下渗对坡面流流态及动力学参数的影响
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摘要
为了从理论上分析下渗对坡面流动力学参数的影响,基于Navier-Stokes方程,将坡面流视为平面恒定非均匀流,考虑下渗影响,推导出缓坡、陡坡坡面流断面速度分布,探讨了下渗对坡面流雷诺数、沿程阻力系数、滚波波幅的影响,基于相关试验资料对理论分析结果进行了验证.结果表明,缓坡条件下,坡面流流态为层流或紊流,试验过程中有必要区分初渗、稳渗阶段判别流态.陡坡条件下,不同下渗率及水深的坡面流均为紊流.坡面流黏性影响厚度接近水深或大于水深,不会产生类似明渠水流的外流势流区域.同时考虑下渗和表面张力作用,沿程阻力系数与雷诺数成反比.滚波波幅受水深、下渗率、水流运动黏度、坡降的影响.该研究结论为坡面水流运动特性试验研究及理论分析奠定了一定基础.
To analyze the theory of the influence of infiltration on the depth of the viscous sub-lay and kinetic parameters of shallow open channel flow on a slope,based on the Navier-Stokes equation,the flow velocity distributions of gentle slope and steep slope werederived.With the results,the influence of the infiltrate on the rate of the Reynoldsnumber,Froude number,friction resistance coefficient,and rolling wave amplitude werestudied under the conditions of slope planar steady non-uniform flow.The analysisresults have been matched to the related experimental data.Results show that thelaminar flow or turbulent flow appears under the flat slope condition caused by theinfiltration rate,the flow velocity and depth,and the fluid type likely to be mainlyassociated with the process of influence between the initial permeability and steadyseepage stage in the test.The fluid type is turbulent under the abrupt slope conditionwith a different infiltration rate and flow velocity and flow depth.On a flat slope orabrupt slope,the depth of viscous sub-lay is closer to or greater than the water depth;even if the infiltration rate was very small,and the depth of the viscous sub-lay increasedwith the increase of the kinematic viscosity coefficient but decreased with the increase ofthe infiltration rate,it would be impossible to see irrotational flow similar to openchannel flow.The frictional resistance coefficient has a positive relationship with theReynolds number,considering the capillary force and the infiltration rate influence.Theinfluence factors of the rolling wave amplitude include the flow depth,infiltration rateand viscosity of water flow and the grade.The conclusions of this study provide a basisfor experiment and theory studies on the shallow open channel flow of a slope.
To analyze the theory of the influence of infiltration on the depth of the viscous sub-lay and kinetic parameters of shallow open channel flow on a slope,based on the Navier-Stokes equation,the flow velocity distributions of gentle slope and steep slope werederived.With the results,the influence of the infiltrate on the rate of the Reynoldsnumber,Froude number,friction resistance coefficient,and rolling wave amplitude werestudied under the conditions of slope planar steady non-uniform flow.The analysisresults have been matched to the related experimental data.Results show that thelaminar flow or turbulent flow appears under the flat slope condition caused by theinfiltration rate,the flow velocity and depth,and the fluid type likely to be mainlyassociated with the process of influence between the initial permeability and steadyseepage stage in the test.The fluid type is turbulent under the abrupt slope conditionwith a different infiltration rate and flow velocity and flow depth.On a flat slope orabrupt slope,the depth of viscous sub-lay is closer to or greater than the water depth;even if the infiltration rate was very small,and the depth of the viscous sub-lay increasedwith the increase of the kinematic viscosity coefficient but decreased with the increase ofthe infiltration rate,it would be impossible to see irrotational flow similar to openchannel flow.The frictional resistance coefficient has a positive relationship with theReynolds number,considering the capillary force and the infiltration rate influence.Theinfluence factors of the rolling wave amplitude include the flow depth,infiltration rateand viscosity of water flow and the grade.The conclusions of this study provide a basisfor experiment and theory studies on the shallow open channel flow of a slope.
