江苏泗阳青虾养殖中期水体的理化环境和浮游植物
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摘要
2018年7月12日采样分析江苏省泗阳县9处青虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)养殖中期水体的理化环境、浮游植物种类组成和密度,并比较不同养殖模式对养殖环境的影响。结果显示:青虾养殖水体中,溶氧(DO)>8.44 mg/L、pH 7.91～9.26、总氮(TN)1.030～1.571 mg/L、总磷(TP)0.174～0.421 mg/L、高锰酸钾指数(COD_(Mn))4.39～8.16 mg/L,说明青虾养殖水体具有DO和pH较高,N、P及有机质较低的特点。养殖水体内共观察到浮游植物64属/种,以蓝藻和绿藻为主,浮游植物多样性指数较高,群落结构较稳定;浮游植物密度为0.06×10~8～3.06×10~8个/L。RDA分析显示,水温、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)和COD_(Mn)是影响青虾养殖水体中优势浮游植物密度的主要环境因子。不同混养种类对青虾养殖水体理化指标和浮游植物具有一定的影响,但管理模式对环境因子的影响更显著。鉴于所调查的青虾养殖水体内pH和Ca~(2+)质量浓度低于青虾生长最适值及TP和COD_(Mn)质量浓度升高会增加蓝藻水华暴发的风险,建议适当施加生石灰来提高养殖水体中的pH和Ca~(2+)质量浓度,并通过建立构建生态沟渠、生态塘等生态工程化设施控制养殖水体中TP和COD_(Mn)的增加。
The relationship between abiotic factors and aquatic organisms could provide basic information for the ecological engineering aquaculture mode.The physicochemical environment and phytoplankton species composition and density in 9 Macrobrachium nipponense mid-cultured waters in Siyang City,Jiangsu Province were analyzed through sampling on July 12,2018,and the effects of different culture modes on culture environment were compared.Results showed dissolve oxygen(DO>8.44 mg/L) and pH(7.91～9.26) were relatively high,while total nitrogen(TN,1.030～1.571 mg/L),total phosphorus(TP,0.174～0.421 mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Mn),4.39～8.16 mg/L) were low in the Macrobrachium nipponense cultured waters.A total of 64 genus/species of phytoplankton were observed in the cultured waters,and most of them were species belonged to Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta.The diversity index of phytoplankton was high and the community structure was stable.The density of phytoplankton was 0.06×10~8～3.06×10~8 cells/L.Results of RDA showed that water temperature,NO_2~--N and COD_(Mn) were the main environmental factors influencing the density of dominant phytoplankton in the Macrobrachium nipponense cultured waters.Different species of mixed culture have certain influence on the physicochemical indexes and phytoplankton in the Macrobrachium nipponense cultured waters,but the influence of management mode on environmental factors is more significant.Since the concentrations of pH and Ca~(2+) in the investigated Macrobrachium nipponense cultured waters were lower than the growth-optimizing values,and high concentrations of TP and COD_(Mn) promoted the outbreaking of cyanobacterial bloom,it is recommended to apply appropriate quicklime to increase the concentrations of pH and Ca~(2+),and it is necessary to build additional eco-ditch and eco-pond to take necessary steps to control the increasing of TP and COD_(Mn) in the cultured waters.
The relationship between abiotic factors and aquatic organisms could provide basic information for the ecological engineering aquaculture mode.The physicochemical environment and phytoplankton species composition and density in 9 Macrobrachium nipponense mid-cultured waters in Siyang City,Jiangsu Province were analyzed through sampling on July 12,2018,and the effects of different culture modes on culture environment were compared.Results showed dissolve oxygen(DO>8.44 mg/L) and pH(7.91～9.26) were relatively high,while total nitrogen(TN,1.030～1.571 mg/L),total phosphorus(TP,0.174～0.421 mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Mn),4.39～8.16 mg/L) were low in the Macrobrachium nipponense cultured waters.A total of 64 genus/species of phytoplankton were observed in the cultured waters,and most of them were species belonged to Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta.The diversity index of phytoplankton was high and the community structure was stable.The density of phytoplankton was 0.06×10~8～3.06×10~8 cells/L.Results of RDA showed that water temperature,NO_2~--N and COD_(Mn) were the main environmental factors influencing the density of dominant phytoplankton in the Macrobrachium nipponense cultured waters.Different species of mixed culture have certain influence on the physicochemical indexes and phytoplankton in the Macrobrachium nipponense cultured waters,but the influence of management mode on environmental factors is more significant.Since the concentrations of pH and Ca~(2+) in the investigated Macrobrachium nipponense cultured waters were lower than the growth-optimizing values,and high concentrations of TP and COD_(Mn) promoted the outbreaking of cyanobacterial bloom,it is recommended to apply appropriate quicklime to increase the concentrations of pH and Ca~(2+),and it is necessary to build additional eco-ditch and eco-pond to take necessary steps to control the increasing of TP and COD_(Mn) in the cultured waters.
引文
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[7] 唐金玉,戴杨鑫,周涛,等.浙江湖州地区主养草鱼池塘水化学和浮游植物[J].水产科技情报,2013,40(3):143-147.
