基于CloudSat卫星观测的贵州冻雨形成机制分析
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摘要
利用CloudSat卫星观测资料,从云物理观测和温度垂直结构角度对贵州地区冻雨形成机制进行分析。结果表明,对冰相机制的冻雨,CloudSat卫星的CPR雷达反射率、云冰含量和温度廓线产品能够描述冰相降水粒子在融化层中相变为液态水的"融冰"过程,雷达反射率回波0℃层亮带是该过程的直接反映,云冰含量产品也能够反映融化层对冰相降水粒子的融化作用。对"过冷暖雨"机制的冻雨,CloudSat卫星能够描述降水粒子在整层气温低于0℃的环境中保持过冷水状态下落的过程。研究基于云物理观测证实贵州冻雨存在一种具有融化层的暖雨机制,其大气存在着具有融化层的逆温结构,降水粒子在融化层中为普通液态水,在温度略低于0℃的环境中为过冷水,过冷水下落经过融化层时升温变为普通液态水,再继续下落进入次冻层冷却,最后与低于0℃的地面物体碰并冻结形成冻雨。冻雨形成机制不能通过融化层区分。
The observation data of satellite CloudSat are used to analyze the mechanisms of freezing rain in Guizhou Province. The results show that, for the freezing rain under ice-phased mechanism, reflectivity of cloud profile radar, ice water content and temperature profile of CloudSat data could describe the process of ice-phased particles melting into liquid clearly. Bright bands of reflectivity at the 0℃ layer of cloud profile radar are the direct reflection of the melting process, and ice water content data could represent the melting process in melting layer as well. For the freezing rain under the super-cooled warm rain mechanism,CloudSat data could depict the falling process of precipitation particles kept in the super-cooled liquid in environment of temperature below 0℃ vertically. This research proves that the Guizhou freezing rain has warm rain mechanism with melting layer based on observation of cloud-physics. With the existence of temperature inversion in vertical temperature profile, precipitation particles exist in the liquid state in melting layer but remain super-cooled in environment of temperature below 0℃. The super-cooled liquid precipitation particles could be heated when falling into melting layer, getting frosted into super-cooled droplets in freezing layer below, colliding with surface objects and forming freezing rain with temperature below 0℃ at last. Thus, melting layer could not be used to distinguish the formation mechanism of freezing rain.
The observation data of satellite CloudSat are used to analyze the mechanisms of freezing rain in Guizhou Province. The results show that, for the freezing rain under ice-phased mechanism, reflectivity of cloud profile radar, ice water content and temperature profile of CloudSat data could describe the process of ice-phased particles melting into liquid clearly. Bright bands of reflectivity at the 0℃ layer of cloud profile radar are the direct reflection of the melting process, and ice water content data could represent the melting process in melting layer as well. For the freezing rain under the super-cooled warm rain mechanism,CloudSat data could depict the falling process of precipitation particles kept in the super-cooled liquid in environment of temperature below 0℃ vertically. This research proves that the Guizhou freezing rain has warm rain mechanism with melting layer based on observation of cloud-physics. With the existence of temperature inversion in vertical temperature profile, precipitation particles exist in the liquid state in melting layer but remain super-cooled in environment of temperature below 0℃. The super-cooled liquid precipitation particles could be heated when falling into melting layer, getting frosted into super-cooled droplets in freezing layer below, colliding with surface objects and forming freezing rain with temperature below 0℃ at last. Thus, melting layer could not be used to distinguish the formation mechanism of freezing rain.
引文
陈英英,武文辉,唐仁茂,等,2011.利用Cloudsat卫星资料分析冻雨天气的云结构[J].气象,37(6):707-713.
杜小玲,彭芳,武文辉,2010.贵州冻雨频发地带分布特征及成因分析[J].气象,36(5):92-97.
高守亭,张昕,王瑾,等,2014.贵州冻雨形成的环境场条件及其预报方法[J].大气科学,38(4):644-655.
康丽莉,邓芳萍,岳平,等,2017.一种浙江省冻雨落区的推算方法[J].气象,43(6):756-761.
李登文,乔琪,魏涛,2009. 2008年初我国南方冻雨雪天气环流及垂直结构分析[J].高原气象,28(5):1140-1148.
李积明,黄建平,衣育红,等,2009.利用星载激光雷达资料研究东亚地区云垂直分布的统计特征[J].大气科学,33(4):698-707.
李杰,郭学良,周晓宁,等,2015. 2011~2013年中国冻雨、冻毛毛雨和冻雾的特征分析[J].大气科学,39(5):1038-1048.
