不确定环境下本地与跨区域网络对集群企业创新影响研究
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摘要
不确定环境下本地和跨区域双重学习网络的动态平衡对集群企业创新具有积极影响。通过对浙江省温州市184家集群企业的问卷调查和实证检验,研究发现:本地和跨区域学习网络显著正向影响集群企业创新,两种网络存在显著的替代效应,且两者动态平衡能够增强双重网络的创新贡献,实现创新效应最大化;行业环境负向调节本地网络和集群企业创新,而政策环境呈现正向调节,且调节的边际效应趋于减弱。研究建议,集群企业创新需要动态平衡构建本地和跨区域学习网络,政府政策支持需适度,且需重视行业要素建设以降低行业环境不确定性,从而促进集群企业创新。
Local and inter-regional learning networks have become an important way for cluster enterprises to learn in the highly uncertain environment. At present,related researches suggest that single-dimensional networks may lead to structural risks of industrial clusters,and cannot achieve well industrial cluster learning and innovation. The cluster's local diversified actors construct an intangible knowledge network through diversified connections and multi-factor combinations,and provide localized capabilities for embedded cluster enterprises through spillover external effects. However,cluster enterprises are also facing the localized"low-value chain locking"risk of growth ability through interactive learning and gaining knowledge spillover effects.Simultaneously excessive knowledge exploration will cause enterprises to be in a state of trial and error disorder,which will lead to organizational disruption,and excessive knowledge utilization will also form organizational inertia,thus hindering corporate innovation behavior. Therefore,gaining heterogeneity knowledge through the two paths between the"local information field"and the"global pipeline",may more effectively break the low-value chain locking of localization capabilities. However,the interaction of the two networks does not necessarily have a positive impact,but may also have an adverse effect. Some scholars believe that in the dynamic environment,the effects of external knowledge and internal knowledge sharing on the ability of enterprise innovation have certain alternating characteristics,and there may be a more complex matching relationship between the local network and the global network. At present,the relationship between local and external learning networks has not formed a clear and consistent conclusion on the impact of cluster enterprise innovation. This paper attempts to introduce two network balance and interaction relationships into the research framework system to examine their impact on cluster enterprise innovation.An externally uncertain environment will modulate the impact of local and external learning networks on cluster enterprise innovation. Existing researches analyze the role of extensive or refined connections between local and external locations in cluster innovation performance from a single dimension perspective of technology,market and competition,but technology,market and competitive environment are often interrelated and difficult to distinguish,and they indirectly affect corporate behavior by affecting the industry environment. Moreover,the development of regional clusters in Chinese has obvious government policy power,and there are few studies in the existing research. This paper attempts to use industry environmental factors and government policy factors as modulate variables,to clarify research boundaries,to supplement and develop existing cluster innovation theories,and to propose systematic and operational recommendations for the innovation network construction and practice of Chinese cluster enterprises,and provide valuable theoretical guidance to government industrial policies and innovation systems.This paper through questionnaire survey and empirical test of 184 cluster enterprises in Wenzhou of Zhejiang province,andsample space is a Chinese manufacturing enterprise. In order to ensure the effectiveness of the measurement tools,this paper tries to adopt the existing mature scale and make appropriate adjustments according to the research purpose and situation to improve the concept validity and content validity of the research. The results of empirical research show that localized learning networks and cross-regional learning networks have significant positive impact on enterprises innovation in cluster,and there are significant substitution effects between the two networks and the dynamic balance can enhance the innovation contribution of the dual networks and maximize the innovation effect,and meanwhile the results show that the industry environment negatively moderate the relationship between localized learning networks and enterprises innovation,while the policy environment has a positive moderating effect,and the marginal moderating effect tends to weakened. We suggest that the cluster innovation requires dynamic balance for the enterprises to set up localized learning networks and cross-regional learning networks,the government's policies should be appropriate,and attach great importance to the construction industry elements to reduce uncertainty in industry environment to promote enterprises innovation.This paper proposes that in today's innovation-driven and complex and uncertain environment,cluster enterprises need to build internal and external relationship