温度对Cu-12.5Ni-5Sn-石墨自润滑复合材料摩擦学性能的影响
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摘要
采用粉末冶金方法制备出了Cu-12.5Ni-5Sn-石墨自润滑复合材料,通过改变石墨的含量来研究该复合材料的力学性能和在不同摩擦试验温度下的摩擦磨损性能,采用SEM和Raman分析磨损表面,进而讨论复合材料的摩擦、磨损和润滑机制.结果表明:复合材料的硬度和屈服强度随着石墨含量的增加而逐渐降低;温度对不同石墨含量的复合材料的摩擦磨损性能有显著的影响,在室温下,石墨质量分数为1%和3%的石墨复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率明显小于5%石墨复合材料;在300℃下,石墨质量分数为3%时,复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好;在500℃下,石墨质量分数为5%的石墨复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好.在室温下,复合材料具有较好自润滑性的主要原因是形成了几乎光滑连续的石墨润滑膜.在300和500℃下,由金属氧化物和石墨组成的混合物润滑膜是复合材料保持自润滑性的主要原因.
Cu-12.5Ni-5Sn-graphite self-lubricating composites were prepared by powder metallurgy. The mechanical properties and tribological properties of the composites with different graphite contents at elevated temperatures were investigated. The worn surfaces were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy and Raman to investigate the friction, wear and lubricating mechanism. The results show that the hardness and yield strength of composites decreased with the increase of the graphite content. The temperature had a remarkable impact for the friction and wear properties of composites. At room temperature, the friction coefficient and wear rate of composites with 1% or 3% graphite were obvious lower than that of composite with 5% graphite. At 300 ℃, the composite with 3% graphite had the best friction and wear properties. At 500 ℃, the composite with 5% graphite content had the optimal tribological properties. At room temperature, the composite with the better self-lubricating properties were mainly attributed to the formation of almost smooth and continuous graphite lubricating film. At 300 ℃ and 500 ℃, the mixture lubricating film of some metallic oxides and graphite was responsible for self-lubricating performance of composites.
Cu-12.5Ni-5Sn-graphite self-lubricating composites were prepared by powder metallurgy. The mechanical properties and tribological properties of the composites with different graphite contents at elevated temperatures were investigated. The worn surfaces were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy and Raman to investigate the friction, wear and lubricating mechanism. The results show that the hardness and yield strength of composites decreased with the increase of the graphite content. The temperature had a remarkable impact for the friction and wear properties of composites. At room temperature, the friction coefficient and wear rate of composites with 1% or 3% graphite were obvious lower than that of composite with 5% graphite. At 300 ℃, the composite with 3% graphite had the best friction and wear properties. At 500 ℃, the composite with 5% graphite content had the optimal tribological properties. At room temperature, the composite with the better self-lubricating properties were mainly attributed to the formation of almost smooth and continuous graphite lubricating film. At 300 ℃ and 500 ℃, the mixture lubricating film of some metallic oxides and graphite was responsible for self-lubricating performance of composites.
引文
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[2]Canakci A,Cuvalci H,Varol T,et al.Microstructure and abrasive wear behavior of CuSn10-graphite composites produced by powder metallurgy[J].Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics,2014,53(5-6):275-287.doi:10.1007/s11106-014-9614-2.
[3]Chen Shuxian,Feng Yi,Li Shu,et al.Friction and wear behaviors of Cu-based self-lubrication composites under room temperature and in atmosphere[J].Lubrication Engineering,2009,34(6):23-27(in Chinese)[陈淑娴,凤仪,李庶,等.室温及气氛条件下铜基自润滑复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究[J].润滑与密封,2009,34(6):23-27].doi:10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2009.06.007.
[4]Yue Yang,Sun Yixiang,Sun Yuming,et al.Effect of load and voltage on the tribo-electric behaviour of rolling Cu pairs[J].Tribology,2018,38(1):67-74(in Chinese)[岳洋,孙逸翔,孙毓明,等.载荷和电压对纯铜滚动载流摩擦学性能的影响[J].摩擦学学报,2018,38(1):67-74].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2018.01.009.
[5]Allam I M.Solid lubricants for applications at elevated temperatures[J].Journal of Materials Science,1991,26(15):3977-3984.doi:10.1007/BF02402936.
[6]Wang Jingbo,Lu Jinjun,Ning Liping,et al.Study on the tribological behavior of bronze-matrix self-lubricating composites[J].Tribology,2001,21(2):110-113(in Chinese)[王静波,吕晋军,宁莉萍,等.锡青铜基自润滑材料的摩擦学特性研究[J].摩擦学学报,2001,21(2):110-113].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2001.02.008.
[7]Kestursatya M,Kim J K,Rohatgi P K.Wear performance of coppergraphite composite and a leaded copper alloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2003,339(1-2):150-158.doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00114-4.
