新疆西昆仑奥尔托喀讷什锰矿地质、地球化学及成因
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摘要
近年来,西昆仑玛尔坎苏地区富锰矿找矿取得重大突破,新发现奥尔托喀纳什等大型锰矿床。该矿床层位稳定,厚度较大,Mn平均品位达35%以上,为中国最富的碳酸锰矿床,属于典型的海相沉积型锰矿床。锰矿体主要赋存于晚石炭世喀拉阿特河组地层中,该组岩性为一套浅海碳酸盐岩台地相沉积建造组合,可划分为台内浅滩、潮坪、开阔台地、局限台地等4个相类型。成矿分为三个期次,第一期为沉积成岩成矿期,矿石矿物由菱锰矿、锰方解石、硼锰矿组成;第二期为热液改造期,形成锰镁绿泥石、红锰矿、硫锰矿、锰方解石(脉)、重结晶菱锰矿、蔷薇辉石及滑石、石膏等;第三期为表生氧化期,发育少量软锰矿、水锰矿、硬锰矿等。锰矿石具有较低的Fe/Mn比值、V/(V+Ni)比值和强烈的Ce正异常,表明Mn是在氧化环境下,以氧化物或氢氧化物的形式沉积富集。含锰岩系顶、底板岩石中含较多成熟度较差的中酸性火山岩岩屑,以及具有较低Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Y/Ho、Co/Ni比值的锰矿石,说明其成矿物质来源于海底热水活动。奥尔托喀纳什锰矿具有"内源外生"的特点,锰矿石及菱锰矿具有负的δ~(13)C值(-23.3‰～-13.2‰),表明锰矿经历了先成锰氧化物或氢氧化物、再被还原转化成菱锰矿的过程。此外,有机质所导致的更为强烈的还原作用是本矿床富锰矿形成的重要机制。后期构造叠加致使矿体发生变形,矿体形态受褶皱控制。矿石受到强烈改造,形成锰镁绿泥石、红锰矿、蔷薇辉石等,晚期经历氧化淋滤作用形成软锰矿、水锰矿等。
Recently,a new large manganese deposit,the Aoertuokanashi mine,was discovered in the Maerkansu area,western Kunlun,which is the richest manganese carbonate deposit so far found in China. The manganese ore belt in Maerkansu area is stable with a large thickness and a rich grade of more than 35% Mn contents. This deposit belongs to a typical marine sedimentary manganese deposit. The manganese ores occur in the Upper Carboniferous Kalaatehe Formation. This formation was formed in shallow sea carbonate platform environments,composed of four types of sedimentary facies,including platform shoal,tidal plat,open platform and restricted platform. Mineralization can be divided into three stages:(1) the first one is the sedimentary diagenetic stage,whose oreforming minerals are composed of rhodochrosite, manganese calcite and sussexite;( 2) the second one is the hydrothermal transformation stage,whose ore-forming minerals are composed of manganchlorite,friedelite,manganese calcite vein,recrystallized rhodochrosite,rhodonite,talc and gypsum,etc.; and( 3) the last one is the supergenetic oxidation stage,with few pyrolusite,manganite and psilomelane as its ore-forming minerals. The lower ratio values of Fe/Mn,V/( V + Ni),and intense positive Ce anomalies show that the manganese were deposited as manganese oxides or hydroxides in oxidizing environments. Middle-acid volcanic fragments with poorer maturity were found in the roof and floor manganese-bearing rocks,with lower ratio values of Al/( Al + Fe +Mn),Y/Ho and Co/Ni of manganese ores,indicating that the ore-forming materials come from the underneath hot water activities. The values of δ~(13)C in the manganese ores and rhodochrosites vary from-23. 3‰ to-13. 2‰,showing that there is a forming process from early manganese oxide or hydroxide to rhodochrosite by reduction. The strong reduction caused by organic matters is the key to the forming of rich manganese ores in the Aoertuokanashi manganese deposit. The ore bodies were deformed with later tectonic superposition and reworking,with their shapes controlled by the folds in this ore field. The ores were strongly modified with secondary manganchlorite,friedelite and rhodonite. In the last stage,pyrolusite and manganite were formed with the oxidation and infiltration.