networks,and any emphasis on a single network is not conducive to continuous innovation of cluster enterprises. Second,cluster enterprises need to strengthen the balance between local and cross-regional networks. Although the local network helps to reduce the cost of knowledge search and innovation,and excessive knowledge utilization will form organizational inertia and structural"lock-in"; while cross-regional networks will help break through the limitations of localized knowledge and capacity rigidity,and excessive knowledge search which will make the organization pay too much attention to multi-knowledge and neglect the internalization and accumulation of knowledge,thus affecting enterprise innovation. At the same time,it is necessary to propose appropriate government support policies,which are not only in terms of tax incentives,financial support and common technologies,but also need to focus on reducing industry environmental uncertainty such as regulating industry order,building big data platform and releasing the trends of technology and industry. Finally,the paper show that the construction of industry factors is important to reduce the impact of changes in the industry environment,which providing a good environment for innovation for cluster enterprises.The theoretical contribution of this paper is to introduce the theory of organizational equilibrium into the research of cluster enterprise innovation,and put forward the idea of "exploration and utilization"binary dynamic equilibrium innovation,which provides a new solution to the dualistic paradox of "exploratory and exploitative innovation"of cluster enterprises. At the same time,the industry environment and policy environment were introduced into the research framework,the research boundary was clearly defined,and the cluster innovation theory was supplemented and improved.
Local and inter-regional learning networks have become an important way for cluster enterprises to learn in the highly uncertain environment. At present,related researches suggest that single-dimensional networks may lead to structural risks of industrial clusters,and cannot achieve well industrial cluster learning and innovation. The cluster's local diversified actors construct an intangible knowledge network through diversified connections and multi-factor combinations,and provide localized capabilities for embedded cluster enterprises through spillover external effects. However,cluster enterprises are also facing the localized"low-value chain locking"risk of growth ability through interactive learning and gaining knowledge spillover effects.Simultaneously excessive knowledge exploration will cause enterprises to be in a state of trial and error disorder,which will lead to organizational disruption,and excessive knowledge utilization will also form organizational inertia,thus hindering corporate innovation behavior. Therefore,gaining heterogeneity knowledge through the two paths between the"local information field"and the"global pipeline",may more effectively break the low-value chain locking of localization capabilities. However,the interaction of the two networks does not necessarily have a positive impact,but may also have an adverse effect. Some scholars believe that in the dynamic environment,the effects of external knowledge and internal knowledge sharing on the ability of enterprise innovation have certain alternating characteristics,and there may be a more complex matching relationship between the local network and the global network. At present,the relationship between local and external learning networks has not formed a clear and consistent conclusion on the impact of cluster enterprise innovation. This paper attempts to introduce two network balance and interaction relationships into the research framework system to examine their impact on cluster enterprise innovation.An externally uncertain environment will modulate the impact of local and external learning networks on cluster enterprise innovation. Existing researches analyze the role of extensive or refined connections between local and external locations in cluster innovation performance from a single dimension perspective of technology,market and competition,but technology,market and competitive environment are often interrelated and difficult to distinguish,and they indirectly affect corporate behavior by affecting the industry environment. Moreover,the development of regional clusters in Chinese has obvious government policy power,and there are few studies in the existing research. This paper attempts to use industry environmental factors and government policy factors as modulate variables,to clarify research boundaries,to supplement and develop existing cluster innovation theories,and to propose systematic and operational recommendations for the innovation network construction and practice of Chinese cluster enterprises,and provide valuable theoretical guidance to government industrial policies and innovation systems.This paper through questionnaire survey and empirical test of 184 