草本地下竞争对3种幼苗存活和生长的影响
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摘要
为了研究不同土壤营养条件下草本地下竞争对华北落叶松、麦氏云杉、辽东栎3种1年生幼苗存活和生长的影响,以华北落叶松、麦氏云杉和辽东栎1年生幼苗为材料,以土壤营养条件(以施用肥料中的氮含量为基准:10 g·m~2和40 g·m~2)和草本地下竞争方式(完全地下竞争,部分地下竞争,无地下竞争)为处理组合,统计幼苗存活率并测定苗高。结果表明:1)完全和部分去除草本根系的地下竞争均可同样有效地提高华北落叶松幼苗的存活率,而不同土壤营养条件对其存活率和高生长均无影响,不同地下竞争方式不影响其高生长。2)对麦氏云杉幼苗而言,在40 g·m~2的土壤营养处理下其存活率显著降低;但高生长未受影响,而完全和部分去除草本根系的地下竞争均显著提高了其存活率,且高生长在完全去除草本地下竞争的处理下最高。3)辽东栎幼苗在所有处理组合下全部存活,高生长在40 g·m~2的土壤营养处理下以及完全和部分去除草本根系地下竞争的处理下显著较高。华北落叶松和麦氏云杉幼苗定居的关键并非是草本植物对土壤养分的争夺,而是草本植物地下部分对华北落叶松幼苗根系生长空间的争抢。在今后森林营造和恢复实践中,通过清除草本的地下部分,特别是宿根性草本,避免草本占据过多地下生长空间,协助华北落叶松和麦氏云杉成功渡过幼苗定居期,同时森林培育中的除草措施也在一定程度上有利于辽东栎幼苗的生长。
In order to study the effects of herb underground competition on the survival rate and height growth of three one-yearold seedlings of Larix principis-rupprechtii, Picea meyeri Rehd.et, Quercus wutaishanica under different soil nutrient conditions, by taking three seedlings as the tested materials, and soil nutrient conditions(based on the nitrogen content of fertilizer: 10 g·m~2 and 40 g·m~2) and grassland underground competition(complete underground competition, partial underground competition, no underground competition) as treatment combinations, seedling survival rate was determined and seedling height was measured. The results show that 1) underground competition of complete and partial removal of herbaceous roots can also effectively improve the survival rate of L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings, while different soil nutrient conditions did not affect their survival rate and high growth, and different underground competition methods did not affected their high growth. 2)The survival rate of P.meyeri Rehd.et seedlings was significantly reduced under 40 g·m~2 soil nutrient treatment, but the high growth was not affected, and the underground competition of complete and partial removal of herbaceous roots can significantly improve its survival rate, and the high growth was the highest under the complete removal of herbaceous underground competition. 3) All seedlings of Q. Liaodong survived under all treatments, and the high growth values under soil nutrient treatment 40 g·m~2 and under complete and under partial removal of herbaceous roots were significantly higher than those under no underground competition. Those were drawn out that the key of L. principis-rupprechtii and P.meyeri seedlings to settle in the site is not the competition of herbaceous plants for soil nutrients, but the underground parts of the herb compete for the growth space of the roots of L. principis rupprechtii seedlings. In the future practices of forest construction and restoration, herbaceous underground parts, especially perennial herbaceous ones, should be removed to avoid overtaking the underground space for the seedling growth, thus helping L. principis rupprechtii and P. spruce seedlings successfully pass through the seedling settlement period. Herbicidal measures in forest cultivation are also beneficial to the growth of Q. wutaishanica seedlings to some extent.
In order to study the effects of herb underground competition on the survival rate and height growth of three one-yearold seedlings of Larix principis-rupprechtii, Picea meyeri Rehd.et, Quercus wutaishanica under different soil nutrient conditions, by taking three seedlings as the tested materials, and soil nutrient conditions(based on the nitrogen content of fertilizer: 10 g·m~2 and 40 g·m~2) and grassland underground competition(complete underground competition, partial underground competition, no underground competition) as treatment combinations, seedling survival rate was determined and seedling height was measured. The results show that 1) underground competition of complete and partial removal of herbaceous roots can also effectively improve the survival rate of L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings, while different soil nutrient conditions did not affect their survival rate and high growth, and different underground competition methods did not affected their high growth. 2)The survival rate of P.meyeri Rehd.et seedlings was significantly reduced under 40 g·m~2 soil nutrient treatment, but the high growth was not affected, and the underground competition of complete and partial removal of herbaceous roots can significantly improve its survival rate, and the high growth was the highest under the complete removal of herbaceous underground competition. 3) All seedlings of Q. Liaodong survived under all treatments, and the high growth values under soil nutrient treatment 40 g·m~2 and under complete and under partial removal of herbaceous roots were significantly higher than those under no underground competition. Those were drawn out that the key of L. principis-rupprechtii and P.meyeri seedlings to settle in the site is not the competition of herbaceous plants for soil nutrients, but the underground parts of the herb compete for the growth space of the roots of L. principis rupprechtii seedlings. In the future practices of forest construction and restoration, herbaceous underground parts, especially perennial herbaceous ones, should be removed to avoid overtaking the underground space for the seedling growth, thus helping L. principis rupprechtii and P. spruce seedlings successfully pass through the seedling settlement period. Herbicidal measures in forest cultivation are also beneficial to the growth of Q. wutaishanica seedlings to some extent.
