不同灌水量对滴灌猕猴桃光合、产量与水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
【目的】揭示不同灌水量对滴灌猕猴桃生长、产量及水分利用效率的调控效应。【方法】以7 a生"金艳"猕猴桃为试材,在果实膨大期(Ⅲ期)、果实成熟期(Ⅳ期)各设置1个对照(CK)和4个灌水处理,即高水(HW)、中水(MW-1)、偏低水(MW-2)和低水处理(LW),灌水量分别为CK的55%、65%、75%和85%。【结果】猕猴桃叶片光合特性因生育期和灌水量的不同而呈现明显差异,其光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(gs)均随灌水量的减小而减小,但Ⅲ-HW、Ⅳ-HW处理的Pn与CK差异不显著(P>0.05),Ⅲ-HW和Ⅳ-MW-2处理的瞬时水分利用效率较CK分别显著提高了2.70%、5.41%(P<0.05);各处理猕猴桃产量较CK仅下降0.09%～6.24%,产量水分利用效率(WUEy)则提高了2.82%～23.16%,其中Ⅲ-HW、Ⅳ-MW-1处理产量仅下降了0.09%、2.45%,而WUEy提高了2.82%、10.73%。【结论】滴灌猕猴桃果实膨大期高水处理、果实成熟期中水处理保持产量无明显下降,有效提高WUEy,并节水2.50%、11.62%(分别节水156、726 m3/hm~2),具有较好的节水稳产效果。
【Objective】This paper aims to provide a drip irrigation schedule during fruit expansion(Ⅲ) and fruit maturity stage(IV) of a seven-year old Jin Yan kiwi, based on the effects of irrigation amount during the two stages on photosynthesis, grain yield and water use efficiency of the kiwi.【Method】The field experiment examined five irrigation amounts: sufficient irrigation(CK), high irrigation using 85% of water used in CK(HW), middle irrigation using 75% of water used in CK(MW-1), moderate irrigation using 65% of water used in CK(MW-2),and low irrigation using 55% of water used in CK(LW).【Result】Deficit irrigation had a significant impact on photosynthesis, with the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance all decreasing as water deficiency increased. The instant water use efficiency under water deficiency was-4.83% to 14.05% higher than that under CK, and the photosynthetic rate under Ⅲ+HW and Ⅳ+HW treatment was not significantly lower than that under CK(P>0.05), being 5.09 μmol/(m2· s) and 5.99 μmol/(m2· s) respectively. The yield under water deficit irrigation was 11 066.7～10 385.6 kg/hm~2, only 0.09%～6.24% lower than that under CK but increasing water use efficiency by 2.82%～23.16%. The water deficiency in III+HW and IV+MW-1 reduced the yield by 0.09% and2.45% respectively, with their associated water use efficiency increasing by 2.82% and 10.73% respectively.【Conclusion】Overall, high irrigation amount during fruit expansion stage coupled with a moderate irrigation amount during the fruit maturity stage can considerably improve water use efficiency, saving 2.50% to 11.62% of water, with only a slight compromise in yield, compared to the CK. It is therefore the most water-saving effective schedule to drip-irrigate the kiwi in the studied region.
