汉语恭维回应语缺失的会话分析
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摘要
面对恭维这一常见的社会行为,被恭维者如何做出回应是一种值得考量的社会现象。该现象受到了较多学者的关注,也出现了一些恭维回应语的相关研究。虽然现有研究对恭维的回应方式进行了不同的分类,却忽视了对恭维回应语缺失现象的探讨。基于150个汉语日常交际中自然发生的恭维回应语语料,我们利用会话分析的研究方法,从话轮设计、序列结构以及社会行为等方面细致分析了恭维回应语缺失这一语言社会现象。研究发现,恭维回应语的缺失并不是消极的社会行为,相反,恭维回应语的缺失维护了交际的连续性,证实了人类言语交际中交际者优先选择维护会话连续性的原则与倾向。
As a ubiquitous social action, how to respond to compliments is a social phenomenon worthy of discussion. This phenomenon has received extensive attentions from many scholars. Thus, a lot of related researches came out. These researches categorized compliment responses into different strategies; yet, the exploration to the absence of compliment responses has been neglected. Based on an analysis of 150 naturally occurring compliment sequences in Mandarin in the setting of daily interaction, we adopt the research methodology of conversation analysis and analyze the absence of compliment responses from the perspective of turn design, sequence organization and social actions. It is found that the absence of compliment responses is not a negative phenomenon; instead it upholds the continuity of conversation. This finding confirms a preference for upholding conversation continuity in human's verbal communication.
As a ubiquitous social action, how to respond to compliments is a social phenomenon worthy of discussion. This phenomenon has received extensive attentions from many scholars. Thus, a lot of related researches came out. These researches categorized compliment responses into different strategies; yet, the exploration to the absence of compliment responses has been neglected. Based on an analysis of 150 naturally occurring compliment sequences in Mandarin in the setting of daily interaction, we adopt the research methodology of conversation analysis and analyze the absence of compliment responses from the perspective of turn design, sequence organization and social actions. It is found that the absence of compliment responses is not a negative phenomenon; instead it upholds the continuity of conversation. This finding confirms a preference for upholding conversation continuity in human's verbal communication.
引文
[1]Chen,R.Responding to compliments:A contrastive study of politeness strategies between American English and Chinese speakers[J].Journal of Pragmatics,1993(1):49-75.
[2]Clayman,S.E.Turn-constructional units and the transition-relevance place[A].In J.Sidnell.&T.Stivers(eds).The Handbook of Conversation Analysis[C].London:Wiley-Blackwell,2012:150-166.
[3]Golato,A.Compliments and Compliment Responses:Grammatical Structure and Sequential Organization[M].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,2005.
[4]Herbert,R.K.The ethnography of English compliments and compliment responses:A contrastive sketch[A].In W.Oleksy(ed.).Contrastive Pragmatics[C].Amsterdam:Benjamins,1989:3-35.
[5]Heritage,J.A change of state token and aspects of its sequential placement[A].In J.M.Atkinson.&J.Heritage(eds.).Structures of Social Action:Studies in Conversation Analysis[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984:299-345.
[6]Heritage,J.Intersubjectivity and progressivity in person(and place)reference[A].In N.J.Enfield.&T.Stivers(eds.).Person Reference in Interaction[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007:256-280.
[7]Holmes,J.Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English[J].Anthropological Linguistics,1986(4):485-508.
[8]Holmes,J.Paying compliments:A sex-preferential positive politeness strategy[J].Journal of Pragmatics,1988(4):445-465.
[9]Jefferson,G.Transcription notation[A].In J.M.Atkinson.&J.Heritage(eds.).Structures of Social Action:Studies in Conversation A-nalysis[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984:ix-xvi.
[10]Leech,G.The Pragmatics of Politeness[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014.
[11]Luke,K.K.The initiation and introduction of first topics in Hong Kong telephone calls[A].In K.K.Luke.&T.Pavlidou(eds.).Telephone Calls:Unity and Diversity in Conversational Structure across Languages and Cultures[C].John Benjamins,2002.
