大理岩压溶蠕变与微裂隙愈合实验研究
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摘要
压溶蠕变可能是间震期断层带的主导变形机制之一,开展压溶蠕变及其对微裂隙愈合的实验研究对理解强震孕育和发生具有重要意义。以Carrara大理岩为样品,开展相同围压(800 MPa)和应变速率(1×10-7s-1)、不同温度(300、400、500℃)下大理岩压溶蠕变实验。利用扫描电镜研究实验变形样品的微观结构与变形机制,利用傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱测试实验样品的含水量。实验结果表明:在300℃条件下,碎裂和压溶是样品主要变形机制,400℃时样品同时出现碎裂、压溶和局部动态重结晶,500℃时样品主要变形机制为压溶和动态重结晶。压溶主要出现在样品强变形区域,粒度减小与含水量增加促进了压溶发生,而压溶引起孔隙和微裂隙愈合。
Pressure solution creep is one of the main deformation mechanisms which control crack healing kinetics around active faults.The experimental study of pressure solution creep and micro-crack healing is one of the methods to understand the mechanism of earthquake nucleation and occurance of strong earthquakes.We conducted pressure solution creep experiments using samples of Carrara marble at different temperatures( 300,400,500 ℃),constant confining pressure( 800 MPa) and strain rate( 1×10-7 s-1).Scanning electron microscopy( SEM) was used to study the microstructure and deformation mechanisms of the initial and deformed samples.Fourier transform infrared absorption spectrum were used to measure the water content of the samples.The experimental results show that cataclasis and pressure solution are the main deformation mechanism at 300 ℃; cataclasis,pressure solution and local dynamic recrystallization appear at 400 ℃; and pressure solution and dynamic recrystallization are main deformation mechanism at 500 ℃.The experiments suggest that the high water content,the large strain and fine grains are favorable for pressure solution to occur; which further leads to the healing of micro-cracks and pores.
Pressure solution creep is one of the main deformation mechanisms which control crack healing kinetics around active faults.The experimental study of pressure solution creep and micro-crack healing is one of the methods to understand the mechanism of earthquake nucleation and occurance of strong earthquakes.We conducted pressure solution creep experiments using samples of Carrara marble at different temperatures( 300,400,500 ℃),constant confining pressure( 800 MPa) and strain rate( 1×10-7 s-1).Scanning electron microscopy( SEM) was used to study the microstructure and deformation mechanisms of the initial and deformed samples.Fourier transform infrared absorption spectrum were used to measure the water content of the samples.The experimental results show that cataclasis and pressure solution are the main deformation mechanism at 300 ℃; cataclasis,pressure solution and local dynamic recrystallization appear at 400 ℃; and pressure solution and dynamic recrystallization are main deformation mechanism at 500 ℃.The experiments suggest that the high water content,the large strain and fine grains are favorable for pressure solution to occur; which further leads to the healing of micro-cracks and pores.
引文
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[19]韩亮,周永胜,党嘉,等.3 GPa熔融盐固体介质高温高压三轴压力容器的温度标定[J].高压物理学报,2009,25(6):407-414.HAN Liang,ZHOU Yongsheng,DANG Jia,et al.Temperature calibration for 3 GPa molten salt medium triaxial pressure vessel[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,2009,25(6):407-414.
[20]韩亮,周永胜,何昌荣,等.3 GPa熔融盐固体介质高温高压三轴压力容器的围压标定[J].高压物理学报,2011,25(3):213-220.HAN Liang,ZHOU Yongsheng,HE Changrong,et al.Confined pressure calibration for 3 GPa molten salt medium triaxial pressure vessed under high pressure and temperature[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,2011,25(3):213-220.
[21]刘照星,周永胜,刘贵,等.3 GPa熔融盐固体介质三轴高温压力容器的轴压摩擦力标定[J].高压物理学报,2013,27(1):19-28.LIU Zhaoxing,ZHOU Yongsheng,LIU Gui,et al.Axial friction calibration for 3 GPa molten salt medium triaxialpressure vessel under high pressure and high temperature[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,2013,27(1):19-28.
[22]张媛媛.脆塑性转化带的强度与变形机制的实验研究:以大理岩为例[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2012.ZHANG Yuanyuan.An experimental study on strength and deformation mechanisms of the brittle-plastic transition belt:the marble for example[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,2012.
