三氯生的水质基准推导及其对渤海湾近岸海域的生态风险
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摘要
三氯生(triclosan,TCS)是一种典型的药品与个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)类物质,因其高效广谱性,常作为多种杀菌消毒剂的主要成分.TCS对于人体及部分水生生物在不同层次上的毒性已经得到证实,且由于其具有较强的亲脂性,很容易在生物体中蓄积,而通过食物链的富集放大作用,在食物链较高等级的生物体内有可能达到相当的浓度.目前还没有国家对水体中的TCS设置浓度阈值,近年来,我国TCS的使用量巨大,且有逐年上升的趋势,并且由于处理不彻底,最终有相当浓度的TCS进入水体环境之中,具有潜在的生态风险.因此,为了解TCS对水环境的生态学影响,本研究对渤海湾近岸海域17个典型位点的污染状况进行了监测,构建了TCS在不同水环境中的物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)模型,以此为基础推导了TCS的水质基准(water quality criteria,WQC),并用商值法评价了不同水质基准条件下,TCS对渤海湾近岸海域的生态风险.通过推导得到TCS的淡水急性、淡水慢性和海水慢性水质基准分别为216 ng/L、50 ng/L和384 ng/L;17个典型位点的TCS浓度范围为ND～81.2 ng/L,检出率超过80%;生态风险评价结果显示,风险商(risk quotient,RQ)的变化范围为0～1.62.以淡水急性、淡水慢性、海水慢性水质基准为基础进行计算,17处采样点中处于中高风险的比例分别为47.06%、82.35%、11.76%.
Triclosan(TCS),commonly found in pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs),is often the main component of several disinfectants owing to its broad spectrum. The toxicity of TCS to the human body and certain aquatic organisms at different levels has been confirmed. Given its strong lipophilicity,TCS easily accumulates in organisms,and through the enrichment and amplification of the food chain,a considerable concentration of TCS can be introduced into higher-level organisms. Currently,no national threshold is available for TCS concentration in water. Owing to the substantial usage of TCS and its incomplete treatment in China,a considerable concentration of TCS eventually enters the aquatic environment,resulting in potential ecological risks. To understand the ecological impacts of TCS on the aquatic environment,the pollution at 17 typical sites in the coastal waters of Bohai Bay was monitored in this study. A species sensitivity distribution(SSD)model of TCS in different aquatic environments was constructed,and water quality criteria(WQC) were deduced. The ecological risk of TCS to the coastal waters of Bohai Bay was evaluated via the quotient value method under different water quality conditions. The water quality criteria for acute freshwater,chronic freshwater,and chronic seawater of TCS concentration were 216 ng/L,50 ng/L,and 384 ng/L,respectively. The concentration at the 17 typical sites was ND—81.2 ng/L,and the detection rate was over 80%. The results also showed that the risk quotient(RQ)ranged from 0 to 1.62. Based on the water quality criteria of acute freshwater,chronic freshwater,and chronic seawater,the proportions of the 17 sampling sites in the medium-to-high risk were 47.06%,82.35%,and 11.76%,respectively.
Triclosan(TCS),commonly found in pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs),is often the main component of several disinfectants owing to its broad spectrum. The toxicity of TCS to the human body and certain aquatic organisms at different levels has been confirmed. Given its strong lipophilicity,TCS easily accumulates in organisms,and through the enrichment and amplification of the food chain,a considerable concentration of TCS can be introduced into higher-level organisms. Currently,no national threshold is available for TCS concentration in water. Owing to the substantial usage of TCS and its incomplete treatment in China,a considerable concentration of TCS eventually enters the aquatic environment,resulting in potential ecological risks. To understand the ecological impacts of TCS on the aquatic environment,the pollution at 17 typical sites in the coastal waters of Bohai Bay was monitored in this study. A species sensitivity distribution(SSD)model of TCS in different aquatic environments was constructed,and water quality criteria(WQC) were deduced. The ecological risk of TCS to the coastal waters of Bohai Bay was evaluated via the quotient value method under different water quality conditions. The water quality criteria for acute freshwater,chronic freshwater,and chronic seawater of TCS concentration were 216 ng/L,50 ng/L,and 384 ng/L,respectively. The concentration at the 17 typical sites was ND—81.2 ng/L,and the detection rate was over 80%. The results also showed that the risk quotient(RQ)ranged from 0 to 1.62. Based on the water quality criteria of acute freshwater,chronic freshwater,and chronic seawater,the proportions of the 17 sampling sites in the medium-to-high risk were 47.06%,82.35%,and 11.76%,respectively.
引文
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[22]张思锋,刘晗梦.生态风险评价方法述评[J].生态学报,2010,30(10):2735-2744.Zhang Sifeng,Liu Hanmeng.Review of ecological risk assessment[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(10):2735-2744(in Chinese).
[23]杨林.海河流域底泥中残留药物与个人护理品的检测及生态风险分析[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学环境科学与工程学院,2011.Yang Lin.Pharmaceutical and Personal care Products residues in Haihe River sediments testing and ecological risk analysis[D].Changsha:School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Central South University of Forestry and Technology,2011(in Chinese).