[8]Zhan Y Z,Zhang G D.Friction and wear behavior of copper matrix composites reinforced with SiC and graphite particles[J].Tribology Letters,2004,17(1):91-98.doi:10.1023/B:TRIL.0000017423.70725.1c.
[9]Cui G J,Niu N Y,Zhu S Y,et al.Dry-sliding tribological properties of bronze-graphite composities[J].Tribology Letters,2012,48(2):111-122.doi:10.1007/s11249-012-0007-8.
[10]Cao Haijiang.The study of preparation,microstructure and properties of Cu-based self-lubricating composites[D].Qinhuangdao:Yanshan University,2011(in Chinese)[曹海江.新型铜基自润滑复合材料制备及其结构与性能的研究[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学,2011].
[11]Wang Y,Zhang L,Xiao J K,et al.The tribo-corrosion behavior of Cu-9 wt%Ni-6 wt%Sn alloy[J].Tribology International,2016,94:260-268.doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2015.06.031.
[12]Yang Shengli,Xie Weibin.A review on the research and applications of Cu-Ni-Sn alloys[J].Shanghai Nonferrous Metals,2012,33(1):41-45(in Chinese)[杨胜利,谢伟滨.Cu-Ni-Sn合金的研究与应用[J].上海有色金属,2012,33(1):41-45].doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-2046.2012.01.010.
[13]Liu Yang,Liu Yuanhui,Wang Lijun.Research and development trend of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy[J].Metallic Functional Materials,2013,20(2):52-56(in Chinese)[刘洋,罗远辉,王力军.Cu-15Ni-8Sn弹性合金的研究及发展趋势[J].金属功能材料,2013,20(2):52-56].
[14]Zhao J C,Notis M R.Spinodal decomposition,ordering transformation,and discontinuous precipitation in a Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy[J].Acta Materialia,1998,46(12):4203-4218.doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00095-0.
[15]Rhu J C,Kim S S,Jung Y C,et al.Tensile strength of thermomechanically processed Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloys[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,1999,30(10):2649-2657.doi:10.1007/s11661-999-0305-4.
[16]Wang Jiangwen.The research on the preparation and tribological properties of Cu-Ni-Sn self-lubricating composites[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University of Technology,2018(in Chinese)[王江文.CuNi-Sn自润滑复合材料的制备与摩擦学性能研究[D].兰州:兰州理工大学,2018].
[17]Feng C F,Wang Y,Chen W,et al.The mechanical mixed layer and its role in Cu-15Ni-8Sn/graphite composites[J].Tribology Transations,2016,60(1):135-145.
[18]Yin Yanguo,Liu Junwu,Zheng Zhixiang,et al.Effect of graphite on the friction and wear properties of Cu alloy-matrix self-lubricating composites at elevated temperature[J].Tribology,2005,25(3):216-220(in Chinese)[尹延国,刘君武,郑治祥,等.石墨对铜基自润滑材料高温摩擦磨损性能的影响[J].摩擦学学报,2005,25(3):216-220].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2005.03.006.
[19]Du S M,Wang X C,Li Z,et al.Effect of Ni content on microstructure and characterization of Cu-Ni-Sn alloys[J].Materials,2018,11(7):1108-1116.doi:10.3390/ma11071108.
[20]Hao Hongqi,Ding Huadong,Li Yawen,et al.Effect of graphite content on friction and wear properties of copper base material[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,1997,7(3):120-123(in Chinese)[浩宏奇,丁华东,李雅文,等.石墨含量对铜基材料摩擦磨损性能的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,1997,7(3):120-123].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1004-0609.1997.03.030.
[21]Moustafa S F,El-Badry S A,Sanad A M,et al.Friction and wear of copper-graphite composites made with Cu-coated and uncoated graphite powders[J].Wear,2002,253(7):699-710.
[22]Zhang L,Xiao J K,Zhou K C.Sliding wear behavior of silvermolybdenum disulfide composite[J].Tribology Transactions,2012,55(4):473-480.doi:10.1080/10402004.2012.671452.
[23]Hines E P,Rayner J L,Barbee R,et al.Friction studies of graphite and mixtures of graphite with several metallic oxides and salts at temperatures to 1 000 F[J].Technical Report Archive&Image Library,1956,23(2):144-156.
[24]Kong Xiaoli,Liu Yongbing,Lu You,et al.P/M Metal-matrix hightemperature solid self-lubricating materials[J].Powder Metallurgy Technology,2001,19(2):86-92(in Chinese)[孔晓丽,刘勇兵,陆有,等.粉末冶金高温金属基固体自润滑材料[J].粉末冶金技术,2001,19(2):86-92].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-3784.2001.02.007.
[25]Sliney H E.Solid lubricant materials for high temperature-a review[J].Tribology International,1982,15(5):303-315.doi:10.1016/0301-679X(82)90089-5.