晚三叠世昌都盆地构造背景及对成煤作用的控制
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摘要
位于西藏东部的昌都盆地是经历石炭纪、二叠纪以及三叠纪多期成煤盆地叠合改造形成的构造盆地,其中以晚三叠世巴贡组含煤地层分布最为广泛。三叠纪时期,盆地两侧的金沙江洋盆与澜沧江洋盆相继闭合,区域构造背景复杂,是决定成煤古地理条件的首要因素。不同的构造背景形成特定的岩浆岩石类型和构造-岩浆岩组合。昌都地体两侧晚三叠世火山岩的地球化学特征分析表明,昌都盆地东缘双峰式火山主要受伸展应力控制,形成裂陷,造成地形起伏大,区域沉降幅度大,沉积速率快,不利于发育稳定的成煤环境。盆地西缘与澜沧江洋壳俯冲相关的侵入岩发育,反映在挤压应力背景下形成坳陷,相对简单的基底构造为发生持续稳定的聚煤作用提供了良好的古地理环境。在后期构造作用的控制下,连续的煤层多被错断,呈角度不一、大小悬殊的单斜断块或褶皱产出,在巴贡、夺盖拉等地保存有具工业价值的煤矿点。
The Qamdo Basin in eastern Tibet is a tectonic basin formed from multi-stage coal-forming basins that underwent the superposition transformation of Carboniferous,Permian and Triassic.The coal-bearing strata in the Late Triassic Bagun Formation are widely distributed in the basin.During the Triassic period,the Jinsha and Lancang River ocean basins on either side of the Qamdo Terrane closed successively,resulting in the complex regional tectonic background that largely determined the paleogeographical conditions for coal forming.Different tectonic background yielded specific magma rock types and tectonic-magmatic combinations.The geochemical characteristics of Late Triassic volcanic rocks on either side of Qamdo showed that the bimodal volcanic rock development at the eastern margin of the Qamdo Basin is dominated by stretching stress,forming rift and resulting in large terrain fluctuation and subsidence and fast deposition rate which were disruptive to stable coal-forming environment.The development of intrusive rocks associated with the subduction of Lancang River ocean crust at the western margin of the Qamdo Basin led to a depression under the compressional background;and the relatively simple basement structure provided a good paleogeographical environment for the continuous and stable coal accumulation process.Under the control of later stage tectonic activity,the continuous coal seams were segmented into monoclines or folds with different angles and scales,producing industrial grade coal mining fields in the Bagun,Take Gellar and surrounding areas.
The Qamdo Basin in eastern Tibet is a tectonic basin formed from multi-stage coal-forming basins that underwent the superposition transformation of Carboniferous,Permian and Triassic.The coal-bearing strata in the Late Triassic Bagun Formation are widely distributed in the basin.During the Triassic period,the Jinsha and Lancang River ocean basins on either side of the Qamdo Terrane closed successively,resulting in the complex regional tectonic background that largely determined the paleogeographical conditions for coal forming.Different tectonic background yielded specific magma rock types and tectonic-magmatic combinations.The geochemical characteristics of Late Triassic volcanic rocks on either side of Qamdo showed that the bimodal volcanic rock development at the eastern margin of the Qamdo Basin is dominated by stretching stress,forming rift and resulting in large terrain fluctuation and subsidence and fast deposition rate which were disruptive to stable coal-forming environment.The development of intrusive rocks associated with the subduction of Lancang River ocean crust at the western margin of the Qamdo Basin led to a depression under the compressional background;and the relatively simple basement structure provided a good paleogeographical environment for the continuous and stable coal accumulation process.Under the control of later stage tectonic activity,the continuous coal seams were segmented into monoclines or folds with different angles and scales,producing industrial grade coal mining fields in the Bagun,Take Gellar and surrounding areas.
引文
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[18]耿全如,潘桂棠,王立全,等.班公湖-怒江带、羌塘地块特提斯演化与成矿地质背景[J].地质通报,2011,30(8):1261-1274.
[19]MANIAR P D,PICCOLI P M.Tectonic discrimination of granitoids[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1989,101(5):635-643.