引文
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[12]戴爽,詹美礼,盛金昌,等.边界层理论在陡坡坡面流速计算中的应用[J].水电能源科学,2012,30(12):107-110Dai Shuang,Zhan Meili,Sheng Jinchang,et al.Application of boundary layer theory to velocity calculation of slope runoff[J].Water Resources and Power,2012,30(12):107-110
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[14]Manoj K C,Fang Xing,Yi Young-Jae,et al.Improved time of concentration estimation on overland flow surfaces including low-sloped planes[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,19(3):495-508
[15]Mahmoud Zakeri Niri,Bahram Saghafian,et al.Analytical derivation of overland travel time based on diffusive wave solution[J].Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2016,21(2):04015065
[16]Isidoro J M G P,de Lima Jo2o L M P.Analytical closed-form solution for 1Dlinear kinematic overland flow under moving rainstorms[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2013,18(9):1148-1156
[17]Yu Chunshui,Duan Jennifer.Two-dimensional hydrodynamic model for surface-flow routing[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,140(9):801-813
[18]Jaswant Singh,Altinakar M S,Ding Yan.Numerical modeling of rainfall-generated overland flow using nonlinear shallow-water equations[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,20(8):04014089
[19]罗志,何莉飞,明唯.单坡坡面流解析解及其数值验证[J].人民珠江,2016,37(4):7-12Luo Zhi,He Lifei,Ming Wei.Analytical solution of overland flow on a single plane and its numerical verification[J].Pearl River,2016,37(4):7-12
[20]张宽地,王光谦,吕宏兴,等.模拟降雨条件下坡面流水动力学特性研究[J].水科学进展,2012,23(2):229-235Zhang Kuandi,Wang Guangqian,LüHongxing,et al.Experimental study of shallow flow hydraulics on a hillslope under artificial rainfall conditions[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(2):229-235
[21]马学尼,黄廷林.水文学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010Ma Xueni,Huang Tinglin.Hydrology[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2010
[22]许春晓.壁湍流相干结构和减阻控制机理[J].力学进展,2015,45(4):111-140Xu Chunxiao.Coherent structures and drag-reduction mechanism in wall turbulence[J].Advances in Mechanics,2015,45(4):111-140
[23]张鸣远.高等工程流体力学[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2008Zhang Mingyuan.Advanced Engineering Fluid Mechanics[M].Xi’an:Xi’an Jiaotong University Press,2008
[24]戴矜君,程金花,张洪江,等.野外放水条件下坡面流水动力学特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(3):52-59Dai Jinjun,Cheng Jinhua,Zhang Hongjiang,et al.Hydrodynamic characteristics of surface runoff on field scour[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(3):52-59
[25]潘成忠,上官周平.降雨和坡度对坡面流水动力学参数的影响[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(6):843-851Pan Chengzhong,Shangguan Zhouping.Experimental study on influence of rainfall and slope gradient on overland shallow flow hydraulics[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2009,17(6):843-851
[26]张光辉.坡面薄层流水动力学特性的实验研究[J].水科学进展,2002,13(2):159-165Zhang Guanghui.Study on hydraulic properties of shallow flow[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(2):159-165
[27]杨锦,吕宏兴,上官周平.薄层水流水力特性试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(4):57-60Yang Jin,LüHongxing,Shangguan Zhouping.Experiment study on hydraulic properties of overland flow[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2008,27(4):57-60
[28]敬向锋,吕宏兴,潘成忠,等.坡面薄层水流流态判定方法的初步探讨[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(5):56-61Jing Xiangfeng,LüHongxing,Pan Chengzhong,et al.Preliminary study on flow pattern determinant method of shallow flow on slope surface[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(5):56-61
[29]王文龙,雷阿林,李占斌,等.黄土区坡面侵蚀时空分布与上坡来水作用的实验研究[J].水利学报,2004,35(5):30-35Wang Wenlong,Lei Alin,Li Zhanbin,et al.Experimental study on spatilal and temporal distribution of erosion on loess slope[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,35(5):30-35
[30]姚文艺,汤立群.水力侵蚀产沙过程及模拟[M].北京:黄河水利出版社,2001Yao Wenyi,Tang Liqun.Modeling the hydraulic erosion and sediment production process[M].The Yellow River Conservancy Press,2001
