埃迪卡拉纪全球成磷事件沉积地球化学模型探讨:以扬子板块不同相区陡山沱组含磷岩层研究为实例
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摘要
埃迪卡拉纪是地球第二次大规模成磷时期,全球各大陆均有这次成磷事件的记录。目前对于该时期成磷事件的形成尚未有广泛接受的地球化学模型解释。而磷酸盐的沉积受海水氧化还原条件的控制,因此通过该时期磷块岩沉积与海水氧化还原条件演变之间关系的研究可为全球大规模成磷事件的沉积地球化学模型建立提供验证。文章通过对扬子板块埃迪卡拉纪不同相区磷块岩中碳酸盐组分稀土元素分析,结果表明磷块岩形成时底层海水处于次氧化—接近氧化的不稳定状态,氧化还原界面沿浅海—大陆架呈现动态变化的特征,为磷块岩的大规模形成提供最佳沉积地球化学条件。合适的海水化学条件及丰富的磷质来源,大大增加了磷块岩沉积的空间和机会,导致了地质历史时期第二次全球规模成磷发生。
Large accumulations of phosphorite in the Ediacaran worldwide witnessed the second phosphogenic event in the Earth history. However, there is no generally acknowledged geochemical model for this event so far. Given that precipitation of phosphate is controlled by seawater redox conditions, explore the cause-and-effect relationship between the phosphorite deposits and seawater chemistry is critical to testify the model of sedimentary geochemistry. This can help to understand the large scale phosphorite deposits worldwide across this transitional time interval. In this study, the REE+Y data of phosphorite-associated carbonates from different facies demonstrate that the Doushantuo phosphorites were deposited in suboxic conditions with intermittent oxidization. The redox condition of the Ediacaran seawater was unstable and the redox boundary dynamically fluctuated from shallow to deep water conditions.This greatly increased the space and opportunity for the deposition of phosphorite, leading to the great phosphogenic event during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition.
Large accumulations of phosphorite in the Ediacaran worldwide witnessed the second phosphogenic event in the Earth history. However, there is no generally acknowledged geochemical model for this event so far. Given that precipitation of phosphate is controlled by seawater redox conditions, explore the cause-and-effect relationship between the phosphorite deposits and seawater chemistry is critical to testify the model of sedimentary geochemistry. This can help to understand the large scale phosphorite deposits worldwide across this transitional time interval. In this study, the REE+Y data of phosphorite-associated carbonates from different facies demonstrate that the Doushantuo phosphorites were deposited in suboxic conditions with intermittent oxidization. The redox condition of the Ediacaran seawater was unstable and the redox boundary dynamically fluctuated from shallow to deep water conditions.This greatly increased the space and opportunity for the deposition of phosphorite, leading to the great phosphogenic event during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition.
引文
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Bau M and Dulski P.1996.Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman iron-formations,Transvaal Supergroup,South Africa[J].Precambrian Res.,79(1-2):37-55.
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Bjerrum C J and Canfield D E.2002.Ocean productivity before about 1.9Gyr ago limited by phosphorus adsorption onto iron oxides[J].Nature,417(6885):159-162.
Bremner J M and Rogers J.1990.Phosphorite Deposits on the Namibian Continental Shelf[M]//Phosphate Deposits of the World,Neogene to Modern Phosphorites,Vol.3.New York:Cambridge University Press:143-152.
Byrne R H and Sholkovitz E R.1996.Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry of Lanthanides[M]//Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths.Amsterdam:Elsevier Science B.V.:497-593.
Chen J,Algeo T J,Zhao L,et al.2015.Diagenetic uptake of rare earth elements by bioapatite,with an example from Lower Triassic conodonts of South China[J].Earth-science reviews,149:181-202.
Condon D J,Zhu M,Bowring S A,et al.2005.U-Pb Ages from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation,China[J].Science,308(5718):95-98.
Cui H,Xiao S,Zhou C,et al.2016.Phosphogenesis associated with the Shuram Excursion:Petrographic and geochemical observations from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China[J].Sedimentary Geology,341:134-146.