【Objective】This paper aims to provide a drip irrigation schedule during fruit expansion(Ⅲ) and fruit maturity stage(IV) of a seven-year old Jin Yan kiwi, based on the effects of irrigation amount during the two stages on photosynthesis, grain yield and water use efficiency of the kiwi.【Method】The field experiment examined five irrigation amounts: sufficient irrigation(CK), high irrigation using 85% of water used in CK(HW), middle irrigation using 75% of water used in CK(MW-1), moderate irrigation using 65% of water used in CK(MW-2),and low irrigation using 55% of water used in CK(LW).【Result】Deficit irrigation had a significant impact on photosynthesis, with the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance all decreasing as water deficiency increased. The instant water use efficiency under water deficiency was-4.83% to 14.05% higher than that under CK, and the photosynthetic rate under Ⅲ+HW and Ⅳ+HW treatment was not significantly lower than that under CK(P>0.05), being 5.09 μmol/(m2· s) and 5.99 μmol/(m2· s) respectively. The yield under water deficit irrigation was 11 066.7～10 385.6 kg/hm~2, only 0.09%～6.24% lower than that under CK but increasing water use efficiency by 2.82%～23.16%. The water deficiency in III+HW and IV+MW-1 reduced the yield by 0.09% and2.45% respectively, with their associated water use efficiency increasing by 2.82% and 10.73% respectively.【Conclusion】Overall, high irrigation amount during fruit expansion stage coupled with a moderate irrigation amount during the fruit maturity stage can considerably improve water use efficiency, saving 2.50% to 11.62% of water, with only a slight compromise in yield, compared to the CK. It is therefore the most water-saving effective schedule to drip-irrigate the kiwi in the studied region.
引文
[1]黄宏文.猕猴桃高效栽培[M].北京:金盾出版社,2001.
[2]崔致学.中国猕猴桃[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社,1993.
[3]贺浩浩.猕猴桃园水肥一体化应用效果研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[4]徐小彪,张秋明.中国猕猴桃种质资源的研究与利用[J].植物学通报, 2003, 20(6):648-655.
[5] MITCHELL J P, SHENNAN C, GRATTAN S R, et al. Tomato fruit yield and quality under water deficit and salinity[J]. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1991, 116:215-221.
[6] FACIA J M, MEDINAA E T, MARTíNEZ-COBBA, et al. Fruit yield and quality response of a late season peach orchard to different irrigation regimes in a semi-arid environment[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2014, 143:102-112.
[7]张乐,尹娟,王怀博,等.不同灌水处理对玉米生长特性及水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(2):24-29.
[8] BOYER J S. Water Deficits and Plant Growth[M]. New York:Academic Press, 1976:153-190.
[9]许大全,李德耀,沈允钢,等.田间小麦叶片光合作用“午睡”现象的研究[J].植物生理学报,1984,10(3):269-276.
[10] FARQUHAR G D, SKARKEY T D. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis[J]. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1982(33):317-345.
[11]康绍忠,蔡焕杰.农业水管理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
[12]茆智,崔远来,李新健.我国南方水稻水分生产函数试验研究[J].水利学报,1994(9):21-30.
[13] CHAVES M M, MAROCO J P, PEREIRA J S. Understanding plant responses to drought from genes to the whole plant[J]. Functional Plant Biology,2003, 30(3):239-264.
[14] JACKSON R B, SPERRY J S, DAWSON T E. Root water uptake and transport:using physiological processes in global predictions[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2000, 5(11):482-488.
[15] EAPEN D, BARROSO M L, PONCE G, et al. Hydrotropism:root growth responses to water[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2005, 10(1):44-50.
[16] CHANG Y C, CHANG Y S, LIN L H. Response of shoot growth, photosynthetic capacity, flowering, and fruiting of potted‘Nagami’kumquat to different regulated deficit irrigation[J]. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 2015, 56(4):444-454.
[17] CHARTZOULAKIS K, NOITSAKIS B, THERIOS I. Photosynthesis, plant growth and dry matter distribution in kiwifruit as influenced by water deficits[J]. Irrigation Science, 1993, 14(1):1-5.
[18] GUCCIF R, MASSAI R. The effect of drought and vapour pressure deficit on gas exchange of young kiwifruit(Actinidiadeliciosa var. deliciosa)vines[J]. Annals of Botany, 1996, 77(6):605-613.
[19] LEIB B G, CASPARI H W, REDULLA C A, et al. Partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation of‘Fuji’apples in a semi-arid climate[J]. Irrigation Science, 2006, 24(2):85-99.