[31]冯美娟.定床阻力坡面薄层水流水力特性研究[D].兰州:兰州交通大学,2013Feng Meijuan.Hydraulic characteristic research on the loess slope sheet flow[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou Jiaotong University,2013
[32]数学手册编写组.数学手册[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008Math Manual Writing Group.Mathematics handbook[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2008
[33]孙三祥.考虑表面张力作用的坡面流运动方程[J].水力发电学报,2013,32(1):145-149Sun Sanxiang.Equation of motion for overland flow considering capillary force[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2013,32(1):145-149
[2]梁志权,卓慕宁,郭太龙,等.不同雨强及坡度下坡面流的水动力特性[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(4):638-642Liang Zhiquan,Zhuo Muning,Guo Tailong,et al.effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on hydrodynamic characterisics of overland flow[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(4):638-642
[3]田培,潘成忠,许新宜,等.坡面流速及侵蚀产沙空间变异性试验[J].水科学进展,2015,26(2):178-186Tian Pei,Pan Chengzhong,Xu Xinyi,et al.Field experiment investigation into the spatial variability of overland flow velocity and soil erosion[J].dvances in Water Science,2015,26(2):178-186
[4]Mügler.C,Planchon.O,Patin,et al.Comparison of roughness models to simulate overland flow and tracer transport experiments under simulated rainfall at plot scale[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,402(1):25-40
[5]曹颖,张光辉,唐科明,等.地表覆盖对坡面流流速影响的模拟试验[J].山地学报,2011,29(6):654-659Cao Ying,Zhang Guanghui,Tang Keming,et al.Experiment on the effect of simulated surface cover on the overland flow velocity[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(6):654-659
[6]张宽地,王光谦,孙晓敏,等.坡面薄层水流水动力学特性试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(15):182-189Zhang Kuandi,Wang Guangqian,Sun Xiaomin,et al.Experiment on hydraulic characteristics of shallow open channel flow on slope[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(15):182-189
[7]Ali M,Sterk G,Seeger M,et al.Effect of flow discharge and median grain size on mean flow velocity under overland flow[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,452-453:150-160
[8]施明新,吴发启,田国成.地表糙率对坡面流流速影响的试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2015,34(6):117-124Shi Mingxin,Wu Faqi,Tian Guocheng.Experimental study on effect of surface roughness on overland flow velocity[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2015,34(6):117-124
[9]施明新,李陶陶,吴秉校,等.地表粗糙度对坡面流水动力学参数的影响[J].泥沙研究,2015,(4):59-65Shi Mingxin,Li Taotao,Wu Bingxiao,et al.Influences of surface roughness on overland flow hydraulic characteristics[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2015,(4):59-65
[10]张小娜,冯杰,张超,等.不同雨强下土壤大孔隙对坡面流水动力学参数的影响[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(3):264-269Zhang Xiaona,Feng Jie,Zhang Chao,et al.Influence of soil macro pore on hydrodynamic parameters of overland flow with different rainfall intensities[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2012,40(3):264-269
[11]王成华,万正义.非饱和粉质黏土坡面降雨非正交入渗试验研究[J].岩土力学,2015,36(增1):49-54Wang Chenghua,Wan Zhengyi.Experimental researches into non-orthogonal rainfall infiltration on surfaces of unsaturated silty clay slopes[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(S1):49-54
[12]戴爽,詹美礼,盛金昌,等.边界层理论在陡坡坡面流速计算中的应用[J].水电能源科学,2012,30(12):107-110Dai Shuang,Zhan Meili,Sheng Jinchang,et al.Application of boundary layer theory to velocity calculation of slope runoff[J].Water Resources and Power,2012,30(12):107-110
[13]April Warnock,Jongho Kim,Valeriy Ivanov et al.Self-adaptive kinematic-dynamic model for overland flow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,140(2):169-181
[14]Manoj K C,Fang Xing,Yi Young-Jae,et al.Improved time of concentration estimation on overland flow surfaces including low-sloped planes[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,19(3):495-508
