大容量气枪震源广角地震数据的高频成分分析
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摘要
大容量气枪震源由于能量集中在低频段、子波一致性好、绿色环保等优点,广泛应用于广角地震探测中,极大地推进了人们对地壳结构和地球动力学过程的认识.气枪信号的有效频带是地震数据质量评价和精细处理一个重要基础参数,以往研究由于数据源和研究方法的局限,认为最高有效频率在10 Hz以下.本文基于福建省地震局采集的大容量气枪源广角地震数据,根据地震道褶积模型分析了有效频带及其影响因素,对不同类型、不同台基条件的地震接收仪器记录的大容量气枪信号数据进行了分频扫描,结果显示台基条件较好的台站数据,在10～20 Hz频段仍有较高的信噪比,说明大容量气枪激发的地震波在经过深部地层衰减后,仍存在相当可观的高于10 Hz的成分.这些高频成分可以显著提升地震信号的倍频程,减少频带过窄带来的旁瓣效应等不利影响,是准确提取走时的必要条件.值得注意的是大容量气枪源数据中PmP震相的主频可达10～12 Hz,显著高于震源子波的主频,据此推断Moho面的广角反射系数有显著的蓝谱特征,因此10 Hz以上成分对准确提取走时、获取更为精细的地壳结构非常重要.本研究对大容量气枪源广角地震探测的野外采集和数据处理提供了关键质量指标,同时提出从构造反演向岩性反演推进是广角地震探测一个重要的研究方向.
Large volume air-gun sources are widely used in wide-angle seismic exploration and have greatly promoted the understanding of crustal structure and geodynamic processes because they have many advantages such as dominantly low-frequency components, wavelet consistency, and environmental friendliness. The effective frequency-band is a very important parameter for the quality evaluation and fine processing of seismic data. Most of the previous research suggested that the highest reliable frequency was below 10 Hz due to the limit by data sources and processing methods. This paper studies effective frequency-band and effective parameters deduced by the convolution model of seismic traces on the basis of wide-angle seismic data excited by large volume air-gun sources. The data were tested using frequency scanning for different types of instruments and stations seismic basement, the results show that some stations' data have still dominantly 10～20 Hz band with high signal-to-noise ratio. It indicates that the high frequency components(higher than 10 Hz) can be recorded and identified in the deep seismic data excited by large volume air-gun sources even their undergone deep strata attenuation. Those high frequency components can significantly improve the octave of seismic signals and reduce the side-lobe levels, is the key for the accurate extraction of travel time. More significantly, the dominant frequency of PmP phases produced by large volume air-gun sources is usually 10～12 Hz, which is obviously higher than the dominant frequency of source wavelet. So we deduce that the wide-angle reflection coefficients from Moho interface are of blue spectrum characteristic. So effective bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio of high band should be used as the key indicators of the quantitative evaluation of deep seismic data produced by large volume air-gun sources. This study provides a critical quality criterion for seismic survey and data processing. Meanwhile, it proposes an important developing direction for wide angle seismic exploration from inversion of crustal structure to the interpretation of crustal lithology.
Large volume air-gun sources are widely used in wide-angle seismic exploration and have greatly promoted the understanding of crustal structure and geodynamic processes because they have many advantages such as dominantly low-frequency components, wavelet consistency, and environmental friendliness. The effective frequency-band is a very important parameter for the quality evaluation and fine processing of seismic data. Most of the previous research suggested that the highest reliable frequency was below 10 Hz due to the limit by data sources and processing methods. This paper studies effective frequency-band and effective parameters deduced by the convolution model of seismic traces on the basis of wide-angle seismic data excited by large volume air-gun sources. The data were tested using frequency scanning for different types of instruments and stations seismic basement, the results show that some stations' data have still dominantly 10～20 Hz band with high signal-to-noise ratio. It indicates that the high frequency components(higher than 10 Hz) can be recorded and identified in the deep seismic data excited by large volume air-gun sources even their undergone deep strata attenuation. Those high frequency components can significantly improve the octave of seismic signals and reduce the side-lobe levels, is the key for the accurate extraction of travel time. More significantly, the dominant frequency of PmP phases produced by large volume air-gun sources is usually 10～12 Hz, which is obviously higher than the dominant frequency of source wavelet. So we deduce that the wide-angle reflection coefficients from Moho interface are of blue spectrum characteristic. So effective bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio of high band should be used as the key indicators of the quantitative evaluation of deep seismic data produced by large volume air-gun sources. This study provides a critical quality criterion for seismic survey and data processing. Meanwhile, it proposes an important developing direction for wide angle seismic exploration from inversion of crustal structure to the interpretation of crustal lithology.
引文
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Dong S X,Zhang C Y. 2000. Seismic geophone property and precise seismic exploration[J]. Geophysical Prospecting of Petroleum (in Chinese). 39(2): 124-130.董世学,张春雨. 2000. 地震检波器的性能与精确地震勘探[J]. 石油物探,39(2): 124-130.
Dragoset B. 2000. Introduction to air guns and air-gun arrays[J]. The Leading Edge,19(8): 892-897.
Futterman W I. 1962. Dispersive body waves[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,67(13): 5279-5291.
Guo D R,Deng Z W,Cui S T. 2006. Theories and practice of seismic exploration-seismic data acquisition (in Chinese)[M]. Beijing: Bureau of Geophysical Prospecting,CNPC.郭东润,邓志文,崔士天. 2006. 地震勘探方法理论与实践—地震资料采集分册[M]. 北京: 中国石油集团东方地球物理公司.
Hao T Y,You Q Y. 2011. Progress of homemade OBS and its application on ocean bottom structure survey[J]. Chinese J. Geophys (in Chinese),54(12): 3352-3361.郝天珧,游庆瑜. 2011. 国产海底地震仪研制现状及其在海底结构探测中的应用[J]. 地球物理学报,54(12): 3352-3361,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.12.033.
Huang H B,Xia S H,Qiu X L,et al. 2010. Onshore-offshore seismic experiment: signal characteristics and seismic phases received by two adjacent seismic stations[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography (in Chinese). 29(6): 153-161.黄海波,夏少红,丘学林,等. 2010. 海陆地震联测:相邻地震台站的信号及震相特征对比[J]. 热带海洋学报,29(6): 153-161.
Kjartansson E. 1979. Constant Q-wave propagation and attenuation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth,84(B9): 4737- 4748.
Knapp R W. 1990. Vertical resolution of thick beds,thin beds,and thin-bed cyclothems[J]. Geophysics,55(9): 1183-1190.
Laws R,Landr? M,Amundsen L. 1988. An experimental comparison of three direct methods of marine source signature estimation[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,46(4): 353-389.
Li C Q,Xu Y F,Yuan Q X,et al. 2017. Amplitude-frequency characteristics testing of the geophone of PDS seismometer[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research (in Chinese),38(1): 112-116.李从庆,徐以福,原秦喜,等. 2017. PDS型地震仪拾振器幅频特性测试[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究,38(1): 112-116.
Li Q Z. 1993. The way to obtain a better resolution in seismic prospecting-A systematical analysis of high resolution seismic exploration (in Chinese)[M]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press.李庆忠. 1993. 走向精确勘探的道路—高分辨率地震勘探系统工程剖析[M]. 北京: 石油工业出版社.
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