冲积与湖积成因土壤重金属的空间分布特征及其来源——以安徽当涂县为例
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摘要
位于长江中下游的安徽省当涂县的表层土壤存在多种重金属的异常带,在该区域选择河流冲积和湖积成因的表层土壤为研究对象,通过表层土壤样品的采样与分析,揭示了不同成土母质土壤中重金属含量的空间分布特征,并利用相关分析和主成分分析方法对研究区表层土壤重金属的来源进行了解析。结果表明:江心洲冲积成因的表层土壤中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均含量分别为10.61mg/kg、0.35mg/kg、86.73mg/kg、42.72mg/kg、0.08mg/kg、40.36mg/kg、32.65mg/kg和104.78mg/kg,均低于当地表层土壤的背景值,土壤重金属含量的空间分布主要表现为从东北向西南方向逐渐递减的变化趋势;大陇乡湖积成因的表层土壤中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均含量分别为13.26 mg/kg、0.35 mg/kg、97.30 mg/kg、45.57mg/kg、0.10mg/kg、44.36mg/kg、37.26mg/kg和125.44mg/kg,均高于当地表层土壤的背景值,Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn含量高的地方主要集中在大陇乡中部和北部,Cd含量在整个区域内偏高;相关性分析和主成分分析结果显示,江心洲冲积成因的表层土壤重金属主要为自然地质源;大陇乡湖积成因的表层土壤重金属主要来源于岩石化学风化成土过程的释放以及农业污染、煤炭燃烧等人为活动。
Dangtu County,Anhui province,lies the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River with the distribution of heavy metal anomalies.This paper takes soil samples from Alluvial Islands and Dalong Township,which are respectively developed from the alluvial sediments and lacustrine sediments,and discusses the distributions of heavy metals by analysing the heavy metals contents in surface soils at the study area.Then the paper discusses the major sources of heavy metals by means of spatial correlation analysis and principal component analysis.The results show that the average content of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb and Zn in surface soils of Alluvial Islands are 10.61 mg/kg,0.35 mg/kg,86.73 mg/kg,42.72 mg/kg,0.08 mg/kg,40.36 mg/kg,32.65 mg/kg and 104.78 mg/kg respectively,which are lower than the background values,the spatial distribution of heavy metals gradually decrease from northeast to southwest;in Dalong Township,the average content of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb and Zn in surface soils are 13.26 mg/kg,0.35 mg/kg,97.30 mg/kg,45.57 mg/kg,0.10 mg/kg,44.36 mg/kg,37.26 mg/kg and 125.44 mg/kg and are higher than the background values,the contents of Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn are greater in the central and northern areas;and the content of Cd is high in the whole area.The results of correlation analysis and factor analysis imply that the geogenic source is the dominant factor controlling heavy metals in the Alluvial Islands.Three major factors,including the geogenic source,agricultural activities and other human activities,such as coal burnings,are responsible for the enrichment of heavy metals in the Dalong Township.
Dangtu County,Anhui province,lies the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River with the distribution of heavy metal anomalies.This paper takes soil samples from Alluvial Islands and Dalong Township,which are respectively developed from the alluvial sediments and lacustrine sediments,and discusses the distributions of heavy metals by analysing the heavy metals contents in surface soils at the study area.Then the paper discusses the major sources of heavy metals by means of spatial correlation analysis and principal component analysis.The results show that the average content of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb and Zn in surface soils of Alluvial Islands are 10.61 mg/kg,0.35 mg/kg,86.73 mg/kg,42.72 mg/kg,0.08 mg/kg,40.36 mg/kg,32.65 mg/kg and 104.78 mg/kg respectively,which are lower than the background values,the spatial distribution of heavy metals gradually decrease from northeast to southwest;in Dalong Township,the average content of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb and Zn in surface soils are 13.26 mg/kg,0.35 mg/kg,97.30 mg/kg,45.57 mg/kg,0.10 mg/kg,44.36 mg/kg,37.26 mg/kg and 125.44 mg/kg and are higher than the background values,the contents of Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn are greater in the central and northern areas;and the content of Cd is high in the whole area.The results of correlation analysis and factor analysis imply that the geogenic source is the dominant factor controlling heavy metals in the Alluvial Islands.Three major factors,including the geogenic source,agricultural activities and other human activities,such as coal burnings,are responsible for the enrichment of heavy metals in the Dalong Township.