[15]Mahmoud Zakeri Niri,Bahram Saghafian,et al.Analytical derivation of overland travel time based on diffusive wave solution[J].Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2016,21(2):04015065
[16]Isidoro J M G P,de Lima Jo2o L M P.Analytical closed-form solution for 1Dlinear kinematic overland flow under moving rainstorms[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2013,18(9):1148-1156
[17]Yu Chunshui,Duan Jennifer.Two-dimensional hydrodynamic model for surface-flow routing[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,140(9):801-813
[18]Jaswant Singh,Altinakar M S,Ding Yan.Numerical modeling of rainfall-generated overland flow using nonlinear shallow-water equations[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,20(8):04014089
[19]罗志,何莉飞,明唯.单坡坡面流解析解及其数值验证[J].人民珠江,2016,37(4):7-12Luo Zhi,He Lifei,Ming Wei.Analytical solution of overland flow on a single plane and its numerical verification[J].Pearl River,2016,37(4):7-12
[20]张宽地,王光谦,吕宏兴,等.模拟降雨条件下坡面流水动力学特性研究[J].水科学进展,2012,23(2):229-235Zhang Kuandi,Wang Guangqian,LüHongxing,et al.Experimental study of shallow flow hydraulics on a hillslope under artificial rainfall conditions[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(2):229-235
[21]马学尼,黄廷林.水文学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010Ma Xueni,Huang Tinglin.Hydrology[M].Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2010
[22]许春晓.壁湍流相干结构和减阻控制机理[J].力学进展,2015,45(4):111-140Xu Chunxiao.Coherent structures and drag-reduction mechanism in wall turbulence[J].Advances in Mechanics,2015,45(4):111-140
[23]张鸣远.高等工程流体力学[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2008Zhang Mingyuan.Advanced Engineering Fluid Mechanics[M].Xi’an:Xi’an Jiaotong University Press,2008
[24]戴矜君,程金花,张洪江,等.野外放水条件下坡面流水动力学特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(3):52-59Dai Jinjun,Cheng Jinhua,Zhang Hongjiang,et al.Hydrodynamic characteristics of surface runoff on field scour[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(3):52-59
[25]潘成忠,上官周平.降雨和坡度对坡面流水动力学参数的影响[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(6):843-851Pan Chengzhong,Shangguan Zhouping.Experimental study on influence of rainfall and slope gradient on overland shallow flow hydraulics[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2009,17(6):843-851
[26]张光辉.坡面薄层流水动力学特性的实验研究[J].水科学进展,2002,13(2):159-165Zhang Guanghui.Study on hydraulic properties of shallow flow[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(2):159-165
[27]杨锦,吕宏兴,上官周平.薄层水流水力特性试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(4):57-60Yang Jin,LüHongxing,Shangguan Zhouping.Experiment study on hydraulic properties of overland flow[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2008,27(4):57-60
[28]敬向锋,吕宏兴,潘成忠,等.坡面薄层水流流态判定方法的初步探讨[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(5):56-61Jing Xiangfeng,LüHongxing,Pan Chengzhong,et al.Preliminary study on flow pattern determinant method of shallow flow on slope surface[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(5):56-61
[29]王文龙,雷阿林,李占斌,等.黄土区坡面侵蚀时空分布与上坡来水作用的实验研究[J].水利学报,2004,35(5):30-35Wang Wenlong,Lei Alin,Li Zhanbin,et al.Experimental study on spatilal and temporal distribution of erosion on loess slope[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004,35(5):30-35
[30]姚文艺,汤立群.水力侵蚀产沙过程及模拟[M].北京:黄河水利出版社,2001Yao Wenyi,Tang Liqun.Modeling the hydraulic erosion and sediment production process[M].The Yellow River Conservancy Press,2001
[31]冯美娟.定床阻力坡面薄层水流水力特性研究[D].兰州:兰州交通大学,2013Feng Meijuan.Hydraulic characteristic research on the loess slope sheet flow[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou Jiaotong University,2013
[32]数学手册编写组.数学手册[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008Math Manual Writing Group.Mathematics handbook[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2008
[33]孙三祥.考虑表面张力作用的坡面流运动方程[J].水力发电学报,2013,32(1):145-149Sun Sanxiang.Equation of motion for overland flow considering capillary force[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2013,32(1):145-149