引文
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[7]梁建萍,张莉,李鲜花,等.水曲柳幼苗对杂草竞争的生理生态反应[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,25(2):131-134.
[8]薛立,傅静丹.影响植物竞争的因子[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(2):6-15.
[9]COOMES D A,GRUBB P J.Impacts of root competition in forests woodlands:a theoretical framework and review of experiments[J].Ecol.Mono,2000,70(2):171-207.
[10]张丽珍,牛伟,郭晋平,等.关帝山寒温性针叶林土壤营养状况与林下更新关系研究[J].西北植物学报,2005(7):1329-1334.
[11]罗汉东,朱丛飞,江亮波,等.不同模式施肥对油茶叶片生长及其养分含量的影响[J].经济林研究,2016,34(3):148-152.
[12]OAKS A,ASLAM M,BOESEL Z.Ammonium and amino aaid as regulators of nitrate reductase in corn roots[J].Plant Physiol.,1977,59:391-394.
[13]王宪奎,李建贵,刘隋赟昊,等.不同施肥措施对灰枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响[J].经济林研究,2016,34(2):35-40.
[14]李钱.施氮水平对松树幼苗生长的影响[J].绿色科技,2016(1):98-99.
[15]骆宗诗,向成华,章路,等.花椒林细根空间分布特征及椒草种间地下竞争[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(2):86-91.
[16]白英辰,陈晶,康峰峰,等.模拟氮沉降下不同凋落物处理对太岳山华北落叶松林土壤呼吸的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(4):92-99.
[17]苏智娇,张峰.山西辽东栎群落优势种群生态位研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2016,39(3):505-511.
[18]杨秀云,韩有志,张芸香,等.采伐干扰对华北落叶松细根生物量空间异质性的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(1):64-73.
[19]韦如萍,薛立,邝立刚.林木育苗技术研究综述[J].山西林业科技,2002(3):10-17.
[20]董晓燕.山西不同居群野生草地早熟禾种质资源评价[D].太原:山西农业大学,2014.
[21]RUBIO G,WALK T,GE Z Y,et al.Root gravitropism and below-ground competition among neighbouring plants:a modelling approach[J].Annals of Botany,2001,88:929-940.
[22]郭晋平,李海波,刘宁,等.华北落叶松和白杄幼苗对光照和竞争响应的差异比较[J].林业科学,2009,45(2):53-59.
[23]WU G S,WANG Z Q.Individual tree growth competition model in mixed plantation of manchurian and dahurian larch[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(5):646-650.
[24]唐毅,蒋德明,陈卓,等.地上竞争与地下竞争对科尔沁沙地榆树幼苗生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(8):1955-1960.
[25]ARNONE III J A,KESTENHOLZ C.Root competition and elevated CO2:effects on seedling growth in Linum usitatissimum populations and Linum-Silene cretica mixtures[J].Functional Ecology,1997,11(2):209-214.
[26]赵垦田.国外针叶树种根系生态学研究综述[J].世界林业研究,2000,13(5):7-12.
[27]赵林.土壤营养对入侵杂草紫茎泽兰与替代植物黑麦草苗期竞争力的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2007.
[28]冯晓燕,刘宁,郭晋平,等.控制光照条件下华北山地4个混交树种幼苗幼树的形态响应和可塑性[J].林业科学,2013,49(11):42-50.
[29]夏菲.黄土高原子午岭辽东栎幼苗根系形态结构特征的研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2012.
[30]MAGILL A H,ABER J D,BERNTSON U M,et al.Longterm nitrogen additions and nitrogen saturation in two temperate forests[J].Ecosystems,2000,3(3):238-253.
[31]邢雪荣,韩兴国,陈灵芝.植物养分利用效率研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(5):785-79.
[32]杨朗生.采用造林先锋树种加速生态环境建设[J].四川林业科技,2002,23(1):38-41.
[33]梁健.子午岭植物群落演替与土壤养分及微生物群落的关系[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2011.
[34]江俐妮,魏红旭,刘勇,等.长白落叶松播种苗根系形态可塑性与氮素空间异质性关系[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(1):24-27.
[35]ELLIOTT K J,WHITE A S.Effects of competition from young northern hardwoods on red pine seedling growth,nutrient use efficiency,and leaf morphology[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1993,57(1-4):233-255.
[2]CASPERB B,JACKSONR B.Plant competition underground[J].Annu.Rev.Ecol.Syst.,1997,28:545-570.
