中国省域耕地生态补偿研究
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摘要
耕地是重要的生态资源,以耕地生态系统服务价值作为耕地生态补偿的依据,具有科学客观性。以中国各省为例,采用当量因子法和功能价值法相结合的方法,全面系统地分析了中国各省耕地生态系统服务的正、负面价值,补充完善了以往只研究耕地生态系统服务正面价值或仅研究部分负面价值的不足,并引入地方政府支付能力指数和区域社会发展阶段系数等补偿系数,以保证制定出来的耕地生态补偿标准具有现实可操作性。研究结果表明:(1)在全国31个省份中,耕地生态系统服务的正面价值均超过其负面价值,是负面价值的1. 05倍(西藏)至7. 59倍(重庆)。(2)在耕地生态系统服务的负面价值中,化肥施用和农业耗水产生的负面价值所占比重最大,两者之和占负面总价值的比例范围为71. 11%(江西)至98. 75%(西藏),是耕地生态系统服务负面价值的主要来源。可以通过借鉴发达国家的环境保护补贴政策,根据技术规程,对合理减少化肥等化学品使用的农业经营主体进行农业环境保护补贴;通过大力推广高效节水农业生产技术,提高农业水资源利用效率,以降低因化肥的施用和农业耗水产生的负面价值。(3)各省耕地生态系统服务净价值占其GDP的比例范围为0. 04%(北京)至5. 94%(云南),其中,有23个省份的耕地生态系统服务净价值占其GDP的比重超过了1%。(4)依据省域耕地生态系统服务净价值,制定出省域耕地生态补偿标准的范围为142. 04元/hm2(西藏)至28 694. 81元/hm2(上海),补偿额度占各省财政收入的比例范围为0. 23%(北京)至29. 36%(黑龙江)。丰富和完善生态补偿理论,有助于建立科学合理的耕地生态补偿体系,为政府出台相关政策提供技术支撑和依据。
Cultivated land is an important ecological resource. It is scientifically objective to take the values of cultivated land ecosystem services as the basis of ecological compensation of cultivated land. Taking each province of China as examples,the positive and negative values of cultivated land ecosystem services of each province in China is comprehensively and systematically analyzed for the first time by using a combination of equivalence factor method and functional value method,complementing the deficiency of previous research only on the positive values of cultivated land ecosystem services or part of the negative values. In addition,it introduces compensation coefficients such as local government affordability index and regional social development stage coefficient to make ecological compensation standard of cultivated land being practical and operational. The results of the research show that:(1)The positive values of cultivated land ecosystem services exceed their negative values in 31 provinces in China,which are 1. 05 times the negative values in Tibet to 7. 59 times in Chongqing.(2)Among the negative values of cultivated land ecosystem services,the proportion of negative values resulting from the use of chemical fertilizers and agricultural water consumption is the largest. The ratio range of the two to total negative value is from 71. 11% of Jiangxi to 98. 75% of Tibet,which are the main sources of the negative values of cultivated land ecosystem services. For reducing the negative values of fertilizer application and agricultural water consumption,we can learn from the environmental protection subsidy policies of developed countries. Agricultural environmental protection subsidies shall be given to agricultural operators who reasonably reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and other chemicals according to technical specifications. High efficiency and water-saving agricultural production technology can be vigorously promoted to improve the efficiency of agricultural water resources utilization.(3)The ratio range of net value of cultivated land ecosystem services to GDP in each province is from 0. 04% of Beijing to 5. 94% of Yunnan. Among them,net values of cultivated land ecosystem services of 23 provinces exceed1% of their GDP.(4) The range of ecological compensation standards of provincial-level cultivated land is from 142. 04 Yuan/ha of Tibet to 28 694. 81 Yuan/ha of Shanghai,and the ratio range of compensation amount to each province's fiscal revenue is from 0. 23%of Beijing to 29. 36% of Heilongjiang. The theory of ecological compensation has been enriched and improved,which helps to establish a scientific and reasonable ecological compensation system of cultivated land,providing technical support and basis for the government to issue relevant policies.
