栎空腔瘿蜂虫瘿内天敌调查及其优势天敌生物学特性
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摘要
【目的】栎空腔瘿蜂(膜翅目:瘿蜂科)危害栓皮栎及麻栎的重要害虫,该虫形成虫瘿并在虫瘿内取食危害,隐蔽性强,导致对其进行化学防治非常困难,而用寄生性天敌进行防治可能成为一种非常有效的方法。本研究旨在明确栎空腔瘿蜂虫瘿内天敌的种类和生物特性,为进一步利用天敌防治栎空腔瘿蜂提供科学依据。【方法】本文通过对栎空腔瘿蜂越冬期和生长期虫瘿进行田间调查和室内解剖,调查虫瘿内天敌种类及其优势天敌生活史和行为特性。【结果】栎空腔瘿蜂虫瘿内主要有3种优势天敌,均以幼虫在无性虫瘿内越冬。长尾小蜂Torymus sp. 1年发生2代,越冬成虫5月上旬开始出现,产卵于无性虫瘿内,7月上旬第1代成虫出现;广肩小蜂1年发生2代,越冬成虫5月上旬开始羽化,成虫产卵于无性虫瘿内,6月下旬第1代成虫羽化;金小蜂1年发生3代,越冬成虫4月上旬羽化,成虫产卵于有性虫瘿内,第1代成虫5月上旬羽化,成虫羽化后将卵产于无性虫瘿内,第2代成虫6月下旬开始羽化。【结论】栎空腔瘿蜂虫瘿内主要优势天敌为长尾小蜂、广肩小蜂和金小蜂,可作为栎空腔瘿蜂幼虫生物防治的有效手段。
【Objective】Trichagalma acutissimae(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is one of the important pests harming afforestation plants Quercus variabilis and Q. acutissima(Fagaceae). The pest forms galls and feeds in galls, which is hidden, thus it is very difficult to control the pest by chemical pesticide. However the pest may be effectively controlled by using natural enemies. The present study aimed to determine the species and biological characteristics of natural enemies in the galls of T. acutissimae and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of the gall wasp with natural enemies. 【Method】In this study, field investigation and indoor anatomy of the galls during wintering and gall growing period were carried out to investigate the species of natural enemies in the galls and their life history and behavioral characteristics of dominant natural enemies. 【Result】There were three dominant natural enemies in the gall of T. acutissimae: Torymus sp.(Hymenoptera:Torymidae), Eurytoma sp.(Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Pteromalus sp.(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). They all overwintered with larva in the gall of asexual insects. Torymus sp. had two generations a year. The overwintering adults began to appear in early May and oviposited in the asexual galls. The first generation of adults emerged in early July. Eurytoma sp. occurred two generations yearly, overwintered generation adult emerged in early June and laid eggs in the asexual galls. After those eggs developed, the first generation of adults turned up in middle June. Pteromalus sp. had three generations a year. The overwintered generation began eclosion in early April and laid eggs in gall of sexual generation. The first generation of adults arose in the middle of May, and then laid eggs in gall of asexual generation. Afterwards, the second generation of adults began to appear in late June. 【Conclusion】The dominant natural enemies in T. acutissimae are Torymus sp., Eurytoma sp. and Pteromalus sp., which can be used as biocontrol agents for biological control of larva of T. acutissimae.
【Objective】Trichagalma acutissimae(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is one of the important pests harming afforestation plants Quercus variabilis and Q. acutissima(Fagaceae). The pest forms galls and feeds in galls, which is hidden, thus it is very difficult to control the pest by chemical pesticide. However the pest may be effectively controlled by using natural enemies. The present study aimed to determine the species and biological characteristics of natural enemies in the galls of T. acutissimae and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of the gall wasp with natural enemies. 【Method】In this study, field investigation and indoor anatomy of the galls during wintering and gall growing period were carried out to investigate the species of natural enemies in the galls and their life history and behavioral characteristics of dominant natural enemies. 【Result】There were three dominant natural enemies in the gall of T. acutissimae: Torymus sp.(Hymenoptera:Torymidae), Eurytoma sp.(Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Pteromalus sp.(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). They all overwintered with larva in the gall of asexual insects. Torymus sp. had two generations a year. The overwintering adults began to appear in early May and oviposited in the asexual galls. The first generation of adults emerged in early July. Eurytoma sp. occurred two generations yearly, overwintered generation adult emerged in early June and laid eggs in the asexual galls. After those eggs developed, the first generation of adults turned up in middle June. Pteromalus sp. had three generations a year. The overwintered generation began eclosion in early April and laid eggs in gall of sexual generation. The first generation of adults arose in the middle of May, and then laid eggs in gall of asexual generation. Afterwards, the second generation of adults began to appear in late June. 【Conclusion】The dominant natural enemies in T. acutissimae are Torymus sp., Eurytoma sp. and Pteromalus sp., which can be used as biocontrol agents for biological control of larva of T. acutissimae.
