贺拉斯诗歌与奥古斯都时期的文学秩序
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摘要
奥古斯都时期的诗人已经面对着一个复杂性堪比现代的文学秩序,这个秩序由国家、恩主、友人与公众组成。文学赞助体制的流行迫使诗人在艺术与权力之间周旋,成熟的文学发表、传播和销售渠道则以文学趣味和审美风尚的形式向诗人施压。贺拉斯的成功秘诀在于,他通过精心设计的写作策略最大限度地利用了这个秩序的优势,避免了它的负面效应,不仅没有沦为牺牲品,反而塑造了罗马的诗歌走向。
Roman poets in the Augustan era were already faced with a literary order the complexity of which was almost modern,composed of the state,the public,patrons and friends. The prevalence of literary patronage compelled poets to negotiate between art and political power,whereas a well-developed mechanism of publication,transmission and book trade exerted pressure on them in terms of tastes and fashions. Horace's success lay in his ability to outmaneuver the system through ingenious strategies,whereby instead of falling victim to it,he managed to shape the course of Roman poetry.
Roman poets in the Augustan era were already faced with a literary order the complexity of which was almost modern,composed of the state,the public,patrons and friends. The prevalence of literary patronage compelled poets to negotiate between art and political power,whereas a well-developed mechanism of publication,transmission and book trade exerted pressure on them in terms of tastes and fashions. Horace's success lay in his ability to outmaneuver the system through ingenious strategies,whereby instead of falling victim to it,he managed to shape the course of Roman poetry.
引文
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(1)美地亚指帕提亚王国,斯基泰人是住在黑海以北的一个游牧民族,至于印度,虽然马其顿的亚历山大大帝曾远征印度,但罗马帝国和印度之间却鲜有直接交流。苏埃托尼乌斯曾记载印度派使者来罗马(Aug.21.3),迪欧也讲述了印度使团的故事(Dio 54.9)。
(2)rex字面义为“国王”,在变为共和制之后,罗马人曾有几百年时间憎恶rex这个词,例如西塞罗就曾蔑称恺撒等人为rex,但到屋大维时代,似乎称恩主为rex已是习惯了,这反映了罗马人心态的巨大变化。
Apollodorus.Bibliotheca.Leipzig:Hirzelium,1891.
Bowditch,Phebe Lowell.Horace and the Gift Economy of Patronage.Berkeley:University of California Press,2001.
Bowra,Cecil Maurice.“Horace,Odes IV.12.”The Classical Review 42.5(1928):165-67.
Cicero,Marcus Tullius.De Officiis.Indianapolis:BobbsMerrill,1974.
Commager,Steele.The Odes of Horace:A Critical Study.New Haven:Yale University Press,1962.
Dio,Cassius.Roman History,Volume VI:Books 51-55.Harvard:Harvard University Press,1917.
Dyson,M..“Horace,‘Odes’1.8:The Love of Lydia and Thetis.”Greece&Rome,2nd Series 35.2(1988):164-71.
Girard,René.Violence and the Sacred.Trans.P.Gregory.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1977.
Gold,Barbara.Literary Patronage in Greece and Rome.Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1987.
Horace[Quintus Horatius Flaccus].Horace:Odes,Epodes and Carmen Saeculare.New York:American Book Company,1902.
---.Horace:Satires and Epistles.New York:American Book Company,1909.
Kilpatrick,Ross S..“Fact and Fable in Horace Epistle 1.7.”Classical Philology 68.1(1973):47-53.
Macleod,C.W..Collected Essays.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1983.
Moritz,L.A..“Horace's Virgil.”Greece&Rome,2nd Series 16.2(1969):174-93.
Ovid[Publius Ovidius Naso].P.Ovidii Nasonis Metamorphoses.Leipzig:Teubner,1982.
Peterson,R.G..“The Unity of Horace Epistle 1.7.”The Classical Journal 63.7(1968):309-14.
Plautus,Titus Maccius.Mostellaria.Oxford:Clarendon,1966.
Putnam,Michael.Artifices of Eternity:Horace's Fourth Book of Odes.Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1986.
---.“Horace c.1.20.”The Classical Journal 64.4(1969):153-57.
Quinn,Kenneth.Latin Explorations.London:Routledge,1963.
Saller,R.P..Personal Patronage under the Early Empire.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982.
Suetonius[Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus].Suetonius:Life of Augustus.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014.
Veyne,Paul.Bread and Circuses:Historical Sociology and Political Pluralism.Trans.B.Pearce.New York:Penguin,1990.
Virgil[Publius Vergilius Maro].Virgil's Aeneid.New York:D.Appleton,1860.
White,Peter.Promised Verse:Poets in the Society of Augustan Rome.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1993.
Zetzel,J.E.G..“The Poetics of Patronage in the Late First Century b.c.”Literary and Artistic Patronage in Ancient Rome.Ed.B.Gold.Austin:University of Texas Press,1982.
(1)美地亚指帕提亚王国,斯基泰人是住在黑海以北的一个游牧民族,至于印度,虽然马其顿的亚历山大大帝曾远征印度,但罗马帝国和印度之间却鲜有直接交流。苏埃托尼乌斯曾记载印度派使者来罗马(Aug.21.3),迪欧也讲述了印度使团的故事(Dio 54.9)。
(2)rex字面义为“国王”,在变为共和制之后,罗马人曾有几百年时间憎恶rex这个词,例如西塞罗就曾蔑称恺撒等人为rex,但到屋大维时代,似乎称恩主为rex已是习惯了,这反映了罗马人心态的巨大变化。