[3]韩有志,王政权.森林更新与空间异质性[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(5):615-619.
[4]闫海冰,韩有志,杨秀清,等.关帝山云杉天然更新与土壤有效氮素异质性的空间关联性[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(3):533-540.
[5]王平,王天慧,周道玮,等.植物地上竞争与地下竞争研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(8):3489-3499.
[6]LEWIS S L,TANNER E V J.Effects of above-and competition on growth and survival of rain forest tree belowground seedlings[J].Ecology,2000,81(9):2525-2538.
[7]梁建萍,张莉,李鲜花,等.水曲柳幼苗对杂草竞争的生理生态反应[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,25(2):131-134.
[8]薛立,傅静丹.影响植物竞争的因子[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(2):6-15.
[9]COOMES D A,GRUBB P J.Impacts of root competition in forests woodlands:a theoretical framework and review of experiments[J].Ecol.Mono,2000,70(2):171-207.
[10]张丽珍,牛伟,郭晋平,等.关帝山寒温性针叶林土壤营养状况与林下更新关系研究[J].西北植物学报,2005(7):1329-1334.
[11]罗汉东,朱丛飞,江亮波,等.不同模式施肥对油茶叶片生长及其养分含量的影响[J].经济林研究,2016,34(3):148-152.
[12]OAKS A,ASLAM M,BOESEL Z.Ammonium and amino aaid as regulators of nitrate reductase in corn roots[J].Plant Physiol.,1977,59:391-394.
[13]王宪奎,李建贵,刘隋赟昊,等.不同施肥措施对灰枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响[J].经济林研究,2016,34(2):35-40.
[14]李钱.施氮水平对松树幼苗生长的影响[J].绿色科技,2016(1):98-99.
[15]骆宗诗,向成华,章路,等.花椒林细根空间分布特征及椒草种间地下竞争[J].北京林业大学学报,2010,32(2):86-91.
[16]白英辰,陈晶,康峰峰,等.模拟氮沉降下不同凋落物处理对太岳山华北落叶松林土壤呼吸的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(4):92-99.
[17]苏智娇,张峰.山西辽东栎群落优势种群生态位研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2016,39(3):505-511.
[18]杨秀云,韩有志,张芸香,等.采伐干扰对华北落叶松细根生物量空间异质性的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(1):64-73.
[19]韦如萍,薛立,邝立刚.林木育苗技术研究综述[J].山西林业科技,2002(3):10-17.
[20]董晓燕.山西不同居群野生草地早熟禾种质资源评价[D].太原:山西农业大学,2014.
[21]RUBIO G,WALK T,GE Z Y,et al.Root gravitropism and below-ground competition among neighbouring plants:a modelling approach[J].Annals of Botany,2001,88:929-940.
[22]郭晋平,李海波,刘宁,等.华北落叶松和白杄幼苗对光照和竞争响应的差异比较[J].林业科学,2009,45(2):53-59.
[23]WU G S,WANG Z Q.Individual tree growth competition model in mixed plantation of manchurian and dahurian larch[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,11(5):646-650.
[24]唐毅,蒋德明,陈卓,等.地上竞争与地下竞争对科尔沁沙地榆树幼苗生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(8):1955-1960.
[25]ARNONE III J A,KESTENHOLZ C.Root competition and elevated CO2:effects on seedling growth in Linum usitatissimum populations and Linum-Silene cretica mixtures[J].Functional Ecology,1997,11(2):209-214.
[26]赵垦田.国外针叶树种根系生态学研究综述[J].世界林业研究,2000,13(5):7-12.
[27]赵林.土壤营养对入侵杂草紫茎泽兰与替代植物黑麦草苗期竞争力的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2007.
[28]冯晓燕,刘宁,郭晋平,等.控制光照条件下华北山地4个混交树种幼苗幼树的形态响应和可塑性[J].林业科学,2013,49(11):42-50.
[29]夏菲.黄土高原子午岭辽东栎幼苗根系形态结构特征的研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2012.
[30]MAGILL A H,ABER J D,BERNTSON U M,et al.Longterm nitrogen additions and nitrogen saturation in two temperate forests[J].Ecosystems,2000,3(3):238-253.
[31]邢雪荣,韩兴国,陈灵芝.植物养分利用效率研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(5):785-79.
[32]杨朗生.采用造林先锋树种加速生态环境建设[J].四川林业科技,2002,23(1):38-41.
[33]梁健.子午岭植物群落演替与土壤养分及微生物群落的关系[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2011.
[34]江俐妮,魏红旭,刘勇,等.长白落叶松播种苗根系形态可塑性与氮素空间异质性关系[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(1):24-27.
[35]ELLIOTT K J,WHITE A S.Effects of competition from young northern hardwoods on red pine seedling growth,nutrient use efficiency,and leaf morphology[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1993,57(1-4):233-255.
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