[23]PATERSON M S.The determination of hydroxyl by infrared absorption in quartz,silicate glasses and similar materials[J].Bulletin de Mineralogy,1982,105(1):20-29.
[24]AINES R D,ROSSMAN G R.Water in minerals?A peak in the infrared[J].J Geophys Res,1984,89(B6):4059-4071.
[25]BERAN A.OH groups in nominally anhydrous framework structures:an infrared spectroscopic investigation of danburite and labradorite[J].Phys Chem Miner,1987,14(5):441-445.
[26]JOHNSON E A,ROSSMAN G R.The concentration and speciation of hydrogen in feldspars using FTIR and 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy[J].Am Mineral,2003,88(5/6):901-911.
[27]KRONENBERG A K,WOLF G H.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy determinations of intragranular water content in quartz-bearing rocks:implications for hydrolytic weakening in the laboratory and within the earth[J].Tectonophysics,1990,172(3/4):155-271.
[28]RYBACKI E,DRESEN G.Dislocation and diffusion creep of synthetic anorthite aggregates[J].J Geophy Res,2000,105(B11):26017-26036.
[29]HE C R,LUO L,TAO Q F,et al.Velocity-weakening behavior of plagioclase and pyroxene gouges and stabilizing effect of small amounts of quartz under hydrothermal conditions[J].J Geophys Res:Solid Earth,2013,118(7):1-23.
[2]RENARD F,ORTOLEVA P,GRATIER J P.Pressure solution in sandstones:influence of clays and dependence on temperature and stress[J].Tectonophysics,1997,280(3):257-266.
[3]RUTTER E H.Pressure solution in nature,theory and experiment[J].J Geol Soc,1983,140(5):725-740.
[4]GRATIER J P,GUIGUET R,RENARD F,et al.A pressure solution creep law for quarts from indentation experiments[J].J Geophys Res,2009,114(B3):B034403.
[5]GRATIER J P,FAVREAU P,RENARD F,et al.Fluid pressure evolution during the earthquake cycle controlled by fluid flow and pressure solution crack sealing[J].Earth Planets Space,2002,54(11):1139-1146.
[6]GRATIER J P,FAVREAU P,RENARD F.Modeling fluid transfer along Californian faults when integrating pressure solution crack sealing and compaction processes[J].J Geophys Res,2003,108(2):141-157.
[7]BOS C J,SPIERS C J.Frictional viscous flow of simulated fault gouge caused by the combined effects of phyllos silicates and pressure solution[J].Tectonophysics,2000,327(3/4):173-194.
[8]NEWMAN J,MITRA G.Fluid-influenced deformation and recrystallization of dolomite at low temperatures along a natural fault zone,Mountain City window,Tennessee[J].Geol Soc Am Bull,1994,106(10):1267-1280.
[9]KUSTER M,STOCKHERTB.High differential stress and sublithostatic pore fluid pressure in the ductile regime-microstructural evidence for shot-term post-seismic creep in the Sesia zone,Western Alps[J].Tectonophysics,1999,303(1/2/3/4):267-277.
[10]马立杰,刘俊来,崔迎春.浅部地壳岩石变形过程中地质流体的化学效应:水解弱化及其微观机制[J].地学前缘,2001,8(4):244.MA Lijie,LIU Junlai,CUI Yingchun.A chemical effect in the process of shallow crust rock deformation:hydrolytic weakening and its mechanisms[J].Earth Science Frontiers(China University of Geosciences Beijing).2001,8(4):244.
[11]周永胜,韩亮,靖晨,等.龙门山断层脆塑性转化带流变结构与汶川地震孕震机制[J].地震地质,2014,36(3):882-893.ZHOU Yongsheng,HAN Liang,JING Chen,et al.The rheological structures of brittle-plastic transition in Longmenshan fault zone and seismogenic mechanism of Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seimology and Geology(in Chinese),2014,36(3):882-893.
[12]HAN L,ZHOU Y S,HE C R,et al.Sublithostatic pore fluid pressure in the brittle-ductile transition zone of Mesozoic Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and its implication for the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2016,117:107-118.