黎惠金,李江南,林文实,等,2011. 2008年初南方冻雨云物理过程的模拟研究[J].高原气象,30(4):942-950.
刘朝茹,韩永翔,王瑾,等,2015.我国冻雨统计及发生机制研究[J].灾害学,30(3):219-222,234.
刘志雄,蔡荣辉,邓见英,等,2013. 2008年湖南冻雨成因研究[J].高原气象,32(2):456-467.
马晓刚,曲晓波,李月安,等,2010.冻雨落区基本概念模型的研究与建立[J].气象,36(9):68-73.
马占山,刘奇俊,秦琰琰,等,2008.云探测卫星CloudSat[J].气象,34(8):104-111.
欧建军,周毓荃,杨棋,等,2011.我国冻雨时空分布及温湿结构特征分析[J].高原气象,30(3):692-699.
漆梁波,2012.我国冬季冻雨和冰粒天气的形成机制及预报着眼点[J].气象,38(7):769-778.
唐熠,廖慕科,2008. 2008年桂林冰冻雨雪灾害天气多普勒雷达资料分析[J].气象研究与应用,29(2):26-29.
陶诗言,卫捷,2008. 2008年1月我国南方严重冰雪灾害过程分析[J].气候与环境研究,13(4):337-350.
陶玥,史月琴,刘卫国,2012. 2008年1月南方一次冰冻天气中冻雨区的层结和云物理特征[J].大气科学,36(3):507-522.
王东海,柳崇健,刘英,等,2008. 2008年1月中国南方低温雨雪冰冻天气特征及其天气动力学成因的初步分析[J].气象学报,66(3):405-422.
汪会,罗亚丽,张人禾,2011.用CloudSat/CALIPSO资料分析亚洲季风区和青藏高原地区云的季节变化特征[J].大气科学,35(6):1117-1131.
吴兑,2008.关于冻雨、雨凇、雾凇之我见[J].广东气象,30(1):12-13,23.
徐辉,金荣花,2010.地形对2008年初湖南雨雪冰冻天气的影响分析[J].高原气象,29(4):957-967.
严小冬,吴战平,古书鸿,2009.贵州冻雨时空分布变化特征及其影响因素浅析[J].高原气象,28(3):694-701.
叶茵,杜小玲,严小冬,2007.贵州冻雨时空分布及对应临近环流特征分析[J].贵州气象,31(6):11-13,25.
尤凤春,付桂琴,刘卓,等,2015.北京地区冻雨时空分布及探空温湿特征分析[J].气象.41(12):1488-1493.
曾明剑,陆维松,梁信忠,等,2009.地形对2008年初中国南方持续性冰冻灾害分布影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,28(6):1376-1387.
张培昌,杜秉玉,戴铁丕,2001.雷达气象学[M].北京:气象出版社:315-318.
张昕,高守亭,王瑾,2015. 2008年1月贵州冻雨的数值模拟和层结结构分析[J].高原气象,34(2):368-377.
仲凌志,刘黎平,陈林,等,2010.星载毫米波测云雷达在研究冰雪天气形成的云物理机制方面的应用潜力[J].气象学报,68(5):705-716.
宗志平,马杰,张恒德,等,2013.近几十年来冻雨时空分布特征分析[J].气象,39(7):813-820.
Bocchieri J R,1980. The objective use of upper air soundings to specify precipitation type[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 108(5):596-603.
Hobbs P V, Rangno A L,1985. Ice particle concentrations in cloud[J].J Atoms Sci,42(23):2523-2549.
Huffman G J,Norman G A,1988. The supercooled warm rain process and the specification of freezing precipitation[J]. Mon Wea Rev,11(6):2172-2181.
Luo Yali,Zhang Renhe,Wang Hui,2009. Comparing occurrences and vertical structures of hydrometeors between eastern China and the Indian monsoon region using CloudSat/CALIPSO data[J]. J Climate,22(4):1052-1064.
Stewart R E,1985. Precipitation types in winter storms[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,123(4):597-609.
杜小玲,彭芳,武文辉,2010.贵州冻雨频发地带分布特征及成因分析[J].气象,36(5):92-97.
高守亭,张昕,王瑾,等,2014.贵州冻雨形成的环境场条件及其预报方法[J].大气科学,38(4):644-655.
康丽莉,邓芳萍,岳平,等,2017.一种浙江省冻雨落区的推算方法[J].气象,43(6):756-761.