Drummond J B R,Pufahl P K,Porto C G,et al.2015.Neoproterozoic peritidal phosphorite from the Sete Lagoas Formation(Brazil)and the Precambrian phosphorus cycle[J].Sedimentology,62(7):1978-2008.
Dulski P.1994.Interferences of oxide,hydroxide and chloride analyte species in the determination of rare earth elements in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry[J].Fresenius’Journal of Analytical Chemistry,350(4-5):194-203.
Felitsyn S and Morad S.2002.REE patterns in latest Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian phosphate concretions and associated organic matter[J].Chemical Geology,187(3-4):257-265.
Goldhammer T,Brüchert V,Ferdelman T G,et al.2010.Microbial sequestration of phosphorus in anoxic upwelling sediments[J].Nature Geoscience,3(8):557-561.
Guilbaud R,Poulton S W,Butterfield N J,et al.2015.A global transition to ferruginous conditions in the early Neoproterozoic oceans[J].Nature Geoscience,8(6):466-470.
Hiatt E E,Pufahl P K and Edwards C T.2015.Sedimentary phosphate and associated fossil bacteria in a Paleoproterozoic tidal flat in the 1.85 Ga Michigamme Formation,Michigan,USA[J].Sedimentary Geology,319:24-39.
Hubert B,Alvaro J J and Chen J.2005.Microbially mediated phosphatization in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Lagerst?tte,South China[J].Bulletin De La Societe Geologique De France,176(4):355-361.
Ilyin A V.1998.Rare-earth geochemistry ofold'phosphorites and probability of syngenetic precipitation and accumulation of phosphate[J].Chemical Geology,144(3-4):243-256.
Jahnke R A,Emerson S R,Roe K K,et al.1983.The present day formation of apatite in Mexican continental margin sediments[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,47(2):259-266.
Jiang G,Shi X,Zhang S,et al.2011.Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation(ca.635-551 Ma)in South China[J].Gondwana Research,19(4):831-849.
Jiang S Y,Zhao H X,Chen Y Q,et al.2007.Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of phosphate nodules from the lower Cambrian black shale sequence in the Mufu Mountain of Nanjing,Jiangsu province,China[J].Chemical Geology,244(3-4):584-604.
Joosu L,Lepland A,Kirsimae K,et al.2015.The REE-composition and petrography of apatite in 2 Ga Zaonega Formation,Russia:the environmental setting for phosphogenesis[J].Chemical Geology,395:88-107.
Joosu L,Lepland A,Kreitsmann T,et al.2016.Petrography and the REE-composition of apatite in the Paleoproterozoic Pilguj?rvi sedimentary Formation,Pechenga Greenstone Belt,Russia[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,186:135-153.
Kidder D L,Krishnaswamy R and Mapes R H.2003.Elemental mobility in phosphatic shales during concretion growth and implications for provenance analysis[J].Chemical Geology,198(3-4):335-353.
Lawrence M G,Greig A,Collerson K D,et al.2006.Rare earth element and yttrium variability in South East Queensland waterways[J].Aquatic Geochemistry,12(1):39-72.
Lepland A,Joosu L,Kirsimae K,et al.2013.Potential influence of sulphur bacteria on Palaeoproterozoic phosphogenesis[J].Nature Geoscience,7(1):20-24.
Li C,Hardisty D S,Luo G,et al.2016.Uncovering the spatial heterogeneity of Ediacaran carbon cycling[J].Geobiology,15(2):211-224.
Li C,Love G D,Lyons T W,et al.2010.A stratified redox model for the Ediacaran Ocean[J].Science,328(5974):80-83.
Li X,Li W,Li Z,et al.2009.Amalgamation between the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks in South China:Constraints from SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages,geochemistry and Nd-Hf isotopes of the Shuangxiwu volcanic rocks[J].Precambrian Research,174(1-2):117-128.
Li Z,Bogdanova S,Collins A S,et al.2008.Assembly,configuration,and break-up history of Rodinia:a synthesis[J].Precambrian Research,160:179-210.
Ling H,Chen X,Li D,et al.2013.Cerium anomaly variations in Ediacaran-earliest Cambrian carbonates from the Yangtze Gorges area,South China:Implications for oxygenation of coeval shallow seawater[J].Precambrian Research,225(1):110-127.