cluster enterprises in Wenzhou of Zhejiang province,andsample space is a Chinese manufacturing enterprise. In order to ensure the effectiveness of the measurement tools,this paper tries to adopt the existing mature scale and make appropriate adjustments according to the research purpose and situation to improve the concept validity and content validity of the research. The results of empirical research show that localized learning networks and cross-regional learning networks have significant positive impact on enterprises innovation in cluster,and there are significant substitution effects between the two networks and the dynamic balance can enhance the innovation contribution of the dual networks and maximize the innovation effect,and meanwhile the results show that the industry environment negatively moderate the relationship between localized learning networks and enterprises innovation,while the policy environment has a positive moderating effect,and the marginal moderating effect tends to weakened. We suggest that the cluster innovation requires dynamic balance for the enterprises to set up localized learning networks and cross-regional learning networks,the government's policies should be appropriate,and attach great importance to the construction industry elements to reduce uncertainty in industry environment to promote enterprises innovation.This paper proposes that in today's innovation-driven and complex and uncertain environment,cluster enterprises need to build internal and external relationship networks,and any emphasis on a single network is not conducive to continuous innovation of cluster enterprises. Second,cluster enterprises need to strengthen the balance between local and cross-regional networks. Although the local network helps to reduce the cost of knowledge search and innovation,and excessive knowledge utilization will form organizational inertia and structural"lock-in"; while cross-regional networks will help break through the limitations of localized knowledge and capacity rigidity,and excessive knowledge search which will make the organization pay too much attention to multi-knowledge and neglect the internalization and accumulation of knowledge,thus affecting enterprise innovation. At the same time,it is necessary to propose appropriate government support policies,which are not only in terms of tax incentives,financial support and common technologies,but also need to focus on reducing industry environmental uncertainty such as regulating industry order,building big data platform and releasing the trends of technology and industry. Finally,the paper show that the construction of industry factors is important to reduce the impact of changes in the industry environment,which providing a good environment for innovation for cluster enterprises.The theoretical contribution of this paper is to introduce the theory of organizational equilibrium into the research of cluster enterprise innovation,and put forward the idea of "exploration and utilization"binary dynamic equilibrium innovation,which provides a new solution to the dualistic paradox of "exploratory and exploitative innovation"of cluster enterprises. At the same time,the industry environment and policy environment were introduced into the research framework,the research boundary was clearly defined,and the cluster innovation theory was supplemented and improved.
引文
[1]王雷,池巧珍.本地网络联系和全球网络联系与集群企业创新绩效的关系—吸收能力的中介作用[J].技术经济,2014(8):01-09.Wang Lei,Chi Qiaozhen. Relationship between localized network tie,globalized network tie and innovation performance of firms in cluster:Mediating effect of absorptive capacity[J].Technology Economy,2014(8):01-09.
[2]马海涛,苗长虹,高军波.行动者网络理论视角下的产业集群学习网络构建[J].经济地理,2009(8):1326-1330.Ma Haitao,Miao Changhong. Tobuild learning network of industry cluster:An actor network theory prespective[J]. Economic Geography,2009(8):1326-1330.
[3]徐蕾.集群创新网络内涵、运行机制与研究展望[J].情报杂志,2012(5):202-207.Xu Lei. The review of cluster innovation network:Concepts,mechanisms and future prospects[J]. Journal of Intelligence,2012(5):202-207.
[4] Capello. Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieu:Learning versus collective learning[J]. Regional Studies,1999,33(4):353-368.
[5]魏江,徐蕾.集群企业知识网络双重嵌入演进路径研究—以正泰集团为例[J].经济地理,2011(2):247-253.Wei Jiang,Xu Lei. The evolution research of dual embeddedness of knowledge network on clustered firm:A case of zhengtai group[J]. Economic Geography,2011(2):247-253.
[6] Bell M. The local global integration of MNC subsidiaries and their technological behavior:Argentiain the late 1990s[J].Research Policy,2010,39(7):919-931.
[7] Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P. Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,2004,28(1):31-56.
[8] Ritter T,A framework for analyzing interconnectedness of relationships[J]. Industrial Marketing Management,2000,29(8):317-326.
[9] Hervas-oliver J L,Albors-garrigos J. L. Local knowledge domains and the role of MNE affiliates in bridging and complementing a cluster’s knowledge[J]. Entrepreneurship&Regional Development,2008,20(6):581-598.