[20] GOODWIN I, WHEATON A D, O'CONNELL M G. Response of pink lady apple to irrigation estimated from effective area of shade[J]. Acta Horticulturae,2008, 792(792):495-502.
[21] GASQUE María, MARTíPau, GRANERO Beatriz, et al. Effects of long-term summer deficit irrigation on‘Navelina’citrus trees[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2016, 169:140-147.
[22] GARCíATEJERO I, ROMEROVICENTE R, JIMéNEZBOCANEGRA J A, et al. Response of citrus trees to deficit irrigation during different phenologi cal periods in relation to yield, fruit quality, and water productivity.[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2010, 97(5):689-699.
[23] ZUAZO D, HVGO V, PLEGUEZHELO, et al. Impact of sustained-deficit irrigation on tree growth, mineral nutrition, fruit yield and quality of mango in Spain[J]. Fruits, 2011,66(4):257-268.
[24] WIEBEREN. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on fruit yield, quality, and physiology of Washington navel orange trees[J].Dissertations&ThesesGradworks, 2016.
[25] KüC?üKYUMUK C, KAC?AL E, YILDIZ H. Effects of different deficit irrigation strategies on yield, fruit quality and some parameters:'Braeburn'apple cultivar[J].Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2013, 41(2):510-517.
[26]易晓丽,曹红霞,王雪梅,等.温室梨枣树土壤水分和品质对调亏灌溉的响应[J].灌溉排水学报, 2012, 31(3):68-71.
[27] LAGOS L O, LAMA W, HIRZEL J, et al. Regulated deficit irrigation evaluation on kiwi(Actinidia deliciosa)production[J]. Agrociencia, 2017, 51(4):359-372.
[28]莫凌,韦兰英,张中峰,等.桂北中华猕猴桃光合蒸腾特性及其影响因子研究[J].西南农业学报,2008,21(4):1-8.
[29]方绍正.遮荫和水分对“皖翠”猕猴桃光合生理特性影响的研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2005.
[30] ZHANG Lidong, ZHANG Liuxia, SUN Jianlei, et al. Rubisco gene expression and photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber seedlings in response to water deficit[J]. Scientia Horticulturae. 2013, 161:81-87.
[31] CUI Yakun, TIAN Zhongwei, ZHANG Xu, et al. Effect of water deficit during vegetative growth periods on post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity and grain yield in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum, L.)[J]. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2015, 37(10):1-10.
[32] KAMER P J. Water Relation of plant[M]. New York:Academic Press,1987:360-364.
[2]崔致学.中国猕猴桃[M].济南:山东科学技术出版社,1993.
[3]贺浩浩.猕猴桃园水肥一体化应用效果研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[4]徐小彪,张秋明.中国猕猴桃种质资源的研究与利用[J].植物学通报, 2003, 20(6):648-655.
[5] MITCHELL J P, SHENNAN C, GRATTAN S R, et al. Tomato fruit yield and quality under water deficit and salinity[J]. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1991, 116:215-221.
[6] FACIA J M, MEDINAA E T, MARTíNEZ-COBBA, et al. Fruit yield and quality response of a late season peach orchard to different irrigation regimes in a semi-arid environment[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2014, 143:102-112.
[7]张乐,尹娟,王怀博,等.不同灌水处理对玉米生长特性及水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(2):24-29.
[8] BOYER J S. Water Deficits and Plant Growth[M]. New York:Academic Press, 1976:153-190.
[9]许大全,李德耀,沈允钢,等.田间小麦叶片光合作用“午睡”现象的研究[J].植物生理学报,1984,10(3):269-276.
[10] FARQUHAR G D, SKARKEY T D. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis[J]. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1982(33):317-345.
[11]康绍忠,蔡焕杰.农业水管理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996.
[12]茆智,崔远来,李新健.我国南方水稻水分生产函数试验研究[J].水利学报,1994(9):21-30.