[12]Pomerantz,A.Compliment responses:Notes on the co-operation of multiple constraints[A].In J.Schenekein(ed.).Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction[C].New York:Academic Press,1978:79-112.
[13]Sacks,H.Lectures on Conversation[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1992.
[14]Sacks,H.On the preferences for agreement and contiguity in sequences in conversation[A].In G.Button&J.R.E.Lee(eds.).Talk and Social Organization[C].Clevedon:Multilingual Matters,1987:54-69.
[15]Sacks,H.,Schegloff,E.A.&G.Jefferson.A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation[J].Language,1974(4):696-735.
[16]Schegloff,E.A.Sequencing in conversational openings[J].American Anthropologist,1968(6):1075-1095.
[17]Sidnell,J.Conversation Analysis:An Introduction[M].London:Wiley-Blackwell,2010.
[18]Stivers,T.&J.D.Robinson.A preference for progressivity in interaction[J].Language in Society,2006(3):367-392.
[19]Tang,C.H.&G.Q.Zhang.A contrastive study of compliment responses among Australian English and Mandarin Chinese speakers[J].Journal of Pragmatics,2009(2):325-345.
[20]ten Have,P.Doing Conversation Analysis[M].Los Angeles:Sage,2007.
[21]Yu,M.C.Interlinguistic variation and similarity in second language speech act behavior[J].The Modern Language Journal,2004(1):102-119.
[22]Yuan,Y.Compliments and compliments responses in Kunming Chinese.Pragmatics,2002(2):183-226.
[23]陈钧.中国英语教师与菲律宾英语教师称赞语回应策略对比研究[J].西安外国语大学学报,2012(2):6-10.
[24]冯江鸿.英汉赞扬及其应答的性别语用比较[J].外语研究,2003(2):18-24.
[25]于国栋.会话分析[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2008.
[26]于国栋,梁红艳.选择疑问句“X还是(Y)”中对于X的结构优先[J].外国语,2018(1):52-63.
[27]袁兰,刘平.基于语音库的英语专业学生拒绝言语行为研究---以拒绝主动提供为例[J].西安外国语大学学报,2018(4):62-67.
[28]张艳红,于国栋.汉语恭维回应语“对比恭维”模式的会话分析[J].现代外语,2016(5):605-615.
(1)Turns are incrementally built out of a succession of turn-constructional units,such as sentences,clauses,phrases,andindividual words(Clayman2012).会话中的话轮是由一系列TCU组成,TCU可能是单个的词、短语、分句或句子。
(2)A compliment is a speech act which explicitly or implicitly attributes credit to someone other than the speaker,usually the person addressed,for some“good”(possession,characteristic,skill,etc.)which is positively valued by the speaker and the hearer(Holmes1986:485).
(3)话轮转换相关处存在于话轮构建成分的末端,在这个位置可能发生话轮在交际者之间的转换。话轮相关处的出现并不意味着话轮转换一定要出现,只是意味着这个地方可能发生话轮的转换而已(于国栋2008:121)。
[2]Clayman,S.E.Turn-constructional units and the transition-relevance place[A].In J.Sidnell.&T.Stivers(eds).The Handbook of Conversation Analysis[C].London:Wiley-Blackwell,2012:150-166.
[3]Golato,A.Compliments and Compliment Responses:Grammatical Structure and Sequential Organization[M].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins,2005.
[4]Herbert,R.K.The ethnography of English compliments and compliment responses:A contrastive sketch[A].In W.Oleksy(ed.).Contrastive Pragmatics[C].Amsterdam:Benjamins,1989:3-35.
[5]Heritage,J.A change of state token and aspects of its sequential placement[A].In J.M.Atkinson.&J.Heritage(eds.).Structures of Social Action:Studies in Conversation Analysis[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984:299-345.