[13]RENARD F.Kinetics of crack-sealing,intergranular pressure solution,and compaction around active faults[J].J Stuct Geol,2000,22(10):1395-1407.
[14]GRATIER J P,RICHARD J,RWNARD F,et al.Aseismic sliding of active faults by pressure solution creep:evidence from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at depth[J].Geology Society of America,2011,39(12):1131-1134.
[15]TREPMANN C A,STOCKHERT B.Quartz microstructures developed during non-steady state plastic flow at rapidly decaying stress and strain rate[J].J Stuct Geol,2003,25(12):2035-2051.
[16]TENTHOREY E,COX S F,TODD H F.Evolution of strength recovery and permeability during fluid-rock reaction in experimental fault zones[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2003,206(1/2):161-172.
[17]周永胜,何昌荣.汶川地震区的流变结构与发震高角度逆断层滑动的力学条件[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(2):474-484.ZHOU Yongsheng,HE Changrong.The rhelological structures of crust and mechanics of high-angle reverse fault slip for Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake[J].Chinese J Geophys(in Chinese),2009,52(2):474-484.
[18]韩亮,周永胜,姚文明.中地壳断层带内微裂隙愈合与高压流体形成条件的模拟实验研究[J].地球物理学报,2013,56(1):91-105.HAN Liang,ZHOU Yongsheng,YAO Wenming.A simulating experimental study on crack healing and the formation of high pore fluid pressure in faults middle crust[J].Chinese J Geophys(in Chinese),2013,56(1):91-105.
[19]韩亮,周永胜,党嘉,等.3 GPa熔融盐固体介质高温高压三轴压力容器的温度标定[J].高压物理学报,2009,25(6):407-414.HAN Liang,ZHOU Yongsheng,DANG Jia,et al.Temperature calibration for 3 GPa molten salt medium triaxial pressure vessel[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,2009,25(6):407-414.
[20]韩亮,周永胜,何昌荣,等.3 GPa熔融盐固体介质高温高压三轴压力容器的围压标定[J].高压物理学报,2011,25(3):213-220.HAN Liang,ZHOU Yongsheng,HE Changrong,et al.Confined pressure calibration for 3 GPa molten salt medium triaxial pressure vessed under high pressure and temperature[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,2011,25(3):213-220.
[21]刘照星,周永胜,刘贵,等.3 GPa熔融盐固体介质三轴高温压力容器的轴压摩擦力标定[J].高压物理学报,2013,27(1):19-28.LIU Zhaoxing,ZHOU Yongsheng,LIU Gui,et al.Axial friction calibration for 3 GPa molten salt medium triaxialpressure vessel under high pressure and high temperature[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,2013,27(1):19-28.
[22]张媛媛.脆塑性转化带的强度与变形机制的实验研究:以大理岩为例[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2012.ZHANG Yuanyuan.An experimental study on strength and deformation mechanisms of the brittle-plastic transition belt:the marble for example[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,2012.
[23]PATERSON M S.The determination of hydroxyl by infrared absorption in quartz,silicate glasses and similar materials[J].Bulletin de Mineralogy,1982,105(1):20-29.
[24]AINES R D,ROSSMAN G R.Water in minerals?A peak in the infrared[J].J Geophys Res,1984,89(B6):4059-4071.
[25]BERAN A.OH groups in nominally anhydrous framework structures:an infrared spectroscopic investigation of danburite and labradorite[J].Phys Chem Miner,1987,14(5):441-445.
[26]JOHNSON E A,ROSSMAN G R.The concentration and speciation of hydrogen in feldspars using FTIR and 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy[J].Am Mineral,2003,88(5/6):901-911.
[27]KRONENBERG A K,WOLF G H.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy determinations of intragranular water content in quartz-bearing rocks:implications for hydrolytic weakening in the laboratory and within the earth[J].Tectonophysics,1990,172(3/4):155-271.
[28]RYBACKI E,DRESEN G.Dislocation and diffusion creep of synthetic anorthite aggregates[J].J Geophy Res,2000,105(B11):26017-26036.
[29]HE C R,LUO L,TAO Q F,et al.Velocity-weakening behavior of plagioclase and pyroxene gouges and stabilizing effect of small amounts of quartz under hydrothermal conditions[J].J Geophys Res:Solid Earth,2013,118(7):1-23.