Liu Y G,Miah M R and Schmitt R A.1988.Cerium:A chemical tracer for paleo-oceanic redox conditions[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,52(6):1361-1371.
Lyons T W,Reinhard C T and Planavsky N J.2014.The rise of oxygen in Earth's early ocean and atmosphere[J].Nature,506(7488):307-315.
Lyons T,Reinhard C,Love G,et al.2012.Geobiology of the Proterozoic Eon[M]//Fundamentals of Geobiology,Wiley-Blackwell:371-402.
Mazumdar A,Banerjee D M,Schidlowski M,et al.1999.Rare-earth elements and stable isotope geochemistry of early Cambrian chert-phosphorite assemblages from the Lower Tal formation of the Krol Belt(Lesser Himalaya,India)[J].Chemical Geology,156(1-4):275-297.
Morad S and Felitsyn S.2001.Identification of primary Ce-anomaly signatures in fossil biogenic apatite:implication for the Cambrian oceanic anoxia and phosphogenesis[J].Sedimentary Geology,143(3-4):259-264.
Muscente A D,Hawkins A D and Xiao S.2015.Fossil preservation through phosphatization and silicification in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation(South China):a comparative synthesis[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,434:46-62.
Nothdurft L D,Webb G E and Kamber B S.2004.Rare earth element geochemistry of Late Devonian reefal carbonates,canning basin,Western Australia:Confirmation of a seawater REE proxy in ancient limestones[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,68(2):263-283.
Och L M,Cremonese L,Shieldszhou G A,et al.2016.Palaeoceanographic controls on spatial redox distribution over the Yangtze Platform during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition[J].Sedimentology,63(2):378-410.
Papineau D.2010.Global biogeochemical changes at both ends of the Proterozoic:Insights from phosphorites[J].Astrobiology,10(2):165-181.
Pi D H,Liu C Q,Shields-Zhou G A,et al.2013.Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of black shale and kerogen in the early Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Guizhou province,South China:Constraints for redox environments and origin of metal enrichments[J].Precambrian Research,225:218-229.
Planavsky N J,Mcgoldrick P J,Scott C T,et al.2011.Widespread iron-rich conditions in the mid-Proterozoic ocean[J].Nature,477(7365):448-452.
Planavsky N J,Rouxel O J,Bekker A,et al.2010.The evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir[J].Nature,467(7319):1088-1090.
Poulton S W and Canfield D E.2011.Ferruginous conditions:A dominant feature of the ocean through Earth's history[J].Elements,7(2):107-112.
Pufahl P K and Hiatt E E.2012.Oxygenation of the earth's atmosphere-ocean system:A review of physical and chemical sedimentologic responses[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,32(1):1-20.
Rasmussen B,Buick R and Taylor W R.1998.Removal of oceanic REE by authigenic precipitation of phosphatic minerals[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,164(1-2):135-149.
Schulz H N and Schulz H D.2005.Large sulfur bacteria and the formation of phosphorite[J].Science,307(5708):416-418.
Shaw H F and Wasserburg G J.1985.Sm-Nd in marine carbonates and phosphates:Implications for Nd isotopes in seawater and crustal ages[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,49(2):503-518.
Shields G A and Stille P.2001.Diagenetic constraints on the use of cerium anomalies as palaeoseawater redox proxies:An isotopic and REE study of Cambrian phosphorites[J].Chemical Geology,175(1-2):29-48.
Shields G A and Webb G E.2004.Has the REE composition of seawater changed over geological time[J].Chemical Geology,204(1):103-107.
Van Kranendonk M J,Webb G E and Kamber B S.2003.Geological and trace element evidence for a marine sedimentary environment of deposition and biogenicity of 3.45 Ga stromatolitic carbonates in the Pilbara Craton,and support for a reducing Archaean ocean[J].Geobiology,1(2):91-108.
Veeh H H,Burnett W C and Soutar A.1973.Contemporary phosphorites on the continental margin of Peru[J].Science,181(4102):844-845.
Wang J and Li Z.2003.History of Neoproterozoic rift basins in South China:implications for Rodinia break-up[J].Precambrian Research,122(1-4):141-158.
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