基于网格密度控制的全国崩塌滑坡泥石流编图
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摘要
本文是一篇关于全国崩塌滑坡泥石流分布图编制方法探索的论文。基于全国崩塌滑坡泥石流数据库,根据图面承载能力,用不同灾害类型之间数量比例和网格密度共同控制的方法,筛选出代表整体发育分布规律的崩塌滑坡泥石流隐患点;用点状符号表达崩塌滑坡泥石流隐患点空间分布特征,线状符号表达崩塌滑坡泥石流时间分布特征,面状普染色表达崩塌滑坡泥石流发育数量分级特征;结合人们正常视觉感受,建立均衡的构图,选用协调美观的色彩,合理处置图上点、线、面各图层之间的冲突以及图层内部分级关系,编制集科学与艺术为一体的全国崩塌滑坡泥石流分布图。
This paper provides a summary map compilation method on the landslide distribution. Considering the capacity of presentation,only parts of hidden danger points of the slides,collapses and debris flows in the database,which are sufficient to show the regulations of the major distribution in China,are selected and presented in the map. The selection methodology is controlled by the proportions of each geo-hazard category in database and grid density. Dot symbols represent the space distribution features of landslides; line symbols represent the time distribution features of them; plane colors represent the grading characteristics of quantities of them. Considering the human's visual perception,the diagram of landslides,collapses,and debris flows in China is generated by well designing and balancing graphic elements, using of harmonious colors and appropriately solving conflict relationships between various layers.
This paper provides a summary map compilation method on the landslide distribution. Considering the capacity of presentation,only parts of hidden danger points of the slides,collapses and debris flows in the database,which are sufficient to show the regulations of the major distribution in China,are selected and presented in the map. The selection methodology is controlled by the proportions of each geo-hazard category in database and grid density. Dot symbols represent the space distribution features of landslides; line symbols represent the time distribution features of them; plane colors represent the grading characteristics of quantities of them. Considering the human's visual perception,the diagram of landslides,collapses,and debris flows in China is generated by well designing and balancing graphic elements, using of harmonious colors and appropriately solving conflict relationships between various layers.
引文
[1]尹春荣,曲雪妍,杨旭东,等.中国崩塌滑坡泥石流分布图(1∶500万)[CM].北京:地质出版社,2017.YIN Chunrong,QU Xueyan,YANG Xudong,et al.Explanation of distribution map of collapse,landslide and debris flow in China(1∶5,000,000)[CM].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2017.
[2]于兴河,李胜利,李顺利.三角洲沉积的结构——成因分类与编图方法[J].沉积学报,2013,31(5):782-796.YU Xinghe,LI Shengli,LI Shunli.Texture-genetic classifications and mapping methods for deltaic deposits[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2013,31(5):782-796.
[3]尹延鸿,张训华,温珍河,等.中国东部海区及邻域区域构造图的编制方法及地质构造单元划分[J].海洋学报,2008,30(6):100-105.YIN Yanhong,ZHANG Xunhua,WEN Zhenhe,et al.The mapping methods and division of tectonic units of the regional tectonic map in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea and adjacent regions[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008,30(6):100-105.
[4]闵隆瑞,王永,王成,等.一幅新的第四纪地质及地貌图的编制——以宁夏与山东为例[J].中国地质,2016,43(3):1027-1032.MIN Longrui,WANG Yong,WANG Cheng,et al.The compilation of a new Quatemary geology and geomorphology map with special reference to Ningxia and Shandong[J].Geology in China,2016,43(3):1027-1032.
[5]温珍河,张训华,郝天珧,等.我国海洋地学编图现状、计划与主要进展[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(12):3909-3917.WEN Zhenhe,ZHANG Xunhua,HAO Tiantao,et al.Progress in compilation of geoscience map series for China seas and adjacent regions[J].Chinses Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(12):3909-3917.
[6]张杨,王文科,贾小丰,等.全国二氧化碳地质储存适宜性评价编图技术方法研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(1):145-150.ZHANG Yang,WANG Wenke,JIA Xiaofeng,et al.Mapping technology of CO2geological storage potential and suitability assessment[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(1):145-150.