[8] 陆建珍,邢丽荣,袁新华,等.青虾池塘养殖环境效率分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(8):1097-1104.
[9] 王岩.海水池塘养殖模式优化:概念、原理与方法[J].水产学报,2004,28(5):568-572.
[10]唐金玉,戴杨鑫,李由明,等.浙江诸暨三角帆蚌养殖池塘浮游植物群落结构和理化环境[J].渔业现代化,2015,42(2):60-66.
[11]李云梦,郑侠飞,王岩,等.绍兴市凡纳滨对虾围垦滩涂养殖池塘的理化环境和浮游植物[J].渔业现代化,2017,44(6):1-8.
[12]裴宇,黎东,朱春华.凡纳滨对虾与金钱鱼混养模式水质理化因子及浮游生物群落结构的变化[J].广东海洋大学学报,2012,32(1):68-74.
[13]何京,陈晨,王一农,等.凡纳滨对虾设施养殖池塘浮游生物群落结构及多样性研究[J].生物学杂志,2015,32(3):58-62,67.
[14]高欣,景泓杰,赵文,等.凡纳滨对虾高位养殖池塘浮游生物群落结构及水质特征[J].大连海洋大学学报,2017,32(1):44-50.
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[16]PARSONS T R,TAKAHASHI M.Biological Oceanographic Processes[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1973.
[17]EBINA J,TSUTSUI T,SHIRAI T.Simultaneous determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in water using peroxodisulfate oxidation[J].Water Research,1983,17(12):1721-1726.
[18]胡鸿钧,魏印心.中国淡水藻类—系统、分类及生态[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[19]HAVENS K E.Fish-induced sediment resuspension:effects on phytoplankton biomass and community structure in a shallow hypereutrophic lake[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1991,13(6):1163-1176.
[20]SHANNON C E,WEAVER W.The mathematical theory of communication[M].Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1949.
[21]MARGALEF D R.Perspective in ecological theory[M].Chicago:Chicago University Press,1963.
[22]PIELOU D P,PIELOU E C.Association among species of infrequent occurrence:insect and spider fauna of Polyporus betulinus (Bulliard) fries[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1968,21(2):202-216.
[23]吴会民,姜巨峰,李春艳,等.三种不同养殖品种池塘水质变化特征分析及比较[J].淡水渔业,2016,46(2):82-86.
[24]林青霞,王岩,高吉华,等.不同地区三角帆蚌养殖水体的水质[J].上海水产大学学报,2008,17(3):327-332.
[25]王维娜,宋学宏,张铖,等.杂交青虾“太湖1号”苗种在池塘养殖中的适宜放养密度[J].淡水渔业,2013,43(1):69-73.
[26]董双林,堵南山,赖伟.pH值和Ca2+浓度对日本沼虾生长和能量收支的影响[J].水产学报,1994,18(2):118-122.
[27]王岩,齐振雄,张鸿雁.不同单养及混养海水实验围隔水化学的研究[J].水产学报,1999,23(4):350-356.
[28]夏来根,宋学宏,张磊磊,等.4种微生态制剂对虾池水质及青虾生长性能的影响[J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(3):101-106.
[29]张磊磊,宋学宏,张铖,等.杂交青虾“太湖1号”苗种在池塘养殖中的适宜放养密度[J].淡水渔业,2013,43(1):69-73.
[30]刘伟杰,吴建伟,张跃东,等.河蟹、青虾、塘鳢混养和单养池塘水质变化比较[J].水产养殖,2014,35(4):16-20.
[31]唐金玉,王岩,戴杨鑫.在淡水鱼类混养系统中吊养三角帆蚌对养殖产量和水质的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(2):208-217.
[32]唐金玉,王岩,戴杨鑫,等.不同鱼类混养组合与饲喂方式对鱼蚌综合养殖水体浮游植物群落结构的影响[J].中国水产科学,2014,21(6):1190-1199.
[33]刘军,龚世园,何绪刚,等.武湖日本沼虾食性的研究[J].淡水渔业,2005,35(1):25-28.
[34]温周瑞,谢平.太湖日本沼虾与秀丽白虾的食性与食物碳源分析[J].长江大学学报(自然科学版),2013,10(29):36-42.
[35]孔繁翔.环境生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:162-163.
[36]REN Y,PEI H Y,HU W R,et al.Spatiotemporal distribution pattern of cyanobacteria community and its relationship with the environmental factors in Hongze Lake,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(10):6919-6933.
[37]李瑞娇,吕元蛟,张念,等.主养草鱼池塘的浮游植物群落结构及其环境影响因素研究[J].淡水渔业,2014,44(2):77-82.
[2] 吕丁,傅洪拓,乔慧,等.青虾种质资源研究与保护进展[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(11):97-102.
[3] 农业部渔业渔政管理局.2017中国渔业统计年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2017.
[4] 范武江,张富乐,张根玉,等.日本沼虾几种不同养殖模式探析[J].水产科技情报,2015,42(2):64-68.
[5] MIAO W M,GE X P.Freshwater prawn culture in China:an overview[J].Aquaculture Asia,2002,7(1):9-12.
