综论偏晶合金的制备技术:外场下凝固、快速凝固及激光技术
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摘要
当偏晶合金液过冷至液相分离温度(Tsep)以下时,进入亚稳态难混溶区间,由单一液相分离成两个液相:L1(主体液相,质量分数大于50%)与L2(次生液相,收缩成液滴)。微观组织演化呈现三个阶段:(1)相分离自发进行阶段;(2)主体相合金熔体进入结晶过程;(3)残余的次生相合金熔体进入凝固阶段。尤其是当次生相凝固后弥散分布于主体相基体内时,偏晶合金具有高强、高导以及高耐磨性能,其在航空航天和汽车等工业领域具有重要的应用前景,长期以来受到了研究者的广泛关注。偏晶合金组织结构特征有两种,即第二相弥散型和核/壳结构型。然而,常规凝固条件下,制备的偏晶合金极易形成严重偏析或分层组织,导致制备大块匀质偏晶合金变得困难。为了深入研究偏晶合金液相分离行为,以及微结构特征对偏晶合金性能的影响,研究者提出了许多制备偏晶合金的方法。早在1958年,液相分离现象就在Cu-Fe偏晶合金中被发现,当即引起学者们的广泛关注。近年来,为了制备组织均匀和性能优异的偏晶合金,开发了许多外场作用下的偏晶合金制备方法,旨在消除常规重力场下熔体对流造成的凝固组织偏析、位错、空洞等缺陷。例如,在微重力场条件下,对流作用减弱,可制备接近无偏析的凝固组织;在电磁场条件下,实现了对材料工艺过程的控制和材料组织与性能的改善;在直流磁场和电场交互作用下,熔体流动得到抑制,实现了电磁搅拌控制凝固;在交流磁场和电场交互作用下,实现了电磁搅拌和电磁悬浮,达到减小偏析和改善组织结构特征的目的;在超声场作用下,实现了材料无容器凝固。此外,快速凝固是一个典型的非平衡相变过程,可以消除合金的溶质偏析,获得常规凝固条件下无法获得的成分、相结构和显微组织,显著提高合金的强度、塑性、韧性、延展性和磁性等。为深入了解各类偏晶合金的制备方法,本文主要从外场下凝固、快速凝固、激光技术角度综述了偏晶合金的各种凝固制备工艺和研究方法。
When a homogeneous monotectic alloy melt is supercooled below a certain temperature( Tsep) into the immiscible metastable temperature gap,it will be separated into two liquid phase,namely L1( major liquid phase and higher than 50 wt%) and L2( minor liquid phase,condensed into droplets). Generally,there are three stages in the microstructure evolution,including spontaneous phase separation,the crystallization process of major liquid phase and the solidification stage of residual secondary phase. Especially,when the spherical particles formed from minor liquid phase are dispersed into the major phase matrix,monotectic alloys are endowed with many unique properties,like high strength,high conductivity and excellent wear resistance,exhibiting great application potential in aerospace and automotive industry,and they have long been the focus of attention from researchers. At present,there are two kinds of structure characteristics of monotectic alloys,namely,the second phase dispersion or core/shell structure. However,under conventional solidification conditions,serious segregation or demixing structure are inevitable in monotectic alloys,which makes it difficult to prepare bulk homogeneous monotectic alloys. Aiming at digging out the liquid phase separation behavior of monotectic alloys and the effect of microstructure characteristics on the properties of monotectic alloys,a variety of methods have been put forward.As early as 1958,liquid phase separation was discovered in Cu-Fe monotectic alloy,which immediately attracted great attention of scholars. In recent years,numerous preparation methods of monotectic alloys under external field have been developed to eliminating defect,like segregation,dislocation,voids and so on,for the sake of obtaining the monotectic alloys with uniform microstructure and excellent performance. For instance,under microgravity field,the monotectic alloys almost without segregation can be achieved,owing to the weakened convection. Under electromagnetic field,the processing parameters of materials can be controlled,the microstructure and properties can be also improved. Under the interaction of DC magnetic field and electric field,the melt flow can be restrained and the solidification can be controlled electromagnetic stirring. Under the interaction of AC magnetic field and electric field,the electromagnetic stirring and the electromagnetic suspension can be realized,which are beneficial for reducing separation and improving microstructure. Under supersonic field,containerless solidification can be conducted.Furthermore,as a typical process of non-equilibrium phase transformation,rapid solidification contribute to eliminate the solute segregation of the alloy and obtain the unique composition,microstructure,phase constituents,that cannot be obtained under conventional solidification process,consequently,improve the strength,plasticity,toughness,ductility and magnetism significantly.Aiming at acquiring further understanding of the preparation methods of monotectic alloys,the solidification processes and investigation methods of monotectic alloys are reviewed in this article,from the standpoint of solidification in external field,rapid solidification and laser technology.
When a homogeneous monotectic alloy melt is supercooled below a certain temperature( Tsep) into the immiscible metastable temperature gap,it will be separated into two liquid phase,namely L1( major liquid phase and higher than 50 wt%) and L2( minor liquid phase,condensed into droplets). Generally,there are three stages in the microstructure evolution,including spontaneous phase separation,the crystallization process of major liquid phase and the solidification stage of residual secondary phase. Especially,when the spherical particles formed from minor liquid phase are dispersed into the major phase matrix,monotectic alloys are endowed with many unique properties,like high strength,high conductivity and excellent wear resistance,exhibiting great application potential in aerospace and automotive industry,and they have long been the focus of attention from researchers. At present,there are two kinds of structure characteristics of monotectic alloys,namely,the second phase dispersion or core/shell structure. However,under conventional solidification conditions,serious segregation or demixing structure are inevitable in monotectic alloys,which makes it difficult to prepare bulk homogeneous monotectic alloys. Aiming at digging out the liquid phase separation behavior of monotectic alloys and the effect of microstructure characteristics on the properties of monotectic alloys,a variety of methods have been put forward.As early as 1958,liquid phase separation was discovered in Cu-Fe monotectic alloy,which immediately attracted great attention of scholars. In recent years,numerous preparation methods of monotectic alloys under external field have been developed to eliminating defect,like segregation,dislocation,voids and so on,for the sake of obtaining the monotectic alloys with uniform microstructure and excellent performance. For instance,under microgravity field,the monotectic alloys almost without segregation can be achieved,owing to the weakened convection. Under electromagnetic field,the processing parameters of materials can be controlled,the microstructure and properties can be also improved. Under the interaction of DC magnetic field and electric field,the melt flow can be restrained and the solidification can be controlled electromagnetic stirring. Under the interaction of AC magnetic field and electric field,the electromagnetic stirring and the electromagnetic suspension can be realized,which are beneficial for reducing separation and improving microstructure. Under supersonic field,containerless solidification can be conducted.Furthermore,as a typical process of non-equilibrium phase transformation,rapid solidification contribute to eliminate the solute segregation of the alloy and obtain the unique composition,microstructure,phase constituents,that cannot be obtained under conventional solidification process,consequently,improve the strength,plasticity,toughness,ductility and magnetism significantly.Aiming at acquiring further understanding of the preparation methods of monotectic alloys,the solidification processes and investigation methods of monotectic alloys are reviewed in this article,from the standpoint of solidification in external field,rapid solidification and laser technology.
引文
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