[7]葛华,陈启国,王德伟.地震滑坡危险性评价及编图——以映秀震中区为例[J].中国地质,2013,40(2):646-650.GE Hua,CHEN Qiguo,WANG Dewei.The assessment and mapping of seismic landslide hazards:a case study of Yingxiu area,Sichuan Province[J].Geology In China,2013,40(2):646-650.
[8]张茂省,李林,唐亚明,等.基于风险理念的黄土滑坡调查与编图研究[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(1):43-51.ZHANG Maosheng,LI Lin,TANG Yaming,et al.Risk management based landslide investigation and mapping in Loess Area[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(1):43-51.
[9]李媛,杨旭东,房浩,等.中国典型县(市)地质灾害易发程度分区图集[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.LI Yuan,YANG Xudong,FANG Hao,et al.Atlas of geological hazard susceptibiligy zoning of typical county in China[M].Beijing:China Science Publishing,2010.
[10]李廷栋.当前国际地质编图的一些动态[J].地质评论,2013,2(1):208-216.LI Tingdong.The developments in the current international geological mapping[J].Georeview,2013,2(1):208-216.
[11]王忠蕾,张训华,温珍河,等.地质编图研究现状及发展方向[J].海洋地质前沿,2012,28(1):21-29.WANG Zhonglei,ZHANG Xunhua,WEN Zhenhe,et al.Current status and future trend of geological map compilation[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2012,28(1):21-29.
[12]董华,张发旺,程彦培,等.论水工环系列图编制[J].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8(6):10-13.DONG Hua,ZHANG Fawang,CHENG Yanpei,et al.Cartography of hydrological-engineering-environmental geology maps[J].South-to-North Water Transfer and Water Science&Technology,2010,8(6):10-13.
[13]钟立勋,李媛,杨颖.中国滑坡崩塌类型及分布图(1︰600万)[MD].北京:中国地图出版社,1992.ZHONG Lixun,LI Yuan,YANG Ying.Map of type and distribution of landslides&rockfalls of China[MD].Beijing:Sinomaps Press,1992.
[14]葛中远,陈永侠,徐联合,等.中国泥石流灾害图(1∶600万)[MD].北京:中国地图出版社,1992.GE Zhongyuan,CHEN Yongxia,XU Lianhe,et al.Map of type and distribution of debris flow of China[MD].Beijing:Sinomaps Press,1992.
[15]王祎萍,叶晓滨,房浩,等.中国泥石流灾害图(1∶400万)[MD].北京:中国地图出版社,2011.WANG Yiping,YE Xiaobin,FANG Hao,et al.Debrisflow disaster map of China[MD].Beijing:Sinomaps Press,2011.
[16]叶晓滨,王祎萍,房浩,等.中国崩塌滑坡灾害图(1∶400万)[MD].北京:中国地图出版社,2011.YE Xiaobin,WANG Yiping,FANG Hao,et al.Rock and landslides disaster map of China[MD].Beijing:Sinomaps Press,2011.
[17]段永侯.中国主要分省图集与主要地质灾害类型[J].水文地质工程地质,1997,24(4):49-52.DUAN Yonghou.Main Type of Geologichazards and Provincial Atlas of Geohazards of China[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1997,24(4):49-52.
[18]郑凯航,朱月琴,张和生,等.我国地质灾害研究现状及趋势分析[J].中国矿业,2016,25(2):235-239.ZHENG Kaihang,ZHU Yueqin,ZHANG Hesheng,et al.Analysis of status and trends of the geo-hazard map in China[J].China Mining Magazine,2016,25(2):235-239.
[19]田洪军,梁颜庆,黄志英,等.基于GIS的农用地等别制图综合问题研究[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(4):811-812.TIAN Hongjun,LIANG Yanqing,HUANG Zhiying,et al.Study on compilation of farmland grade map based GIS[J].Journal of Anhui Agricuture,2006,34(4):811-812.
[20]曹一冰,付洪贝,潘志超.地图设计中的美学研究[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2011,34(1):231-233.CAO Yibing,FU Hongbei,PAN Zhichao.Acsthctic analysis in the map design[J].Geomatics&Spatial Information Technology,2011,34(1):231-233.