引文
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[22]Suresh G,Sutharsan P,Ramasamy V,et al.Assessment of spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in relation to granulometric contents of Veeranam lake sediments,India[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,84(10):117-124.
[23]Lu A,Wang J,Qin X,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi,Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,425(1):66-74.
[24]方明,吴友军,刘红,等.长江口沉积物重金属的分布、来源及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):563-569.
[25]魏晓.长江安徽段江心洲土壤地球化学及重金属累计特征[D].南京:南京大学,2017:35-39.
[26]Kabata-Pendias A,Mukherjee A B.Trace Elements from Soil to Human[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2007.
[27]黄河.淮河中下游河道沉积物重金属元素分布特征研究[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2005:58-60.
[28]Santolin C V A,Ciminelli V S T,Nascentes C C,et al.Distribution and environmental impact evaluation of metals in sediments from the Doce River Basin,Brazil[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(2):1235-1248.
[29]Birch G F,Taylor S E.Assessment of possible sediment toxicity of contaminated sediments in Port Jackson,Sydney,Australia[J].Hydrobiologia,2002,472(1/2/3):19-27.
[30]秦文,郭坤一,刘红樱,等.长江三角洲土壤Cd分布特征及生态效应初步评价[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(5):1986-1988,1998.
[31]成杭新,杨忠芳,奚小环,等.长江流域沿江镉异常示踪与追源的战略与战术[J].第四纪研究,2005,25(3):285-291.
[32]Liu H,Xiong Z,Jiang X,et al.Heavy metal concentrations in riparian soils along the Han River,China:The importance of soil properties,topography and upland land use[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,97:545-552.
[33]Yousefi S,Ardejani F D,Ziaii M,et al.Investigating the origin and geochemical behaviour of toxic elements within the waste dumps using statistical analyses:A case study at edte dumps of Sarcheshmeh copper mine,SE of Iran[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(4):1555-1572.
[34]Francouría A,Lópezmateo C,Roca E,et al.Source identification of heavy metals in pastureland by multivariate analysis in NW Spain[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,165(1):1008-1015.
[35]Li P,Qian H,Howard K W F,et al.Heavy metal contamination of Yellow River alluvial sediments,northwest China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(7):3403-3415.
[36]戴锦芳,赵锐.遥感技术在古丹阳湖演变研究中的应用[J].湖泊科学,1992,4(2):67-72.
[37]Zhao K,Liu X,Xu J,et al.Heavy metal contaminations in a soilrice system:Identification of spatial dependence in relation to soil properties of paddy fields[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,181(1/2/3):778-787.
[38]夏汉平.土壤-植物系统中的镉研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,1997,3(3):289-298.
[39]于群英,李孝良,汪建飞,等.安徽省土壤氟含量及其赋存特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(7):915-921.
[40]姚书春,薛滨.石臼湖近代环境演化历史[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(2):248-255.
[41]Hudson-Edwards K A,Houghton S L,Osborn A.Extraction and analysis of arsenic in soils and sediments[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2004,23(10):745-752.
[2]Bastami K D,Neyestani M R,Shemirani F,et al.Heavy metal pollution assessment in relation to sediment properties in the coastal sediments of the southern Caspian Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,92(1/2):237-243.
[3]Callender E.Heavy metals in the environment-historical trends[J].Treatise on Geochemistry,2013,9(1):67-105.
[4]魏复盛,陈静生.中国土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1991,12(4):12-19.
[5]Lin C E,Chen C T,Kao C M,et al.Development of the sediment and water quality management strategies for the Salt-water River,Taiwan[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,63(5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12):528-534.
[6]Chen H,Teng Y,Lu S,et al.Contamination features and health risk of soil heavy metals in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,512/513:143-153.
[7]Kennou B,Meray M E,Romane A,et al.Assessment of heavy metal availability(Pb,Cu,Cr,Cd,Zn)and speciation in contaminated soils and sediment of discharge by sequential extraction[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(7):5849-5858.
[8]刘意章,肖唐付,宁增平,等.三峡库区巫山建坪地区土壤镉等重金属分布特征及来源研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(6):2390-2398.
[9]陈兴仁.安徽长江主要支流悬浮物重金属元素分布特征及其指示意义[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,35(7):977-980.
[10]廖启林,黄顺生,林仁漳,等.长江下游富镉土壤元素分布特征及其污染修复试验[J].中国地质,2008,35(3):514-523.
[11]陈兴仁,陈富荣,贾十军,等.安徽省江淮流域土壤地球化学基准值与背景值研究[J].中国地质,2012,39(2):302-310.