李登文,乔琪,魏涛,2009. 2008年初我国南方冻雨雪天气环流及垂直结构分析[J].高原气象,28(5):1140-1148.
李积明,黄建平,衣育红,等,2009.利用星载激光雷达资料研究东亚地区云垂直分布的统计特征[J].大气科学,33(4):698-707.
李杰,郭学良,周晓宁,等,2015. 2011~2013年中国冻雨、冻毛毛雨和冻雾的特征分析[J].大气科学,39(5):1038-1048.
黎惠金,李江南,林文实,等,2011. 2008年初南方冻雨云物理过程的模拟研究[J].高原气象,30(4):942-950.
刘朝茹,韩永翔,王瑾,等,2015.我国冻雨统计及发生机制研究[J].灾害学,30(3):219-222,234.
刘志雄,蔡荣辉,邓见英,等,2013. 2008年湖南冻雨成因研究[J].高原气象,32(2):456-467.
马晓刚,曲晓波,李月安,等,2010.冻雨落区基本概念模型的研究与建立[J].气象,36(9):68-73.
马占山,刘奇俊,秦琰琰,等,2008.云探测卫星CloudSat[J].气象,34(8):104-111.
欧建军,周毓荃,杨棋,等,2011.我国冻雨时空分布及温湿结构特征分析[J].高原气象,30(3):692-699.
漆梁波,2012.我国冬季冻雨和冰粒天气的形成机制及预报着眼点[J].气象,38(7):769-778.
唐熠,廖慕科,2008. 2008年桂林冰冻雨雪灾害天气多普勒雷达资料分析[J].气象研究与应用,29(2):26-29.
陶诗言,卫捷,2008. 2008年1月我国南方严重冰雪灾害过程分析[J].气候与环境研究,13(4):337-350.
陶玥,史月琴,刘卫国,2012. 2008年1月南方一次冰冻天气中冻雨区的层结和云物理特征[J].大气科学,36(3):507-522.
王东海,柳崇健,刘英,等,2008. 2008年1月中国南方低温雨雪冰冻天气特征及其天气动力学成因的初步分析[J].气象学报,66(3):405-422.
汪会,罗亚丽,张人禾,2011.用CloudSat/CALIPSO资料分析亚洲季风区和青藏高原地区云的季节变化特征[J].大气科学,35(6):1117-1131.
吴兑,2008.关于冻雨、雨凇、雾凇之我见[J].广东气象,30(1):12-13,23.
徐辉,金荣花,2010.地形对2008年初湖南雨雪冰冻天气的影响分析[J].高原气象,29(4):957-967.
严小冬,吴战平,古书鸿,2009.贵州冻雨时空分布变化特征及其影响因素浅析[J].高原气象,28(3):694-701.
叶茵,杜小玲,严小冬,2007.贵州冻雨时空分布及对应临近环流特征分析[J].贵州气象,31(6):11-13,25.
尤凤春,付桂琴,刘卓,等,2015.北京地区冻雨时空分布及探空温湿特征分析[J].气象.41(12):1488-1493.
曾明剑,陆维松,梁信忠,等,2009.地形对2008年初中国南方持续性冰冻灾害分布影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,28(6):1376-1387.
张培昌,杜秉玉,戴铁丕,2001.雷达气象学[M].北京:气象出版社:315-318.
张昕,高守亭,王瑾,2015. 2008年1月贵州冻雨的数值模拟和层结结构分析[J].高原气象,34(2):368-377.
仲凌志,刘黎平,陈林,等,2010.星载毫米波测云雷达在研究冰雪天气形成的云物理机制方面的应用潜力[J].气象学报,68(5):705-716.
宗志平,马杰,张恒德,等,2013.近几十年来冻雨时空分布特征分析[J].气象,39(7):813-820.
Bocchieri J R,1980. The objective use of upper air soundings to specify precipitation type[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 108(5):596-603.
Hobbs P V, Rangno A L,1985. Ice particle concentrations in cloud[J].J Atoms Sci,42(23):2523-2549.
Huffman G J,Norman G A,1988. The supercooled warm rain process and the specification of freezing precipitation[J]. Mon Wea Rev,11(6):2172-2181.
Luo Yali,Zhang Renhe,Wang Hui,2009. Comparing occurrences and vertical structures of hydrometeors between eastern China and the Indian monsoon region using CloudSat/CALIPSO data[J]. J Climate,22(4):1052-1064.
Stewart R E,1985. Precipitation types in winter storms[J]. Pure Appl Geophys,123(4):597-609.