[13] CHAVES M M, MAROCO J P, PEREIRA J S. Understanding plant responses to drought from genes to the whole plant[J]. Functional Plant Biology,2003, 30(3):239-264.
[14] JACKSON R B, SPERRY J S, DAWSON T E. Root water uptake and transport:using physiological processes in global predictions[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2000, 5(11):482-488.
[15] EAPEN D, BARROSO M L, PONCE G, et al. Hydrotropism:root growth responses to water[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2005, 10(1):44-50.
[16] CHANG Y C, CHANG Y S, LIN L H. Response of shoot growth, photosynthetic capacity, flowering, and fruiting of potted‘Nagami’kumquat to different regulated deficit irrigation[J]. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 2015, 56(4):444-454.
[17] CHARTZOULAKIS K, NOITSAKIS B, THERIOS I. Photosynthesis, plant growth and dry matter distribution in kiwifruit as influenced by water deficits[J]. Irrigation Science, 1993, 14(1):1-5.
[18] GUCCIF R, MASSAI R. The effect of drought and vapour pressure deficit on gas exchange of young kiwifruit(Actinidiadeliciosa var. deliciosa)vines[J]. Annals of Botany, 1996, 77(6):605-613.
[19] LEIB B G, CASPARI H W, REDULLA C A, et al. Partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation of‘Fuji’apples in a semi-arid climate[J]. Irrigation Science, 2006, 24(2):85-99.
[20] GOODWIN I, WHEATON A D, O'CONNELL M G. Response of pink lady apple to irrigation estimated from effective area of shade[J]. Acta Horticulturae,2008, 792(792):495-502.
[21] GASQUE María, MARTíPau, GRANERO Beatriz, et al. Effects of long-term summer deficit irrigation on‘Navelina’citrus trees[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2016, 169:140-147.
[22] GARCíATEJERO I, ROMEROVICENTE R, JIMéNEZBOCANEGRA J A, et al. Response of citrus trees to deficit irrigation during different phenologi cal periods in relation to yield, fruit quality, and water productivity.[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2010, 97(5):689-699.
[23] ZUAZO D, HVGO V, PLEGUEZHELO, et al. Impact of sustained-deficit irrigation on tree growth, mineral nutrition, fruit yield and quality of mango in Spain[J]. Fruits, 2011,66(4):257-268.
[24] WIEBEREN. Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on fruit yield, quality, and physiology of Washington navel orange trees[J].Dissertations&ThesesGradworks, 2016.
[25] KüC?üKYUMUK C, KAC?AL E, YILDIZ H. Effects of different deficit irrigation strategies on yield, fruit quality and some parameters:'Braeburn'apple cultivar[J].Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2013, 41(2):510-517.
[26]易晓丽,曹红霞,王雪梅,等.温室梨枣树土壤水分和品质对调亏灌溉的响应[J].灌溉排水学报, 2012, 31(3):68-71.
[27] LAGOS L O, LAMA W, HIRZEL J, et al. Regulated deficit irrigation evaluation on kiwi(Actinidia deliciosa)production[J]. Agrociencia, 2017, 51(4):359-372.
[28]莫凌,韦兰英,张中峰,等.桂北中华猕猴桃光合蒸腾特性及其影响因子研究[J].西南农业学报,2008,21(4):1-8.
[29]方绍正.遮荫和水分对“皖翠”猕猴桃光合生理特性影响的研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2005.
[30] ZHANG Lidong, ZHANG Liuxia, SUN Jianlei, et al. Rubisco gene expression and photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber seedlings in response to water deficit[J]. Scientia Horticulturae. 2013, 161:81-87.
[31] CUI Yakun, TIAN Zhongwei, ZHANG Xu, et al. Effect of water deficit during vegetative growth periods on post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity and grain yield in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum, L.)[J]. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2015, 37(10):1-10.
[32] KAMER P J. Water Relation of plant[M]. New York:Academic Press,1987:360-364.
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