智能时代的信息价值观研究:技术属性、媒介语境与价值范畴
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摘要
文章从技术基础、媒介语境、信息价值观三个角度对智能时代的信息价值观研究的技术属性、媒介语境与价值范畴进行分析,以确定基本的研究范围。从智能技术基础而言,研究需要考虑两个面向上的基础属性和关系特征,即思考—行为关系与是否关涉理性。研究的媒介语境体现在信息生产、媒介信息分发和媒介—受众的互动反馈三个不断循环优化的过程,是对各阶段内关涉理性的智能技术进行人为干预和修正改造的过程,其中蕴含着价值观的嵌入。从智能技术的哲学面向而言,价值观以一种如何定义关涉理性的方式被嵌入智能技术之中。按照工具性价值观和终极性价值观的研究和分析框架,研究智能信息价值观的规范性和评价性,可以更细化地探讨关涉理性的问题。智能技术运用于信息传播,存在工具理性总体扩张但价值理性保有空间这一矛盾的张力,构成了信息价值观研究的逻辑基础。因此,智能时代的信息价值观研究需要将智能技术放在媒介信息传播的环境下加以考察,进而探讨新型媒介技术时代一个重要的研究点——信息价值观在其中是如何形塑技术、又如何被技术形塑的互动关系和过程。
In order to find the basic scope of research on information values in the era of artificial intelligence, this article analyzes the technical attributes, media context and value categories of relevant researches from the angles of technical basis, media context and information values. Firstly, based on the artificial intelligence technology, this research needs to consider the basic attributes and relationship characteristics from two aspects: thinking-behavior relationship and whether it is related to reason. Secondly, the media context of this research is embodied in the continuous optimizing cycle of information production, distribution, media-audience interaction, and it is also the process of human intervention and modification of rational intelligent technology in each stage, in which the values are embedded. Thirdly, from the philosophical orientation of intelligent technology, values are embedded in intelligent technology in a way that defines its relation to reason. We can explore the problem of rationality in a more detailed way through standardization and evaluation of the values of information according to the analytical framework of instrumental values and ultimate values. The application of intelligent technology in information dissemination has led to the contradiction of the overall expansion of instrumental rationality but the value rationality retains the space, so it constitutes the logical basis for the study of information values. Therefore, the information values in the artificial intelligent age need to be examined in the environment of media information dissemination, and then the further exploration of an important interactive relationship and process can be performed: how information values are shaped and how it is shaped and by technology in the new technology era.
In order to find the basic scope of research on information values in the era of artificial intelligence, this article analyzes the technical attributes, media context and value categories of relevant researches from the angles of technical basis, media context and information values. Firstly, based on the artificial intelligence technology, this research needs to consider the basic attributes and relationship characteristics from two aspects: thinking-behavior relationship and whether it is related to reason. Secondly, the media context of this research is embodied in the continuous optimizing cycle of information production, distribution, media-audience interaction, and it is also the process of human intervention and modification of rational intelligent technology in each stage, in which the values are embedded. Thirdly, from the philosophical orientation of intelligent technology, values are embedded in intelligent technology in a way that defines its relation to reason. We can explore the problem of rationality in a more detailed way through standardization and evaluation of the values of information according to the analytical framework of instrumental values and ultimate values. The application of intelligent technology in information dissemination has led to the contradiction of the overall expansion of instrumental rationality but the value rationality retains the space, so it constitutes the logical basis for the study of information values. Therefore, the information values in the artificial intelligent age need to be examined in the environment of media information dissemination, and then the further exploration of an important interactive relationship and process can be performed: how information values are shaped and how it is shaped and by technology in the new technology era.
引文
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[28]Danna A,Gandy O H.All that glitters is not gold:digging beneath the surface of data mining[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2002,40(4):373-386.
[29]Applin S A,Fischer M D.New technologies and mixed-use convergence:How humans and algorithms are adapting to each other[J].IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society,2016:1-6.
[30]Stark M,Fins J J.Inching toward health decision exceptionalism[J].American Journal of Bioethics,2013,13(5):18-19.
[31]彭凯平,喻丰,柏阳.实验伦理学:研究、贡献与挑战[J].中国社会科学,2011(6):15-25.
[32]喻丰,许丽颖.如何做出道德的人工智能体?--心理学的视角[J].全球传媒学刊,2018(4):24-42.