引文
郭树嘉,曲爱军,孙伟. 1997. 栗瘿蜂寄生蜂的初步研究. 林业科学,33(3): 242-246.(Guo S J,Qu A J,Sun W. 1997. A preliminary study on the parasitic wasp of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Y. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 33(3): 242-246. [in Chinese])
黄竞芳,骆有庆,廖定熹. 1988. 中国板栗瘿蜂天敌的研究. 林业科学,24(2): 162-169.(Huang J F,Luo Y Q,Liao D X. 1988. Studies on the natural enemies of chestnut gall wasp in China. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,24(2): 162-169. [in Chinese])
骆有庆. 1993. 黄刺玫瘿蜂及其寄生天敌的初步研究. 森林病虫通讯,(2): 5-8.(Luo Y Q. 1993. Preliminary study on gall wasp and its parasitic enemies. Forest Pest and Disease,(2): 5-8. [in Chinese])
骆有庆,黄竞芳. 1993. 板栗瘿蜂寄生性天敌幼期形态研究. 林业科学,29(1): 33-37.(Luo Y Q,Huang J F. 1993. A preliminary morphological study of immature stage of natural enemies of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatus. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,29(1): 33-37. [in Chinese])
王景顺,王相宏,Pujade-Villar J,等. 2013. 栎空腔瘿蜂形态及生物学特性. 中国森林病虫,32(1): 8-11, 96.(Wang J S,Wang X H,Pujade-Villar J,et al. 2013. Morphological character and bionomics of Trichagalma glabrosa. Forest Pest & Disease,32(1): 8-11. [in Chinese])
王景顺,王相宏,武三安. 2014. 栎空腔瘿蜂自然种群生命表的组建与分析. 中国农学通报,30(28): 29-33.(Wang J S,Wang X H,Wu S A. 2014. Construction and analysis of life table in natural population of oak gall wasp Trichagalma glabrosa. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,30(28): 29-33. [in Chinese])
王景顺,王相宏,张坤朋. 2015. 叶面喷雾防治栎空腔瘿蜂药效试验. 安阳工学院学报,14(4): 81-82, 88.(Wang J S,Wang X H,Zhang K P. 2015. Efficacy test of foliar spraying against Trichagalma glabrosa. Journal of Anyang Institute of Technology,14(4): 81-82, 88. [in Chinese])
王景顺,王相宏,张元臣,等. 2017. 栎空腔瘿蜂及其天敌长尾小蜂种群数量消长动态. 中国生物防治学报,33(3): 326-330.(Wang J S,Wang X H,Zhang Y C,et al. 2017. Population dynamics of Trichagalma acutissimae (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae) and its natural enemy Torymus sp.(Hymenoptera:Torymidae). Chinese Journal of Biological Control,33(3): 326-330. [in Chinese])
汪少妃,唐真正,袁毅,等. 2015. 刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿发育及其结构. 林业科学,51(1): 165-170.(Wang S F,Tang Z Z,Yuan Y,et al. 2015. Structure and development of insect-gall induced by Quadrastichus erythrinae. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,51(1): 165-170. [in Chinese])
吴步梅,王有琪,张文利,等. 2014. 玫瑰瘿长尾小蜂调查研究初报. 植物保护,40(5): 148-151.(Wu B M,Wang Y Q,Zhang W L,et al. 2014. Preliminary report of investigation on Torymus bedeguaris. Plant Protection,40(5): 148-151. [in Chinese])
Abe Y,Melika G,Stone G N. 2007. The diversity and phylogeography of cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the oriental and eastern Palearctic regions, and their associated communities. Oriental Insects,41(1): 169-212.