Cultivated land is an important ecological resource. It is scientifically objective to take the values of cultivated land ecosystem services as the basis of ecological compensation of cultivated land. Taking each province of China as examples,the positive and negative values of cultivated land ecosystem services of each province in China is comprehensively and systematically analyzed for the first time by using a combination of equivalence factor method and functional value method,complementing the deficiency of previous research only on the positive values of cultivated land ecosystem services or part of the negative values. In addition,it introduces compensation coefficients such as local government affordability index and regional social development stage coefficient to make ecological compensation standard of cultivated land being practical and operational. The results of the research show that:(1)The positive values of cultivated land ecosystem services exceed their negative values in 31 provinces in China,which are 1. 05 times the negative values in Tibet to 7. 59 times in Chongqing.(2)Among the negative values of cultivated land ecosystem services,the proportion of negative values resulting from the use of chemical fertilizers and agricultural water consumption is the largest. The ratio range of the two to total negative value is from 71. 11% of Jiangxi to 98. 75% of Tibet,which are the main sources of the negative values of cultivated land ecosystem services. For reducing the negative values of fertilizer application and agricultural water consumption,we can learn from the environmental protection subsidy policies of developed countries. Agricultural environmental protection subsidies shall be given to agricultural operators who reasonably reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and other chemicals according to technical specifications. High efficiency and water-saving agricultural production technology can be vigorously promoted to improve the efficiency of agricultural water resources utilization.(3)The ratio range of net value of cultivated land ecosystem services to GDP in each province is from 0. 04% of Beijing to 5. 94% of Yunnan. Among them,net values of cultivated land ecosystem services of 23 provinces exceed1% of their GDP.(4) The range of ecological compensation standards of provincial-level cultivated land is from 142. 04 Yuan/ha of Tibet to 28 694. 81 Yuan/ha of Shanghai,and the ratio range of compensation amount to each province's fiscal revenue is from 0. 23%of Beijing to 29. 36% of Heilongjiang. The theory of ecological compensation has been enriched and improved,which helps to establish a scientific and reasonable ecological compensation system of cultivated land,providing technical support and basis for the government to issue relevant policies.
引文
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[23]元媛,刘金铜,靳占忠.栾城县农田生态系统服务功能正负效应综合评价[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(12):2809-2814.
[24]叶延琼,章家恩,秦钟,等.佛山市农田生态系统的生态损益[J].生态学报,2012,32(14):4593-4604.
[25]张微微,李晶,刘焱序.关中-天水经济区农田生态系统服务价值评价[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(2):201-205.
[26]谢高地,肖玉,甄霖,等.我国粮食生产的生态服务价值研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(3):10-13.
[27]肖玉,谢高地,安凯,等.华北平原小麦-玉米农田生态系统服务评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(2):429-435.
[28]祁兴芬.区域农田生态系统正、负服务价值时空变化及影响因素分析——以山东省为例[J].农业现代化研究,2013,34(5):622-626.
[29]孙新章,周海林,谢高地.中国农田生态系统的服务功能及其经济价值[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007,17(4):55-60.
[30]刘光栋.区域农业生产环境影响的价值评估方法及应用[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004:87-93.
[31]闵继胜,胡浩.中国农业生产温室气体排放量的测算[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(7):21-27.
[32]李晓赛,朱永明,赵丽,等.基于价值系数动态调整的青龙县生态系统服务价值变化研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(3):373-381.
[33]王明星,李晶,郑循华.稻田甲烷排放及产生、转化、输送机理[J].大气科学,1998,22(4):600-612.
[34]王智平.中国农田N2O排放量的估算[J].生态与农村环境学报,1997,13(2):51-55.
[35]王少彬,苏维瀚.中国地区氧化亚氮排放量及其变化的估算[J].环境科学,1993,14(3):42-46.
[36]黄国宏,陈冠雄,吴杰,等.东北典型旱作农田N2O和CH4排放通量研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(4):383-396.
[37]于可伟,陈冠雄,杨思河,等.几种旱地农作物在农田N2O释放中的作用及环境因素的影响[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(4):387-391.
[38]苏维瀚,宋文质,张桦,等.华北典型冬麦区农田氧化亚氮通量[J].环境化学,1992,11(2):26-32.
[2]COSTANZA R,D'ARGE R,GROOT R D,et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J]. Nature,1999,387(1):3-15.
[3]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.
[4]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.
[5]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,等.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
[6]赵同谦,欧阳志云,王效科,等.中国陆地地表水生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(4):443-452.
[7]王景升,李文华,任青山,等.西藏森林生态系统服务价值[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(5):831-841.