[2]俞金辉.活性污泥对三氯生的降解性能及其降解菌的分离鉴定[D].厦门:华侨大学土木工程学院,2017.Yu Jinhui.The Characteristics of Biodegradation of Triclosan on the Activated Sludge and Isolation and Identification of the Triclosan-Degrading Bacterium[D].Xiamen:School of Civil Engineering,Huaqiao University,2017(in Chinese).
[3]Reiss R,Lewis G,Griffin J.An ecological risk assessment for triclosan in the terrestrial environment[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,2009,28(7):1546-1556.
[4]崔蕴霞,肖锦.TCC/TCS对生物处理过程中微生物的抑制作用[J].上海环境科学,1998(4):33-34.Cui Wenxia,Xiao Jin.Inhibitory effect of TCC/TCS on microbe during biological treatment[J].Shanghai Environmental Sciences,1998(4):33-34(in Chinese).
[5]FDA.Safety and effectiveness of consumer antiseptics:Topical antimicrobial drug products for over-the-counter human use[Z].Federal Register,2016,81(172):61106-61130.
[6]孙静,赵汝松,王霞,等.液液萃取-HPLC-ESI-MS法同步测定环境水样中的三氯卡班和三氯生[J].齐鲁工业大学学报,2011,25(1):35-37.Sun Jing,Zhao Rusong,Wang Xia,et al.Simultaneous determination of triclosan and triclocarbanin environmental water samples by liquid extraction combined with HPLC-ESI-MS[J].Journal of Shandong Polytechnic University,2011,25(1):35-37(in Chinese).
[7]EPA.EPA440/5-84-002 Office of Water Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division(1986)[S].US:EPA,1986.
[8]Straalen N M V,Denneman C A J.Ecotoxicological evaluation of soil quality criteria[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,1989,18(3):241-251.
[9]Wheeler J R,Grist E P M,Leung K M Y,et al.Species sensitivity distributions:Data and model choice[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2002,45(1):192-202.
[10]Commission European.93/67/EEC Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment in Support of Commission Directive on Risk Assessment for New Notified Substances(2003)[S].European Commission,2003.
[11]毛小苓,倪晋仁.生态风险评价研究述评[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(4):646-654.Mao Xiaoling,Ni Jinren.Review of ecological risk assessment[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2005,41(4):646-654(in Chinese).
[12]Yang W R,Wang R S,Huang J L,et al.Ecological risk assessment and its research progress[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(18):1869-1876.
[13]胡习邦,王俊能,许振成,等.应用物种敏感性分布评估DEHP对区域水生生态风险[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(6):1082-1087.Hu Xibang,Wang Junneng,Xu Zhencheng,et al.Assessing aquatic ecological risk of DEHP by species sensitivity distributions[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(6):1082-1087(in Chinese).
[14]吴丰昌,孟伟,宋永会,等.中国湖泊水环境基准的研究进展[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(12):2385-2393.Wu Fengchang,Meng Wei,Song Yonghui,et al.Research progress in lake water quality criteria in China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2008,28(12):2385-2393(in Chinese).
[15]EPA.Ecotoxicology Knowledgebase[DB/OL].http://cfpob.epa.gov/ecotox,2018-09-10.
[16]Stephan C E.PB85-227049 Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses[S].US:EPA,1985.
[17]高培.壬基酚的水质基准探讨和生态风险评价[D].青岛:中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院,2014.Gao Pei.Derivation of Water Quality Criteria for Nonylphenol and Its Application in Ecological Risk Assessment[D].Qingdao:School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Ocean University of China,2014(in Chinese).
[18]吕志伟.海河干流上游段水体富营养化及微囊藻毒素的生态风险评价[D].天津:天津大学环境科学与工程学院,2015.LüZhiwei.Assessment of Eutrophication and Ecological Risk of Microcystin-LR in the Upstream Section of Mainstream of Haihe River[D].Tianjin:School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Tianjin University,2015(in Chinese).
[19]Wang Y,Wang J,Mu J,et al.Aquatic predicted noeffect concentration for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and probabilistic ecological risk assessment in liaodong bay of the bohai sea,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(1):148-158.
[20]O'Neill R V,Gardner R H,Barnthouse L W,et al.Ecosystem risk analysis:A new methodology[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,2010,1(2):167-177.
[21]韩丽,戴志军.生态风险评价研究[J].环境与可持续发展,2001(3):7-10.Han Li,Dai Zhijun.Research on ecological risk assessment[J].Environment and Sustainable Development,2001(3):7-10(in Chinese).
[22]张思锋,刘晗梦.生态风险评价方法述评[J].生态学报,2010,30(10):2735-2744.Zhang Sifeng,Liu Hanmeng.Review of ecological risk assessment[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(10):2735-2744(in Chinese).
[23]杨林.海河流域底泥中残留药物与个人护理品的检测及生态风险分析[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学环境科学与工程学院,2011.Yang Lin.Pharmaceutical and Personal care Products residues in Haihe River sediments testing and ecological risk analysis[D].Changsha:School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Central South University of Forestry and Technology,2011(in Chinese).
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