Ferracini C,Ferrari E,Pontini M, et al. 2018. Effectiveness of Torymus sinensis: a successful long-term control of the Asian chestnut gall wasp in Italy. Journal of Pest Science.doi:10.1007/s10340-018-0989-6.
Gause G F. 1934. Experimental analysis of Vito Volterra’s mathematical theory of the struggle for existence. Science, 79(2036): 16-17.
Harvey J A,Erik H P,Toshiharu T. 2013. Intrinsic inter-and intraspecific competition in parasitoid wasps. Annual Review of Entomology,58: 333-351.
Ito M,Hijii N. 2000. Life history traits in the parasitoid complex associated with cynipid galls on three species of Fagaceae. Entomological Science,3(3): 471-479.
Joseph M B,Gentles M,Pearse I S. 2011. The parasitoid community of Andricus quercuscalifornicus and its association with gall size,phenology,and location. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20(1): 203-216.
Kato K,Hijii N. 1993. Optimal clutch size of the chestnut gall wasp,Dryocosmus kurriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera; Cynipidae). Research in Population Ecology,35: 1-14.
Mendel Z,Protasov A,La Salle J L,et al. 2017. Classical biological control of two Eucalyptus gall wasps: main outcome and conclusions. Biological Control,105: 66-78.
Murakami Y. 1997. Natural enemies of the chestnut gall wasp. Fukuoka,Japan: Kyushu University Press, 308.
Pujade-Villar J,Wang J S. 2012. A new species of the genus Trichagalma Mayr from China (Hym.: Cynipidae). Orsis: organismes i sistemes,26: 91-101.
Schoenrogge K,Crawley M,Walker P. 1999. Complex life cycles in Andricus kollari (Hymenoptera,Cynipidae) and their impact on associated parasitoid and inquiline species. Oikos,84(2): 293.
Stone G N,Schonrogge K,Atkinson R J,et al. 2002. The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology,47: 633-668.
Toda S,Miyazaki M,Osakabe M,et al. 2000. Occurrence and hybridization of two parasitoid wasps,Torymus sinensis Kamijo and T. beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo (Hymenoptera:Torymidae) in the Oki islands. Applied Entomology and Zoology,35(1): 151-154.
Wang J S, Cui J X, Pujade-Villar J, et al. 2016. Description of the sexual generation of Trichagalma acutissimae (hymenoptera: cynipidae) and notes on its heterogonic life cycle. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 19(2): 405-413.
Zhu D H,Liu Z,Lu P F,et al. 2015. New gall wasp species attacking chestnut trees: Dryocosmus zhuilin. sp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Castanea henryi from southeastern China. Journal of Insect Science,5(1): 156.
黄竞芳,骆有庆,廖定熹. 1988. 中国板栗瘿蜂天敌的研究. 林业科学,24(2): 162-169.(Huang J F,Luo Y Q,Liao D X. 1988. Studies on the natural enemies of chestnut gall wasp in China. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,24(2): 162-169. [in Chinese])
骆有庆. 1993. 黄刺玫瘿蜂及其寄生天敌的初步研究. 森林病虫通讯,(2): 5-8.(Luo Y Q. 1993. Preliminary study on gall wasp and its parasitic enemies. Forest Pest and Disease,(2): 5-8. [in Chinese])
骆有庆,黄竞芳. 1993. 板栗瘿蜂寄生性天敌幼期形态研究. 林业科学,29(1): 33-37.(Luo Y Q,Huang J F. 1993. A preliminary morphological study of immature stage of natural enemies of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatus. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,29(1): 33-37. [in Chinese])
王景顺,王相宏,Pujade-Villar J,等. 2013. 栎空腔瘿蜂形态及生物学特性. 中国森林病虫,32(1): 8-11, 96.(Wang J S,Wang X H,Pujade-Villar J,et al. 2013. Morphological character and bionomics of Trichagalma glabrosa. Forest Pest & Disease,32(1): 8-11. [in Chinese])
王景顺,王相宏,武三安. 2014. 栎空腔瘿蜂自然种群生命表的组建与分析. 中国农学通报,30(28): 29-33.(Wang J S,Wang X H,Wu S A. 2014. Construction and analysis of life table in natural population of oak gall wasp Trichagalma glabrosa. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,30(28): 29-33. [in Chinese])