[6] YAO Z L,ZHAO Y,MA H Y,et al.Combined diet of yeast,fermented soybean meal,and microparticulate as larval feed in extensive rearing systems for seed production of the oriental river prawn Macro brachium nipponense[J].Aquaculture International,2018,26(3):757-772.
[7] 唐金玉,戴杨鑫,周涛,等.浙江湖州地区主养草鱼池塘水化学和浮游植物[J].水产科技情报,2013,40(3):143-147.
[8] 陆建珍,邢丽荣,袁新华,等.青虾池塘养殖环境效率分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(8):1097-1104.
[9] 王岩.海水池塘养殖模式优化:概念、原理与方法[J].水产学报,2004,28(5):568-572.
[10]唐金玉,戴杨鑫,李由明,等.浙江诸暨三角帆蚌养殖池塘浮游植物群落结构和理化环境[J].渔业现代化,2015,42(2):60-66.
[11]李云梦,郑侠飞,王岩,等.绍兴市凡纳滨对虾围垦滩涂养殖池塘的理化环境和浮游植物[J].渔业现代化,2017,44(6):1-8.
[12]裴宇,黎东,朱春华.凡纳滨对虾与金钱鱼混养模式水质理化因子及浮游生物群落结构的变化[J].广东海洋大学学报,2012,32(1):68-74.
[13]何京,陈晨,王一农,等.凡纳滨对虾设施养殖池塘浮游生物群落结构及多样性研究[J].生物学杂志,2015,32(3):58-62,67.
[14]高欣,景泓杰,赵文,等.凡纳滨对虾高位养殖池塘浮游生物群落结构及水质特征[J].大连海洋大学学报,2017,32(1):44-50.
[15]魏复盛.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[16]PARSONS T R,TAKAHASHI M.Biological Oceanographic Processes[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1973.
[17]EBINA J,TSUTSUI T,SHIRAI T.Simultaneous determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in water using peroxodisulfate oxidation[J].Water Research,1983,17(12):1721-1726.
[18]胡鸿钧,魏印心.中国淡水藻类—系统、分类及生态[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[19]HAVENS K E.Fish-induced sediment resuspension:effects on phytoplankton biomass and community structure in a shallow hypereutrophic lake[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1991,13(6):1163-1176.
[20]SHANNON C E,WEAVER W.The mathematical theory of communication[M].Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1949.
[21]MARGALEF D R.Perspective in ecological theory[M].Chicago:Chicago University Press,1963.
[22]PIELOU D P,PIELOU E C.Association among species of infrequent occurrence:insect and spider fauna of Polyporus betulinus (Bulliard) fries[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1968,21(2):202-216.
[23]吴会民,姜巨峰,李春艳,等.三种不同养殖品种池塘水质变化特征分析及比较[J].淡水渔业,2016,46(2):82-86.
[24]林青霞,王岩,高吉华,等.不同地区三角帆蚌养殖水体的水质[J].上海水产大学学报,2008,17(3):327-332.
[25]王维娜,宋学宏,张铖,等.杂交青虾“太湖1号”苗种在池塘养殖中的适宜放养密度[J].淡水渔业,2013,43(1):69-73.
[26]董双林,堵南山,赖伟.pH值和Ca2+浓度对日本沼虾生长和能量收支的影响[J].水产学报,1994,18(2):118-122.
[27]王岩,齐振雄,张鸿雁.不同单养及混养海水实验围隔水化学的研究[J].水产学报,1999,23(4):350-356.
[28]夏来根,宋学宏,张磊磊,等.4种微生态制剂对虾池水质及青虾生长性能的影响[J].水生态学杂志,2012,33(3):101-106.
[29]张磊磊,宋学宏,张铖,等.杂交青虾“太湖1号”苗种在池塘养殖中的适宜放养密度[J].淡水渔业,2013,43(1):69-73.
[30]刘伟杰,吴建伟,张跃东,等.河蟹、青虾、塘鳢混养和单养池塘水质变化比较[J].水产养殖,2014,35(4):16-20.
[31]唐金玉,王岩,戴杨鑫.在淡水鱼类混养系统中吊养三角帆蚌对养殖产量和水质的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(2):208-217.
[32]唐金玉,王岩,戴杨鑫,等.不同鱼类混养组合与饲喂方式对鱼蚌综合养殖水体浮游植物群落结构的影响[J].中国水产科学,2014,21(6):1190-1199.
[33]刘军,龚世园,何绪刚,等.武湖日本沼虾食性的研究[J].淡水渔业,2005,35(1):25-28.
[34]温周瑞,谢平.太湖日本沼虾与秀丽白虾的食性与食物碳源分析[J].长江大学学报(自然科学版),2013,10(29):36-42.
[35]孔繁翔.环境生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:162-163.
[36]REN Y,PEI H Y,HU W R,et al.Spatiotemporal distribution pattern of cyanobacteria community and its relationship with the environmental factors in Hongze Lake,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(10):6919-6933.
[37]李瑞娇,吕元蛟,张念,等.主养草鱼池塘的浮游植物群落结构及其环境影响因素研究[J].淡水渔业,2014,44(2):77-82.
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