[10]张军,许庆瑞,张素平.动态环境中企业知识管理与创新能力关系研究[J].科研管理,2014(4):59-67.Zhang Jun,Xu Qingrui,Zhang Suping. The impact of knowledge management on a firm’s innovation capability in a dynamic environment[J]. Science Research Management,2014(4):59-67.
[11]康健.集群企业双重关系嵌入、动态能力及创新绩效关系研究[D].浙江工商大学,2015(5):89-120.Kang Jian. Research on the relationships ofdual relation embeddedness of clustered firm,dynamic capability and innovation performance[D]. Zhejiang Gongshang University,2015(5):89-120.
[12] Szulanski G. Exploring internal stickiness:Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1996,17:27-43.
[13] Hong P.,W. J. Doll,et al. Knowledge sharing and strategic fit in integrated product development projects:An empirical study[J]. International Journal of Production Economics,2011,132:186-196.
[14] Cohen W. M and Levinthal D. A. Absorptive capacity:A new perspective on learning and innovation[J]. Administrative science quarterly,1990,35(1):128-152.
[15] Baba Y,Walsh J P. Embeddedness,social epistemology and break through innovation:The case of the development of statins[J]. Research Policy,2010,39(4):511-522.
[16] Capello R. Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieux:Learning versus collective learning[J]. Regional Studies,1999,33(4):353.
[17] Asheim B T,Isaksen A. Regional innovation systems:The integration of local sticky and global ubiquitous knowledge[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2002,27(8):77-86.
[18] Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P. Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J]. Progress in Human Geography,2004,28(1):31-56.
[19]邬爱其.超集群学习与集群企业转型成长—基于浙江卡森的案例研究[J].管理世界,2009(8):141-156.Wu Aiqi. Supercluster learning and cluster enterprises transform and growth-Based on the research of the case of ZheJiang Kasheng[J]. Management World,2009(8):141-156.
[20] Gereffi G,Humphrey J,Sturgeon T. The governance of global value chains[J]. Review of International Political Economy,2005,12(1):78-104.
[21] Kiml L. Imitation to innovation:The dynamics of Korea’s technological learning[M]. Harvard Business School Press,1997(8).
[22]贾生华,田家欣,李生校.全球网络、本地网络对集群企业技术能力的影响[J].浙江大学学报,2008(3):126-134.Jia Shenghua,Tian Jiaxing,Li Shengxiao. Global,local networks and their influences on local firms’technological capabilities[J].Journal of Zhejiang University,2008(3):126-134.
[23] Hervas oliver J L,Alborsgarrigos J. L. Local knowledge domains and the role of MNE affiliates in bridging and complementing a cluster’s knowledge[J]. Entrepreneurship&Regional Development,2008,20(6):581-598.
[24] Ritter,T. A. Framework for analyzing interconnectedness of relationships[J]. Industrial Marketing Management,2000,29(8):317-326.
[25]徐蕾,魏江.网络地理边界拓展与创新能力的关系研究—路径依赖的解释视角[J].科学学研究,2014(5):767-776.Xu Lei,Wei Jiang. The relationship between knowledge network geographic boundary spanning and innovation capabilities of clustered firm:From the explanation perspective of path dependence[J]. Studies in Science of Science,2014(5):767-776.
[26] Marin A,Bell M. The local global integration of MNC subsidiaries and their technological behavior:Argentina in the late1990s[J]. Research Policy,2010,39(7):919-931.
[27] Haas M. R. and Hansen M. T. When using knowledge can hurt performance:The value of organizational capabilities in a management consulting company[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2005,26(1):1-24.
[28] March J. G. Exploration and exploitation on organizational learning[J]. Organization Science,1991(2):71-87.
[29] Hong P,Doll W. J,et al. Knowledge sharing and strategic fit in integrated product development projects:An empirical study[J]. International Journal of Production Economics,2011,132:186-196.
[30]汪铭泉.集群企业跨区域发展的机制及模式研究[D].浙江大学博士论文,2009(4):45-56.Wang Mingqun. Study on the mechnism and modes of cluster enterprises trans-regional development[D]. Zhejiang University Doctoral Dissertation,2009(4):45-56.
