].Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders,1990:707-726.
[17]MEHL M R,PENNEBAKER J W,CROW D M,et al.The electronically activated recorder(EAR):a device for sampling naturalistic daily activities and conversations[J].Behavior research methods, instruments&computers,2001,33(4):517-523.
[18]MEHL M R. The electronically activated recorder(EAR):a method for the naturalistic observation of daily social behavior[J]. Current directions in psychological science,2017,26(2):184-190.
[19]BARRETT L F,BARRETT D J.An introduction to computerized experience sampling in psychology[J].Social science computer review,2001,19(2):175-185.
[20]BARRETT D J,BARRETT L F. ESP:The experience sampling program[EB/OL].[2018-10-16].http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.694.5813&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[21]INTILLE S,KUKLA C,MA X. Eliciting user preferences using image-based experience sampling and reflection[C]//CHI'02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York:ACM, 2002:738-739.
[22]MIT.Context-aware experience sampling[EB/OL].[2018-10-16].http://web.mit.edu/caesproject/.
[23]FROEHLICH J, CHEN M Y, CONSOLVO S, et al. MyExperience:a system for in situ tracing and capturing of user feedback on mobile phones[C]//International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services. New York:ACM,2007:57-70.
[24]邱皓政.量化研究与统计分析:SPSS(PASW)数据分析范例解析[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2013:15.
[25]LARSON R,RICHARDS M H. Daily companionship in late childhood and early adolescence:changing developmental contexts[J].Child development,1991,62(2):284-300.
[26]CONNER T S,TENNEN H,FLEESON W,et al. Experience sampling methods:a modern idiographic approach to personality research[J]. Social&personality psychology compass,2009,3(3):292-313.
[27]SHUMOW L,SCHMIDT J A,KACKAR H. Adolescents'experience doing homework:associations among context,quality of experience, and outcomes[J].School community journal,2008,18:9-27.
[28]XIE K,HEDDY B C,GREENE B A.Affordances of using mobile technology to support experience-sampling method in examining college students'engagement[J]. Computers&education,2019,128:183-198.
[29]王亚琴,黄希庭.时点记忆研究的若干问题[J].心理科学,1998(4):367-368.
[30]乔兴媚,杨娟.基于增强现实的新型职业教育学习模式探究[J].中国电化教育,2017(10):118-122.
[31]张琪,武法提.学习分析中的生物数据表征——眼动与多模态技术应用前瞻[J].电化教育研究,2016,37(9):76-81,109.
[32]SCHMIDT J A,ROSENBERG J M,BEYMER P N.A person-in-context approach to student engagement in science:examining learning activities and choice[J]. Journal of research in science teaching,2018,55(1):19-43.
[33]SCHMIDT J A,KACKAR-CAM H Z,STRATI A D,et al. The role of challenge in students'engagement and competence in high school science classrooms:hispanic and Non-Hispanic whites compared[J]. NCSSS journal,2015,20(1):20-26.
[34]SHUMOW L,SCHMIDT J A,ZALESKI D J. Multiple perspectives on student learning,engagement,and motivation in high school biology labs[J]. The high school journal,2013:232-252.
[35]SHUMOW L,SCHMIDT J A,KACKAR H. Reading in class&out of class:an experience sampling method study[J].Middle grades research journal,2008,3(3):97-120.
[36]GREENE J A,AZEVEDO R.The measurement of learners'self-regulated cognitive and metacognitive processes while using computer-based learning environments[J]. Educational psychologist,2010,45(4):203-209.
[37]CHAROENPIT S,OHKURA M. A new e-Learning system focusing on emotional aspect using biological signals[M]//Humancomputer interaction. Berlin:Springer,2013:343-350.
[38]SHI Y,RUIZ N,TAIB R,et al.Galvanic skin response(GSR)as an index of cognitive load[C]//CHI'07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York:ACM,2007:2651-2656.
[39]CHRISTENSON S L,RESCHLY A L,WYLIE C. Handbook of research on student engagement[M]. New York:Springer Science&Business Media, 2012.
[40]FREDRICKS J A,BLUMENFELD P C,PARIS A H. School engagement:potential of the concept,state of the evidence[J]. Review of educational research,2004,74(1):59-109.
[41]倪士光,伍新春.学习投入:概念、测量与相关变量[J].心理研究,2011,4(1):81-87.
[42]余胜泉,毛芳.非正式学习——e-Learning研究与实践的新领域[J].电化教育研究,2005(10):18-23.
[43]SCOLLON C N,PRIETO C K,DIENER E.Experience sampling:promises and pitfalls,strength and weaknesses[M]//Assessing wellbeing. Springer,Dordrecht,Netherlands:Springer Netherlands,2009:157-180.
[44]杨欣,于勇.非正式学习研究现状综述[J].现代教育技术,2010,20(11):14-18.
[45]STONE A,SHIFFMAN S,ATIENZA A,et al.The science of real-time data capture:self-reports in health research[M].London:Oxford University Press,2007.
[46]LARSON R,CSIKSZENTMIHALYI M. The experience sampling method[J].New directions for methodology of social&behavioral science,1983.
[47]ZUZANEK J.Experience sampling method:current and potential research applications[C]//Workshop on Measurement of and Research on Time Use.Washington,DC.:The National Academies Press 1999:108.
[48]BANDURA A,CERVONE D. Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation[J].Organizational behavior&human decision processes,1986,38(1):92-113.
[49]谢明初.情境认知理论对数学教育的意义[J].教育研究,2009(8):69-73.
[50]INTILLE S S. Emerging technology for studying daily life[M]//MEHL M R,CONNER T S. Handbook of research methods for studying daily life. New York:The Guilford Press,2012.
[51]BEAL D J. Power analysis for intensive longitudinal studies[M]//MEHL M R,CONNER T S. Handbook of research methods for studying daily life.New York:The Guilford Press,2012.