Recently,a new large manganese deposit,the Aoertuokanashi mine,was discovered in the Maerkansu area,western Kunlun,which is the richest manganese carbonate deposit so far found in China. The manganese ore belt in Maerkansu area is stable with a large thickness and a rich grade of more than 35% Mn contents. This deposit belongs to a typical marine sedimentary manganese deposit. The manganese ores occur in the Upper Carboniferous Kalaatehe Formation. This formation was formed in shallow sea carbonate platform environments,composed of four types of sedimentary facies,including platform shoal,tidal plat,open platform and restricted platform. Mineralization can be divided into three stages:(1) the first one is the sedimentary diagenetic stage,whose oreforming minerals are composed of rhodochrosite, manganese calcite and sussexite;( 2) the second one is the hydrothermal transformation stage,whose ore-forming minerals are composed of manganchlorite,friedelite,manganese calcite vein,recrystallized rhodochrosite,rhodonite,talc and gypsum,etc.; and( 3) the last one is the supergenetic oxidation stage,with few pyrolusite,manganite and psilomelane as its ore-forming minerals. The lower ratio values of Fe/Mn,V/( V + Ni),and intense positive Ce anomalies show that the manganese were deposited as manganese oxides or hydroxides in oxidizing environments. Middle-acid volcanic fragments with poorer maturity were found in the roof and floor manganese-bearing rocks,with lower ratio values of Al/( Al + Fe +Mn),Y/Ho and Co/Ni of manganese ores,indicating that the ore-forming materials come from the underneath hot water activities. The values of δ~(13)C in the manganese ores and rhodochrosites vary from-23. 3‰ to-13. 2‰,showing that there is a forming process from early manganese oxide or hydroxide to rhodochrosite by reduction. The strong reduction caused by organic matters is the key to the forming of rich manganese ores in the Aoertuokanashi manganese deposit. The ore bodies were deformed with later tectonic superposition and reworking,with their shapes controlled by the folds in this ore field. The ores were strongly modified with secondary manganchlorite,friedelite and rhodonite. In the last stage,pyrolusite and manganite were formed with the oxidation and infiltration.
引文
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Bau M.1996.Controls on the fractionation of isovalent trace elements in magmatic and aqueous systems:Evidence from Y/Ho,Zr/Hf,and lanthanide tetrad effect.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,123(3):323-333
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Bai JK,Li ZP,Xu XY,Sun JM and Niu YZ.2015.Carboniferous volcanic-sedimentary succession and basin properties in Ili area,Western Tianshan,Xinjiang.Geological Review,61(1):195-206(in Chinese with English abstract)
Bau M.1996.Controls on the fractionation of isovalent trace elements in magmatic and aqueous systems:Evidence from Y/Ho,Zr/Hf,and lanthanide tetrad effect.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,123(3):323-333
Bostr9m K.1983.Genesis of ferromanganese deposits-diagnostic criteria for recent and old deposits.In:Rona PA,Bostr9m K,Laubier Land Smith KL Jr(eds.).Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centers.Boston,MA:Springer,473-489
Calvert SE and Pedersen TF.1993.Geochemistry of recent oxic and anoxic marine sediments:Implications for the geological record.Marine Geology,113(1-2):67-88
Calvert SE and Pedersen TF.1996.Sedimentary geochemistry of manganese;Implications for the environment of formation of manganiferous black shales.Economic Geology,91(1):36-47
Chen RY and Bai Q.2004.The resources situation of China’s Mn-ore and its exploration.China’s Manganese Industry,22(2):1-4(in Chinese with English abstract)
Cheng XH,Li WL,Zheng MQ and Wang HR.2016.Determination of germanium and tellurium in geological samples by a self-developed hydride generation device paired with inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometer.Rock and Mineral Analysis,35(3):265-270(in Chinese with English abstract)