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[21]李正辉,柳小明,董云鹏,等.贺兰山古元古代同碰撞花岗岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代及其地质意义[J].岩石学报,2013,29(7):2405-2415.
[22]PEARCE J A,HARRIS N B W,TINDLE A G.Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks[J].Journal of Petrology,1984,25(4):956-983.
[23]西藏自治区地质调查院.1∶25万昌都幅区域地质调查报告[M].北京:地质出版社,2007:1-430.
[24]WINCHESTER J A,FLOYD P A.Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements[J].Chemical Geology,1977,20(4):325-343.
[25]PEARCE J G.Dynamic simulation of ion-atom interactions by hybrid computer[J].Chemical Communications,1973,50(68):9729-9732.
[26]钟康惠,唐菊兴,刘肇昌,等.青藏东缘昌都-思茅构造带中新生代陆内裂谷作用[J].地质学报,2006,80(9):1295-1311.
[27]邓军,王长明,李文昌,等.三江特提斯复合造山与成矿作用研究态势及启示[J].地学前缘,2014,21(1):52-64.
[28]HOU Z,WANG L,ZAW K,et al.Post-collisional crustal extension setting and VHMS mineralization in the Jinshajiang orogenic belt,southwestern China[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2003,22(3):177-199.
[29]王双明.鄂尔多斯盆地叠合演化及构造对成煤作用的控制[J].地学前缘,2017,24(2):54-63.
[30]吴彦旺.龙木错-双湖-澜沧江洋历史记录[D].长春:吉林大学,2013:1-135.
[31]彭勇民,刘家铎,罗建宁,等.昌都盆地三叠纪层序地层与沉积演化[M].北京:地质出版社,2005:1-235.
[32]四川省煤田地质工程勘察设计研究院.西藏昌都地区煤炭资源调查评价报告[R].北京:中国煤炭地质总局,2003:1-327.
[33]刘新秒.后碰撞岩浆岩的大地构造环境及特征[J].地质调查与研究,2000(2):121-127.
[34]杨鑫,王亚东,刘兴旺,等.后碰撞伸展环境下的盆地特征与成盆机制[J].地质论评,2012,58(3):444-450.
[35]王长明,陈晶源,杨立飞,等.三江特提斯兰坪盆地构造-流体-成矿系统[J].岩石学报,2017,33(7):1957-1977.
[2]罗中舒.青藏高原的煤田成因类型[J].煤田地质与勘探,1983(6):16-23.
[3]谭岳岩,魏振声.西藏成煤大地构造基本特征:西藏板块构造及其演化[J].现代地质,1989(3):331-340.
[4]谭节庆,马志凯,高科飞,等.青藏高原北部煤系赋存的板块构造控制[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(2):286-293.
[5]曹代勇,宁树正,郭爱军,等.中国煤田构造格局与构造控煤作用[M].北京:科学出版社,2018:1-413.
[6]宋时雨,曹代勇,马志凯,等.青藏高原昌都地区马查拉组成煤期构造背景与聚煤模式[J].煤田地质与勘探,2018,46(1):13-19.
[7]李聪聪,牛军强,杨创,等.藏东北地区煤炭资源分布特征及洁净煤初步研究[J].中国煤炭地质,2016,28(11):8-11.
[8]METCALFE I.Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion:tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,66:1-33.
[9]马志凯,曹代勇,宋时雨,等.基于重磁-遥感数据的昌都地区煤田构造格局研究[J].煤炭科学技术,2017,45(5):148-153.
[10]WANG X,METCALFE I,JIAN P,et al.The JinshajiangAilaoshan Suture Zone,China:tectonostratigraphy,age and evolution[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2000,18(6):675-690.
[11]JIAN P,LIU D,KRONER A,et al.Devonian to Permian plate tectonic cycle of the Paleo-Tethys Orogen in Southwest China(Ⅰ):geochemistry of ophiolites,arc/back-arc assemblages and within-plate igneous rocks[J].Lithos,2009,113(3):748-766.