[8]王兵,鲁绍伟.中国经济林生态系统服务价值评估[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(2):417-425.
[9]COSTANZA R,GROOT R D,SUTTON P,et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services[J]. Global environmental change,2014,26(1):152-158.
[10]赵永华,张玲玲,王晓峰.陕西省生态系统服务价值评估及时空差异[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2662-2672.
[11]WANG W J,GUO H C,CHUAI X W,et al. The impact of land use change on the temporospatial variations of ecosystems services value in China and an optimized land use solution[J]. Environmental science&policy,2014,44:62-72.
[12]KAREIVA P,MARVIER M. Conserving biodiversity coldspots:recent calls to direct conservation funding to the world’s biodiversity hotspots may be bad investment advice[J]. American scientist,2003,91(4):220.
[13]ROBERTSON G P, SWINTON S M. Reconciling agricultural productivity and environmental integrity:a grand challenge for agriculture[J]. Frontiers in ecology&the environment,2005,3(1):38-46.
[14]ZHANG B,LI W H,XIE G D. Ecosystem services research in China:progress and perspective[J]. Ecological economics,2010,69(7):1389-1395.
[15]YU Z Y,BI H. The key problems and future direction of ecosystem services research[J]. Energy procedia,2011(5):64-68.
[16]YU Z Y,BI H. Status quo of research on ecosystem services value in China and suggestions to future research[J]. Energy procedia,2011(5):1044-1048.
[17]SUN J. Research advances and trends in ecosystem services and evaluation in China[J]. Procedia environmental sciences,2011,10(10):1791-1796.
[18]乔旭宁,顾羊羊,唐宏,等.渭干河流域农田生态系统服务价值变化及其影响因素分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(2):237-245.
[19]张宏锋,欧阳志云,郑华,等.玛纳斯河流域农田生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].中国生态农业学报,2009,17(6):1259-1264.
[20]魏宁宁,李丽,高连辉.耕地资源利用的生态外部性价值核算及其补偿研究[J].科技导报,2018,36(2):61-66.
[21]刘利花,杨永福,李全新.基于粮食安全的耕地保护补偿研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2017,17(1):30-38.
[22]任平,吴涛,周介铭.耕地资源非农化价值损失评价模型与补偿机制研究[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(4):786-795.
[23]元媛,刘金铜,靳占忠.栾城县农田生态系统服务功能正负效应综合评价[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(12):2809-2814.
[24]叶延琼,章家恩,秦钟,等.佛山市农田生态系统的生态损益[J].生态学报,2012,32(14):4593-4604.
[25]张微微,李晶,刘焱序.关中-天水经济区农田生态系统服务价值评价[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(2):201-205.
[26]谢高地,肖玉,甄霖,等.我国粮食生产的生态服务价值研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(3):10-13.
[27]肖玉,谢高地,安凯,等.华北平原小麦-玉米农田生态系统服务评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(2):429-435.
[28]祁兴芬.区域农田生态系统正、负服务价值时空变化及影响因素分析——以山东省为例[J].农业现代化研究,2013,34(5):622-626.
[29]孙新章,周海林,谢高地.中国农田生态系统的服务功能及其经济价值[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007,17(4):55-60.
[30]刘光栋.区域农业生产环境影响的价值评估方法及应用[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004:87-93.
[31]闵继胜,胡浩.中国农业生产温室气体排放量的测算[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(7):21-27.
[32]李晓赛,朱永明,赵丽,等.基于价值系数动态调整的青龙县生态系统服务价值变化研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(3):373-381.
[33]王明星,李晶,郑循华.稻田甲烷排放及产生、转化、输送机理[J].大气科学,1998,22(4):600-612.
[34]王智平.中国农田N2O排放量的估算[J].生态与农村环境学报,1997,13(2):51-55.
[35]王少彬,苏维瀚.中国地区氧化亚氮排放量及其变化的估算[J].环境科学,1993,14(3):42-46.
[36]黄国宏,陈冠雄,吴杰,等.东北典型旱作农田N2O和CH4排放通量研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(4):383-396.
[37]于可伟,陈冠雄,杨思河,等.几种旱地农作物在农田N2O释放中的作用及环境因素的影响[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(4):387-391.
[38]苏维瀚,宋文质,张桦,等.华北典型冬麦区农田氧化亚氮通量[J].环境化学,1992,11(2):26-32.