[33]方师师.算法机制背后的新闻价值观:围绕“Facebook偏见门”事件的研究[J].新闻记者,2016(9):39-50.
[2]刘晓红,孙五三.价值观框架分析:研究媒介和价值观变迁的可能途径[J].新闻与传播研究,2007(4):51-59.
[3]玛格丽特·博登:人工智能的本质与未来[M].孙诗惠,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2017:10-14.
[4]Bellman R.An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence:Can Computers Think?[M].Boston:Thomson Course Technology,1978:49-52.
[5]Haugeland J.Artificial intelligence:the very idea[J].Philosophical Review,1985(7):3-11.
[6]Chamiak E,McDermott D.Introduction to Artificial Intelligence[M].Addison-Wesley,1985:6-8.
[7]Rich E,Knight K.Artificial intelligence[M].NY:New York,1991:7-18.
[8]Kurzweil R.The age of intelligent machines[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.1990:21.
[9]Nilsson N J.Artificial intelligence:A New Synthesis[M].CA:Morgan Kaufmann.1998:1-6.
[10]全媒派.《纽约时报》AI版主帮管理评论[EB/OL].[2017-07-06].https://news.qq.com/original/dujiabianyi/newyorkai.html.
[11]李连科.价值哲学引论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1999:76-99.
[12]罗国杰.马克思主义价值观研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2013:31.
[13]Kluckhohn F R,Strodtbeck F L,Roberts J M.Variations in Value Orientations[M].Row,Peterson and Co.1961:12.
[14]Rokeach M.The Nature of Human Values,The Free Press[M].NY:New York,1973:5-7.
[15]Schwartz S H.Universals in the content and structure of values:Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries[J].Advances in experimental social psychology,1992(25):1-65.
[16]马克斯·韦伯.经济与社会·(上卷)[M].林荣远,译.北京:商务印书馆,1997:57-60.
[17]仰海峰.法兰克福学派工具理性批判的三大主题[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学版),2009(4):26-34,142.
[18]陈芬.科技理性的价值审视[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:16-19.
[19]陈昌凤,石泽.技术与价值的理性交往:人工智能时代信息传播--算法推荐中工具理性与价值理性的思考[J].新闻战线,2017(17):71-74.
[20]Macnish K.Unblinking eyes:the ethics of automating surveillance[J].Ethics&Information Technology,2012,14(2):151-167.
[21]Brauneis R,Goodman E P.Algorithmic transparency for the smart city[J].Yale Journal of Law&Technology,2018,20(1):103-175.
[22]Mittelstadt B,Allo P,Taddeo M,etl.The ethics of algorithms:mapping the debate[J].Big Data&Society,2016(3):2.
[23]Glenn T,Monteith S.New measures of mental state and behavior based on data collected from sensors,smartphones,and the internet[J].Current Psychiatry Reports,2014,16(12):523.
[24]Stark M,Fins J J.Inching toward health decision exceptionalism[J].American Journal of Bioethics,2013,13(5):18-19.
[25]仇筠茜,陈昌凤.黑箱:人工智能技术与新闻生产格局嬗变[J].新闻界,2018(1):28-34.
[26]Friedman B,Nissenbaum H.Bias in computer systems.Acm Transactions on Information Systems[J],1996,14(3):330-347.
[27]Hildebrandt M,Koops B J,Jaquetchiffelle D O.Bridging the Accountability Gap:Rights for New Entities in the Information Society?[J].Minnesota Journal of Law,Science&Technology,2010,11(2):499-559.
[28]Danna A,Gandy O H.All that glitters is not gold:digging beneath the surface of data mining[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2002,40(4):373-386.
[29]Applin S A,Fischer M D.New technologies and mixed-use convergence:How humans and algorithms are adapting to each other[J].IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society,2016:1-6.
[30]Stark M,Fins J J.Inching toward health decision exceptionalism[J].American Journal of Bioethics,2013,13(5):18-19.
[31]彭凯平,喻丰,柏阳.实验伦理学:研究、贡献与挑战[J].中国社会科学,2011(6):15-25.
[32]喻丰,许丽颖.如何做出道德的人工智能体?--心理学的视角[J].全球传媒学刊,2018(4):24-42.
[33]方师师.算法机制背后的新闻价值观:围绕“Facebook偏见门”事件的研究[J].新闻记者,2016(9):39-50.