Elderfield H,Hawkesworth CJ,Greaves MJ and Calvert SE.1981.Rare earth element zonation in Pacific ferromanganese nodules.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,45(7):1231-1234
Fan DL,Zhang T and Ye J.2004.The Black Shale Series in China and Its Mineral Deposits.Beijing:Science Press,1-54(in Chinese)
Fu Y,Xu ZG,Pei HX and Jiang R.2014.Study on metallogenic regularity of manganese ore deposits in China.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(12):2192-2207(in Chinese with English abstract)
Gao YB,Teng JX,Chen DH and Sui QL.2017.Metallogenic geological characteristics and prospecting direction of Maerkansu manganese ore belt in West Kunlun,Xinjiang.Northwestern Geology,50(1):261-269(in Chinese with English abstract)
Gonfiantini R,Stichler W and Rozanski K.1995.Standards and intercomparison materials distributed by the international atomic energy agency for stable isotope measurements.In:Proceedings of Reference and Intercomparison Materials for Stable Isotopes of Light Elements.Vienna:IAEA,13-29
Hatch JR and Leventhal JS.1992.Relationship between inferred redox potential of the depositional environment and geochemistry of the Upper Pennsylvanian(Missourian)Stark Shale Member of the Dennis limestone,Wabaunsee County,Kansas,U.S.A.Chemical Geology,99(1-3):65-82
Hgdahl OT,Melsom M and Bowen VT.1968.Neutron activation analysis of lanthanide elements in sea water.In:Baker RA(ed.).Trace Inorganics in Water.Miami Beach:American Chemical Society,308-325
Hong SK.2011.Status of China Mn-ore in resources exploitation and the sustainable development.China’s Manganese Industry,29(3):13-16(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jiang R,Fu Y,Xu ZG,Pei HX,Wang FL and Zhou WX.2016.Geochemical constraints on the manganese mineralization during the latest Maokou Epoch of Permian:Example from the Nancha manganese ore deposit in Zunyi City,northern Guizhou.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,34(6):1032-1043(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jones B and Manning DAC.1994.Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of palaeoredox conditions in ancient mudstones.Chemical Geology,111(1-4):111-129
Luo HB.2002.The direction of prospecting for high quality manganese ore resources in China.Geology and Prospecting,38(4):8-11(in Chinese)
Mu SL.2016.Volcanic rocks tectonic environments and metallogenesis of typical mineral deposits in Kungai Mountains,West Kunlun.Ph.D.Dissertation.Guangzhou:Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1-186(in Chinese with English summary)
Nakagawa M,Santosh M and Maruyama S.2009.Distribution and mineral assemblages of bedded manganese deposits in Shikoku,Southwest Japan:Implications for accretion tectonics.Gondwana Research,16(3-4):609-621
Ou LH.2013.Study on the sedimentary characteristics and metallogenic mechanism of Upper Devonian manganese deposit in Southwest Guangxi.Ph.D.Dissertation.Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology(in Chinese)
Pattan JN and Parthiban G.2011.Geochemistry of ferromanganese nodule-sediment pairs from Central Indian Ocean Basin.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40(2):569-580
Peng ZX.1991.The genetic relationship between the ratio of Co/Ni and manganese ore.Geology and Exploration,(12):16-17(in Chinese)
Qin YK,Zhang HC and Yao JQ.2010.Geochemical characteristics and geological implication of the Xialei manganese deposit,Daxin County,Guangxi.Geological Review,56(5):664-672(in Chinese with English abstract)
Roy S.2006.Sedimentary manganese metallogenesis in response to the evolution of the Earth system.Earth-Science Reviews,77(4):273-305
Shan L,Zhang WY,Lu CY,Yao XF and Xu R.2014.New important achievement of Chinese mineral exploration and suggestion on the coming prospecting evaluation arrangement.Metal Mine,(2):100-104(in Chinese with English abstract)
Taylor SR and Mc Lennan SM.1985.The Continental Crust:Its Composition and Evolution.Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications,1-312
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