[12]ZI J W,CAWOOD P A,FAN W M,et al.Triassic collision in the Paleo-Tethys Ocean constrained by volcanic activity in SW China[J].Lithos,2012,144/145(7):145-160.
[13]KAPP P,YIN A,MANNING C E,et al.Blueschist-bearing metamorphic core complexes in the Qiangtang block reveal deep crustal structure of northern Tibet[J].Geology,2000,28(1):19-22.
[14]KAPP P,DECELLES P G,GEHRELS G E,et al.Geological records of the Lhasa-Qiangtang and Indo-Asian collisions in the Nima area of central Tibet[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2007,119(7/8):917-932.
[15]PULLEN A,KAPP P,GEHRELS G E,et al.Triassic continental subduction in central Tibet and Mediterranean-style closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean[J].Geology,2008,36(5):351-354.
[16]HE W,YANG L,LU Y,et al.Zircon U-Pb dating,geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopes for the Baimaxueshan granodiorites and mafic microgranulars enclaves in the Sanjiang Orogen:evidence for westward subduction of PaleoTethys[J].Gondwana Research,2018,62:112-126.
[17]吴福元,李献华,杨进辉,等.花岗岩成因研究的若干问题[J].岩石学报,2007,23(6):1217-1238.
[18]耿全如,潘桂棠,王立全,等.班公湖-怒江带、羌塘地块特提斯演化与成矿地质背景[J].地质通报,2011,30(8):1261-1274.
[19]MANIAR P D,PICCOLI P M.Tectonic discrimination of granitoids[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1989,101(5):635-643.
[20]HASTIE A R,KERR A C,PEARCE J A,et al.Classification of Altered volcanic island arc rocks using immobile trace elements:development of the Th-Co discrimination diagram[J].Journal of Petrology,2007,48(12):2341-2357.
[21]李正辉,柳小明,董云鹏,等.贺兰山古元古代同碰撞花岗岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代及其地质意义[J].岩石学报,2013,29(7):2405-2415.
[22]PEARCE J A,HARRIS N B W,TINDLE A G.Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks[J].Journal of Petrology,1984,25(4):956-983.
[23]西藏自治区地质调查院.1∶25万昌都幅区域地质调查报告[M].北京:地质出版社,2007:1-430.
[24]WINCHESTER J A,FLOYD P A.Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements[J].Chemical Geology,1977,20(4):325-343.
[25]PEARCE J G.Dynamic simulation of ion-atom interactions by hybrid computer[J].Chemical Communications,1973,50(68):9729-9732.
[26]钟康惠,唐菊兴,刘肇昌,等.青藏东缘昌都-思茅构造带中新生代陆内裂谷作用[J].地质学报,2006,80(9):1295-1311.
[27]邓军,王长明,李文昌,等.三江特提斯复合造山与成矿作用研究态势及启示[J].地学前缘,2014,21(1):52-64.
[28]HOU Z,WANG L,ZAW K,et al.Post-collisional crustal extension setting and VHMS mineralization in the Jinshajiang orogenic belt,southwestern China[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2003,22(3):177-199.
[29]王双明.鄂尔多斯盆地叠合演化及构造对成煤作用的控制[J].地学前缘,2017,24(2):54-63.
[30]吴彦旺.龙木错-双湖-澜沧江洋历史记录[D].长春:吉林大学,2013:1-135.
[31]彭勇民,刘家铎,罗建宁,等.昌都盆地三叠纪层序地层与沉积演化[M].北京:地质出版社,2005:1-235.
[32]四川省煤田地质工程勘察设计研究院.西藏昌都地区煤炭资源调查评价报告[R].北京:中国煤炭地质总局,2003:1-327.
[33]刘新秒.后碰撞岩浆岩的大地构造环境及特征[J].地质调查与研究,2000(2):121-127.
[34]杨鑫,王亚东,刘兴旺,等.后碰撞伸展环境下的盆地特征与成盆机制[J].地质论评,2012,58(3):444-450.
[35]王长明,陈晶源,杨立飞,等.三江特提斯兰坪盆地构造-流体-成矿系统[J].岩石学报,2017,33(7):1957-1977.