王景顺,王相宏,张坤朋. 2015. 叶面喷雾防治栎空腔瘿蜂药效试验. 安阳工学院学报,14(4): 81-82, 88.(Wang J S,Wang X H,Zhang K P. 2015. Efficacy test of foliar spraying against Trichagalma glabrosa. Journal of Anyang Institute of Technology,14(4): 81-82, 88. [in Chinese])
王景顺,王相宏,张元臣,等. 2017. 栎空腔瘿蜂及其天敌长尾小蜂种群数量消长动态. 中国生物防治学报,33(3): 326-330.(Wang J S,Wang X H,Zhang Y C,et al. 2017. Population dynamics of Trichagalma acutissimae (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae) and its natural enemy Torymus sp.(Hymenoptera:Torymidae). Chinese Journal of Biological Control,33(3): 326-330. [in Chinese])
汪少妃,唐真正,袁毅,等. 2015. 刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿发育及其结构. 林业科学,51(1): 165-170.(Wang S F,Tang Z Z,Yuan Y,et al. 2015. Structure and development of insect-gall induced by Quadrastichus erythrinae. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,51(1): 165-170. [in Chinese])
吴步梅,王有琪,张文利,等. 2014. 玫瑰瘿长尾小蜂调查研究初报. 植物保护,40(5): 148-151.(Wu B M,Wang Y Q,Zhang W L,et al. 2014. Preliminary report of investigation on Torymus bedeguaris. Plant Protection,40(5): 148-151. [in Chinese])
Abe Y,Melika G,Stone G N. 2007. The diversity and phylogeography of cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the oriental and eastern Palearctic regions, and their associated communities. Oriental Insects,41(1): 169-212.
Ferracini C,Ferrari E,Pontini M, et al. 2018. Effectiveness of Torymus sinensis: a successful long-term control of the Asian chestnut gall wasp in Italy. Journal of Pest Science.doi:10.1007/s10340-018-0989-6.
Gause G F. 1934. Experimental analysis of Vito Volterra’s mathematical theory of the struggle for existence. Science, 79(2036): 16-17.
Harvey J A,Erik H P,Toshiharu T. 2013. Intrinsic inter-and intraspecific competition in parasitoid wasps. Annual Review of Entomology,58: 333-351.
Ito M,Hijii N. 2000. Life history traits in the parasitoid complex associated with cynipid galls on three species of Fagaceae. Entomological Science,3(3): 471-479.
Joseph M B,Gentles M,Pearse I S. 2011. The parasitoid community of Andricus quercuscalifornicus and its association with gall size,phenology,and location. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20(1): 203-216.
Kato K,Hijii N. 1993. Optimal clutch size of the chestnut gall wasp,Dryocosmus kurriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera; Cynipidae). Research in Population Ecology,35: 1-14.
Mendel Z,Protasov A,La Salle J L,et al. 2017. Classical biological control of two Eucalyptus gall wasps: main outcome and conclusions. Biological Control,105: 66-78.
Murakami Y. 1997. Natural enemies of the chestnut gall wasp. Fukuoka,Japan: Kyushu University Press, 308.
Pujade-Villar J,Wang J S. 2012. A new species of the genus Trichagalma Mayr from China (Hym.: Cynipidae). Orsis: organismes i sistemes,26: 91-101.
Schoenrogge K,Crawley M,Walker P. 1999. Complex life cycles in Andricus kollari (Hymenoptera,Cynipidae) and their impact on associated parasitoid and inquiline species. Oikos,84(2): 293.
Stone G N,Schonrogge K,Atkinson R J,et al. 2002. The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annual Review of Entomology,47: 633-668.
Toda S,Miyazaki M,Osakabe M,et al. 2000. Occurrence and hybridization of two parasitoid wasps,Torymus sinensis Kamijo and T. beneficus Yasumatsu et Kamijo (Hymenoptera:Torymidae) in the Oki islands. Applied Entomology and Zoology,35(1): 151-154.
Wang J S, Cui J X, Pujade-Villar J, et al. 2016. Description of the sexual generation of Trichagalma acutissimae (hymenoptera: cynipidae) and notes on its heterogonic life cycle. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 19(2): 405-413.
Zhu D H,Liu Z,Lu P F,et al. 2015. New gall wasp species attacking chestnut trees: Dryocosmus zhuilin. sp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Castanea henryi from southeastern China. Journal of Insect Science,5(1): 156.
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