[6]Heritage,J.Intersubjectivity and progressivity in person(and place)reference[A].In N.J.Enfield.&T.Stivers(eds.).Person Reference in Interaction[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007:256-280.
[7]Holmes,J.Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English[J].Anthropological Linguistics,1986(4):485-508.
[8]Holmes,J.Paying compliments:A sex-preferential positive politeness strategy[J].Journal of Pragmatics,1988(4):445-465.
[9]Jefferson,G.Transcription notation[A].In J.M.Atkinson.&J.Heritage(eds.).Structures of Social Action:Studies in Conversation A-nalysis[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984:ix-xvi.
[10]Leech,G.The Pragmatics of Politeness[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014.
[11]Luke,K.K.The initiation and introduction of first topics in Hong Kong telephone calls[A].In K.K.Luke.&T.Pavlidou(eds.).Telephone Calls:Unity and Diversity in Conversational Structure across Languages and Cultures[C].John Benjamins,2002.
[12]Pomerantz,A.Compliment responses:Notes on the co-operation of multiple constraints[A].In J.Schenekein(ed.).Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction[C].New York:Academic Press,1978:79-112.
[13]Sacks,H.Lectures on Conversation[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1992.
[14]Sacks,H.On the preferences for agreement and contiguity in sequences in conversation[A].In G.Button&J.R.E.Lee(eds.).Talk and Social Organization[C].Clevedon:Multilingual Matters,1987:54-69.
[15]Sacks,H.,Schegloff,E.A.&G.Jefferson.A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation[J].Language,1974(4):696-735.
[16]Schegloff,E.A.Sequencing in conversational openings[J].American Anthropologist,1968(6):1075-1095.
[17]Sidnell,J.Conversation Analysis:An Introduction[M].London:Wiley-Blackwell,2010.
[18]Stivers,T.&J.D.Robinson.A preference for progressivity in interaction[J].Language in Society,2006(3):367-392.
[19]Tang,C.H.&G.Q.Zhang.A contrastive study of compliment responses among Australian English and Mandarin Chinese speakers[J].Journal of Pragmatics,2009(2):325-345.
[20]ten Have,P.Doing Conversation Analysis[M].Los Angeles:Sage,2007.
[21]Yu,M.C.Interlinguistic variation and similarity in second language speech act behavior[J].The Modern Language Journal,2004(1):102-119.
[22]Yuan,Y.Compliments and compliments responses in Kunming Chinese.Pragmatics,2002(2):183-226.
[23]陈钧.中国英语教师与菲律宾英语教师称赞语回应策略对比研究[J].西安外国语大学学报,2012(2):6-10.
[24]冯江鸿.英汉赞扬及其应答的性别语用比较[J].外语研究,2003(2):18-24.
[25]于国栋.会话分析[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2008.
[26]于国栋,梁红艳.选择疑问句“X还是(Y)”中对于X的结构优先[J].外国语,2018(1):52-63.
[27]袁兰,刘平.基于语音库的英语专业学生拒绝言语行为研究---以拒绝主动提供为例[J].西安外国语大学学报,2018(4):62-67.
[28]张艳红,于国栋.汉语恭维回应语“对比恭维”模式的会话分析[J].现代外语,2016(5):605-615.
(1)Turns are incrementally built out of a succession of turn-constructional units,such as sentences,clauses,phrases,andindividual words(Clayman2012).会话中的话轮是由一系列TCU组成,TCU可能是单个的词、短语、分句或句子。
(2)A compliment is a speech act which explicitly or implicitly attributes credit to someone other than the speaker,usually the person addressed,for some“good”(possession,characteristic,skill,etc.)which is positively valued by the speaker and the hearer(Holmes1986:485).
(3)话轮转换相关处存在于话轮构建成分的末端,在这个位置可能发生话轮在交际者之间的转换。话轮相关处的出现并不意味着话轮转换一定要出现,只是意味着这个地方可能发生话轮的转换而已(于国栋2008:121)。