[31] Levinthal D. A. and J. G. March. The myopia of learning[J].Strategic Management Journal,1993,14(S2):95-112.
[32] Cohen W. M. and Levinthal D. A. Absorptive capacity:A new perspective on learning and innovation[J]. Administrative science quarterly,1990,35(1):128-152.
[33] Jansen J. P,F. Van Den Bosch. Exploratery innovation,exploitative innovation,and performance:Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental moderators[J]. Management Science,2006,52(11):1661-1674.
[34]杨震宁,李东红,马振中.关系资本,锁定效应与中国制造业企业创新[J].科研管理2013(11):42-51.Yang Zhengning,Li Donghong,Ma Zhengzhong. Relational capital,lock in effectiveness and enterprise innovation in the Chinese manufacturing industry[J]. Science Research Management,2013(11):42-51.
[35]张婧,段艳玲.市场导向均衡对制造型企业产品创新绩效影响的实证研究[J].管理世界,2010(12):119-130.Zhang Jing,Duan Yanling. Empirical research on the impact of market-oriented equilibrium on product innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises[J]. Management World,2009(8):141-156.
[2]马海涛,苗长虹,高军波.行动者网络理论视角下的产业集群学习网络构建[J].经济地理,2009(8):1326-1330.Ma Haitao,Miao Changhong. Tobuild learning network of industry cluster:An actor network theory prespective[J]. Economic Geography,2009(8):1326-1330.
[3]徐蕾.集群创新网络内涵、运行机制与研究展望[J].情报杂志,2012(5):202-207.Xu Lei. The review of cluster innovation network:Concepts,mechanisms and future prospects[J]. Journal of Intelligence,2012(5):202-207.
[4] Capello. Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieu:Learning versus collective learning[J]. Regional Studies,1999,33(4):353-368.
[5]魏江,徐蕾.集群企业知识网络双重嵌入演进路径研究—以正泰集团为例[J].经济地理,2011(2):247-253.Wei Jiang,Xu Lei. The evolution research of dual embeddedness of knowledge network on clustered firm:A case of zhengtai group[J]. Economic Geography,2011(2):247-253.
[6] Bell M. The local global integration of MNC subsidiaries and their technological behavior:Argentiain the late 1990s[J].Research Policy,2010,39(7):919-931.
[7] Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P. Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,2004,28(1):31-56.
[8] Ritter T,A framework for analyzing interconnectedness of relationships[J]. Industrial Marketing Management,2000,29(8):317-326.
[9] Hervas-oliver J L,Albors-garrigos J. L. Local knowledge domains and the role of MNE affiliates in bridging and complementing a cluster’s knowledge[J]. Entrepreneurship&Regional Development,2008,20(6):581-598.
[10]张军,许庆瑞,张素平.动态环境中企业知识管理与创新能力关系研究[J].科研管理,2014(4):59-67.Zhang Jun,Xu Qingrui,Zhang Suping. The impact of knowledge management on a firm’s innovation capability in a dynamic environment[J]. Science Research Management,2014(4):59-67.
[11]康健.集群企业双重关系嵌入、动态能力及创新绩效关系研究[D].浙江工商大学,2015(5):89-120.Kang Jian. Research on the relationships ofdual relation embeddedness of clustered firm,dynamic capability and innovation performance[D]. Zhejiang Gongshang University,2015(5):89-120.
[12] Szulanski G. Exploring internal stickiness:Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1996,17:27-43.
[13] Hong P.,W. J. Doll,et al. Knowledge sharing and strategic fit in integrated product development projects:An empirical study[J]. International Journal of Production Economics,2011,132:186-196.
[14] Cohen W. M and Levinthal D. A. Absorptive capacity:A new perspective on learning and innovation[J]. Administrative science quarterly,1990,35(1):128-152.
[15] Baba Y,Walsh J P. Embeddedness,social epistemology and break through innovation:The case of the development of statins[J]. Research Policy,2010,39(4):511-522.