[12]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:330-493.
[13]刘飞,邓道贵,杨威,等.巢湖表层沉积物重金属的分布特征及生物有效性[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):149-153.
[14]项艳.皖江城市带土壤重金属含量变化特征及其环境容量研究[D].安徽:安徽农业大学,2011:20-23.
[15]梁夏天.北京官厅水源地重金属分布与形态特征研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2014:17-19.
[16]蔡奎,段亚敏,栾文楼,等.河北平原农田土壤重金属元素Pb、Hg地球化学行为的影响因素[J].中国地质,2016,43(4):1420-1428.
[17]余健,廖媛媛,张平究,等.长江下游江心洲土壤颗粒特征及分形规律[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(3):626-631.
[18]马宏瑞,任静华,季峻峰,等.长江南京段近岸沉积物和土壤中重金属分布特征分析[J].环境监测管理与技术,2010,22(2):32-36.
[19]魏晓,吴鹏豹,张欢,等.长江安徽段江心洲土壤重金属的分布特征及来源分析[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(5):1921-1930.
[20]Li P,Qian H,Wu J,et al.Major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater in the Dongsheng Coalfield,Ordos Basin,China[J].Mine Water and the Environment,2013,32(3):195-206.
[21]Yu J,Huang Z,Chen T,et al.Evaluation of ecological risk and source of heavy metals in vegetable-growing soils in Fujian province,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,65(1):29-37.
[22]Suresh G,Sutharsan P,Ramasamy V,et al.Assessment of spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in relation to granulometric contents of Veeranam lake sediments,India[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,84(10):117-124.
[23]Lu A,Wang J,Qin X,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi,Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,425(1):66-74.
[24]方明,吴友军,刘红,等.长江口沉积物重金属的分布、来源及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(2):563-569.
[25]魏晓.长江安徽段江心洲土壤地球化学及重金属累计特征[D].南京:南京大学,2017:35-39.
[26]Kabata-Pendias A,Mukherjee A B.Trace Elements from Soil to Human[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2007.
[27]黄河.淮河中下游河道沉积物重金属元素分布特征研究[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2005:58-60.
[28]Santolin C V A,Ciminelli V S T,Nascentes C C,et al.Distribution and environmental impact evaluation of metals in sediments from the Doce River Basin,Brazil[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(2):1235-1248.
[29]Birch G F,Taylor S E.Assessment of possible sediment toxicity of contaminated sediments in Port Jackson,Sydney,Australia[J].Hydrobiologia,2002,472(1/2/3):19-27.
[30]秦文,郭坤一,刘红樱,等.长江三角洲土壤Cd分布特征及生态效应初步评价[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(5):1986-1988,1998.
[31]成杭新,杨忠芳,奚小环,等.长江流域沿江镉异常示踪与追源的战略与战术[J].第四纪研究,2005,25(3):285-291.
[32]Liu H,Xiong Z,Jiang X,et al.Heavy metal concentrations in riparian soils along the Han River,China:The importance of soil properties,topography and upland land use[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,97:545-552.
[33]Yousefi S,Ardejani F D,Ziaii M,et al.Investigating the origin and geochemical behaviour of toxic elements within the waste dumps using statistical analyses:A case study at edte dumps of Sarcheshmeh copper mine,SE of Iran[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(4):1555-1572.
[34]Francouría A,Lópezmateo C,Roca E,et al.Source identification of heavy metals in pastureland by multivariate analysis in NW Spain[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,165(1):1008-1015.
[35]Li P,Qian H,Howard K W F,et al.Heavy metal contamination of Yellow River alluvial sediments,northwest China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(7):3403-3415.
[36]戴锦芳,赵锐.遥感技术在古丹阳湖演变研究中的应用[J].湖泊科学,1992,4(2):67-72.
[37]Zhao K,Liu X,Xu J,et al.Heavy metal contaminations in a soilrice system:Identification of spatial dependence in relation to soil properties of paddy fields[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,181(1/2/3):778-787.
[38]夏汉平.土壤-植物系统中的镉研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,1997,3(3):289-298.
[39]于群英,李孝良,汪建飞,等.安徽省土壤氟含量及其赋存特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(7):915-921.
[40]姚书春,薛滨.石臼湖近代环境演化历史[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(2):248-255.
[41]Hudson-Edwards K A,Houghton S L,Osborn A.Extraction and analysis of arsenic in soils and sediments[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2004,23(10):745-752.