[21]J CHACNEMAIL author,C IRIGARAY,T.fernández,r.El Hamdouni[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2006,65(4):341.
[22]JAVIER HERVS,PETER BOBROWSKY.Mapping:Inventories,susceptibility,hazard and risk[J].Landslides–Disaster Risk Reduction,2009:321-349.
[23]A COLOMBO,L LANTERI,M RAMASCO,et al.Systematic GIS-based landslide inventory as first step for effective landslide-hazard management[J].Landslides,2005(2):291-301.
[24]C FOSTER,C V L PENNINGTON,M G CULSHAW,et al.The national landslide database for Great Britain:development,evolution and applications[J].Envion Earth Sci,2012,66:941-953.
[25]BODO DAMM,MARTIN KLOSE.The landslide database for Germany:closing the map at nation level.[J].Geomorphology,2015(249):82-93.
[26]孟晖,哈承祐.中国环境地质分区图(1∶600万)及说明书[Z].北京:中国地图出版社,1992.MENG Hui,HA Chengyou.Map of environmental geology division of China[Z].Beijing:Sinomaps Press,1992.
[2]于兴河,李胜利,李顺利.三角洲沉积的结构——成因分类与编图方法[J].沉积学报,2013,31(5):782-796.YU Xinghe,LI Shengli,LI Shunli.Texture-genetic classifications and mapping methods for deltaic deposits[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2013,31(5):782-796.
[3]尹延鸿,张训华,温珍河,等.中国东部海区及邻域区域构造图的编制方法及地质构造单元划分[J].海洋学报,2008,30(6):100-105.YIN Yanhong,ZHANG Xunhua,WEN Zhenhe,et al.The mapping methods and division of tectonic units of the regional tectonic map in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea and adjacent regions[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008,30(6):100-105.
[4]闵隆瑞,王永,王成,等.一幅新的第四纪地质及地貌图的编制——以宁夏与山东为例[J].中国地质,2016,43(3):1027-1032.MIN Longrui,WANG Yong,WANG Cheng,et al.The compilation of a new Quatemary geology and geomorphology map with special reference to Ningxia and Shandong[J].Geology in China,2016,43(3):1027-1032.
[5]温珍河,张训华,郝天珧,等.我国海洋地学编图现状、计划与主要进展[J].地球物理学报,2014,57(12):3909-3917.WEN Zhenhe,ZHANG Xunhua,HAO Tiantao,et al.Progress in compilation of geoscience map series for China seas and adjacent regions[J].Chinses Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(12):3909-3917.
[6]张杨,王文科,贾小丰,等.全国二氧化碳地质储存适宜性评价编图技术方法研究[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(1):145-150.ZHANG Yang,WANG Wenke,JIA Xiaofeng,et al.Mapping technology of CO2geological storage potential and suitability assessment[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(1):145-150.
[7]葛华,陈启国,王德伟.地震滑坡危险性评价及编图——以映秀震中区为例[J].中国地质,2013,40(2):646-650.GE Hua,CHEN Qiguo,WANG Dewei.The assessment and mapping of seismic landslide hazards:a case study of Yingxiu area,Sichuan Province[J].Geology In China,2013,40(2):646-650.
[8]张茂省,李林,唐亚明,等.基于风险理念的黄土滑坡调查与编图研究[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(1):43-51.ZHANG Maosheng,LI Lin,TANG Yaming,et al.Risk management based landslide investigation and mapping in Loess Area[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(1):43-51.
[9]李媛,杨旭东,房浩,等.中国典型县(市)地质灾害易发程度分区图集[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.LI Yuan,YANG Xudong,FANG Hao,et al.Atlas of geological hazard susceptibiligy zoning of typical county in China[M].Beijing:China Science Publishing,2010.
[10]李廷栋.当前国际地质编图的一些动态[J].地质评论,2013,2(1):208-216.LI Tingdong.The developments in the current international geological mapping[J].Georeview,2013,2(1):208-216.