[16] Capello R. Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieux:Learning versus collective learning[J]. Regional Studies,1999,33(4):353.
[17] Asheim B T,Isaksen A. Regional innovation systems:The integration of local sticky and global ubiquitous knowledge[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,2002,27(8):77-86.
[18] Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P. Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J]. Progress in Human Geography,2004,28(1):31-56.
[19]邬爱其.超集群学习与集群企业转型成长—基于浙江卡森的案例研究[J].管理世界,2009(8):141-156.Wu Aiqi. Supercluster learning and cluster enterprises transform and growth-Based on the research of the case of ZheJiang Kasheng[J]. Management World,2009(8):141-156.
[20] Gereffi G,Humphrey J,Sturgeon T. The governance of global value chains[J]. Review of International Political Economy,2005,12(1):78-104.
[21] Kiml L. Imitation to innovation:The dynamics of Korea’s technological learning[M]. Harvard Business School Press,1997(8).
[22]贾生华,田家欣,李生校.全球网络、本地网络对集群企业技术能力的影响[J].浙江大学学报,2008(3):126-134.Jia Shenghua,Tian Jiaxing,Li Shengxiao. Global,local networks and their influences on local firms’technological capabilities[J].Journal of Zhejiang University,2008(3):126-134.
[23] Hervas oliver J L,Alborsgarrigos J. L. Local knowledge domains and the role of MNE affiliates in bridging and complementing a cluster’s knowledge[J]. Entrepreneurship&Regional Development,2008,20(6):581-598.
[24] Ritter,T. A. Framework for analyzing interconnectedness of relationships[J]. Industrial Marketing Management,2000,29(8):317-326.
[25]徐蕾,魏江.网络地理边界拓展与创新能力的关系研究—路径依赖的解释视角[J].科学学研究,2014(5):767-776.Xu Lei,Wei Jiang. The relationship between knowledge network geographic boundary spanning and innovation capabilities of clustered firm:From the explanation perspective of path dependence[J]. Studies in Science of Science,2014(5):767-776.
[26] Marin A,Bell M. The local global integration of MNC subsidiaries and their technological behavior:Argentina in the late1990s[J]. Research Policy,2010,39(7):919-931.
[27] Haas M. R. and Hansen M. T. When using knowledge can hurt performance:The value of organizational capabilities in a management consulting company[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2005,26(1):1-24.
[28] March J. G. Exploration and exploitation on organizational learning[J]. Organization Science,1991(2):71-87.
[29] Hong P,Doll W. J,et al. Knowledge sharing and strategic fit in integrated product development projects:An empirical study[J]. International Journal of Production Economics,2011,132:186-196.
[30]汪铭泉.集群企业跨区域发展的机制及模式研究[D].浙江大学博士论文,2009(4):45-56.Wang Mingqun. Study on the mechnism and modes of cluster enterprises trans-regional development[D]. Zhejiang University Doctoral Dissertation,2009(4):45-56.
[31] Levinthal D. A. and J. G. March. The myopia of learning[J].Strategic Management Journal,1993,14(S2):95-112.
[32] Cohen W. M. and Levinthal D. A. Absorptive capacity:A new perspective on learning and innovation[J]. Administrative science quarterly,1990,35(1):128-152.
[33] Jansen J. P,F. Van Den Bosch. Exploratery innovation,exploitative innovation,and performance:Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental moderators[J]. Management Science,2006,52(11):1661-1674.
[34]杨震宁,李东红,马振中.关系资本,锁定效应与中国制造业企业创新[J].科研管理2013(11):42-51.Yang Zhengning,Li Donghong,Ma Zhengzhong. Relational capital,lock in effectiveness and enterprise innovation in the Chinese manufacturing industry[J]. Science Research Management,2013(11):42-51.
[35]张婧,段艳玲.市场导向均衡对制造型企业产品创新绩效影响的实证研究[J].管理世界,2010(12):119-130.Zhang Jing,Duan Yanling. Empirical research on the impact of market-oriented equilibrium on product innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises[J]. Management World,2009(8):141-156.