[11]王忠蕾,张训华,温珍河,等.地质编图研究现状及发展方向[J].海洋地质前沿,2012,28(1):21-29.WANG Zhonglei,ZHANG Xunhua,WEN Zhenhe,et al.Current status and future trend of geological map compilation[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2012,28(1):21-29.
[12]董华,张发旺,程彦培,等.论水工环系列图编制[J].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8(6):10-13.DONG Hua,ZHANG Fawang,CHENG Yanpei,et al.Cartography of hydrological-engineering-environmental geology maps[J].South-to-North Water Transfer and Water Science&Technology,2010,8(6):10-13.
[13]钟立勋,李媛,杨颖.中国滑坡崩塌类型及分布图(1︰600万)[MD].北京:中国地图出版社,1992.ZHONG Lixun,LI Yuan,YANG Ying.Map of type and distribution of landslides&rockfalls of China[MD].Beijing:Sinomaps Press,1992.
[14]葛中远,陈永侠,徐联合,等.中国泥石流灾害图(1∶600万)[MD].北京:中国地图出版社,1992.GE Zhongyuan,CHEN Yongxia,XU Lianhe,et al.Map of type and distribution of debris flow of China[MD].Beijing:Sinomaps Press,1992.
[15]王祎萍,叶晓滨,房浩,等.中国泥石流灾害图(1∶400万)[MD].北京:中国地图出版社,2011.WANG Yiping,YE Xiaobin,FANG Hao,et al.Debrisflow disaster map of China[MD].Beijing:Sinomaps Press,2011.
[16]叶晓滨,王祎萍,房浩,等.中国崩塌滑坡灾害图(1∶400万)[MD].北京:中国地图出版社,2011.YE Xiaobin,WANG Yiping,FANG Hao,et al.Rock and landslides disaster map of China[MD].Beijing:Sinomaps Press,2011.
[17]段永侯.中国主要分省图集与主要地质灾害类型[J].水文地质工程地质,1997,24(4):49-52.DUAN Yonghou.Main Type of Geologichazards and Provincial Atlas of Geohazards of China[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1997,24(4):49-52.
[18]郑凯航,朱月琴,张和生,等.我国地质灾害研究现状及趋势分析[J].中国矿业,2016,25(2):235-239.ZHENG Kaihang,ZHU Yueqin,ZHANG Hesheng,et al.Analysis of status and trends of the geo-hazard map in China[J].China Mining Magazine,2016,25(2):235-239.
[19]田洪军,梁颜庆,黄志英,等.基于GIS的农用地等别制图综合问题研究[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(4):811-812.TIAN Hongjun,LIANG Yanqing,HUANG Zhiying,et al.Study on compilation of farmland grade map based GIS[J].Journal of Anhui Agricuture,2006,34(4):811-812.
[20]曹一冰,付洪贝,潘志超.地图设计中的美学研究[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2011,34(1):231-233.CAO Yibing,FU Hongbei,PAN Zhichao.Acsthctic analysis in the map design[J].Geomatics&Spatial Information Technology,2011,34(1):231-233.
[21]J CHACNEMAIL author,C IRIGARAY,T.fernández,r.El Hamdouni[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2006,65(4):341.
[22]JAVIER HERVS,PETER BOBROWSKY.Mapping:Inventories,susceptibility,hazard and risk[J].Landslides–Disaster Risk Reduction,2009:321-349.
[23]A COLOMBO,L LANTERI,M RAMASCO,et al.Systematic GIS-based landslide inventory as first step for effective landslide-hazard management[J].Landslides,2005(2):291-301.
[24]C FOSTER,C V L PENNINGTON,M G CULSHAW,et al.The national landslide database for Great Britain:development,evolution and applications[J].Envion Earth Sci,2012,66:941-953.
[25]BODO DAMM,MARTIN KLOSE.The landslide database for Germany:closing the map at nation level.[J].Geomorphology,2015(249):82-93.
[26]孟晖,哈承祐.中国环境地质分区图(1∶600万)及说明书[Z].北京:中国地图出版社,1992.MENG Hui,HA Chengyou.Map of environmental geology division of China[Z].Beijing:Sinomaps Press,1992.