基于PMP的机车用燃料电池混合动力系统能量管理策略
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摘要
为了提升机车用燃料电池混合动力系统的系统效率、减少系统实际氢耗量,并有效维持蓄电池荷电状态(stateof charge,SOC)。该文根据实际硬件系统中的参数以及机车工况,提出一种基于庞特里亚金极小值原理(Pontryagin minimum principle,PMP)的机车用燃料电池混合动力系统能量管理策略。在搭建的机车用燃料电池混合动力缩比硬件系统上对所提出的能量管理策略进行验证,并与等效最小氢耗策略(equivalent consumption minimization strategy,ECMS)进行对比。实验结果表明:无论混合系统的蓄电池组初始SOC为何值,基于PMP的能量管理策略相对于ECMS在系统整体效率上有了明显的提升,并且减少了系统实际氢耗量;此外,基于PMP的能量管理策略能够按照机车实际需求更好地维持蓄电池组的SOC。
In order to promote the system efficiency of fuel cell hybrid system, decrease the system's actual hydrogen consumption, meanwhile, maintain of battery's state of charge(SOC) efficiently. This paper proposed an energy management strategy based on Pontryagin minimum principle(PMP) for the locomotive's fuel cell hybrid system according to the parameters of actual hardware system and the drive cycle of locomotive. After that, the energy management strategy proposed in paper was validated on the locomotive's fuel cell hybrid system hardware platform, and compared with the equivalent consumption minimization strategy(ECMS). The experiment results demonstrate that regardless of the initial SOC value of battery of hybrid system the energy management strategy based on PMP promotes the whole efficiency of system obviously and has less actual hydrogen consumption than ECMS. Moreover, the energy management strategy based on PMP could maintain the battery's SOC preferably according the practical demand of locomotive.
In order to promote the system efficiency of fuel cell hybrid system, decrease the system's actual hydrogen consumption, meanwhile, maintain of battery's state of charge(SOC) efficiently. This paper proposed an energy management strategy based on Pontryagin minimum principle(PMP) for the locomotive's fuel cell hybrid system according to the parameters of actual hardware system and the drive cycle of locomotive. After that, the energy management strategy proposed in paper was validated on the locomotive's fuel cell hybrid system hardware platform, and compared with the equivalent consumption minimization strategy(ECMS). The experiment results demonstrate that regardless of the initial SOC value of battery of hybrid system the energy management strategy based on PMP promotes the whole efficiency of system obviously and has less actual hydrogen consumption than ECMS. Moreover, the energy management strategy based on PMP could maintain the battery's SOC preferably according the practical demand of locomotive.
引文
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[11]Thounthong P,Sikkabut S,Mungporn P,et al.DC bus stabilization of li-ion battery based energy storage for a hydrogen/solar power plant for autonomous network applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2015,51(4):2717-2725.
[12]Li Qi,Yang Hanqing,Han Ying,et al.A state machine strategy based on droop control for an energy management system of PEMFC-battery-supercapacitor hybrid tramway[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2016,41(36):16148-16159.
[13]Xu Liangfei,Ouyang Minggao,Li Jianqiu,et al.Application of Pontryagin's Minimal Principle to the energy management strategy of plugin fuel cell electric vehicles[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38(24):10104-10115.
[14]谢长君,杜传进,全书海.燃料电池中巴车电电混合动力控制系统[J].机械工程学报,2009,45(6):188-192.Xie Changjun,Du Chuanjin,Quan Shuhai.Hybrid power control system of fuel cell middle size bus[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2009,45(6):188-192(in Chinese).
[15]Fernandez L M,Garcia P,Garcia C A,et al.Hybrid electric system based on fuel cell and battery and integrating a single dc/dc converter for a tramway[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2011,52(5):2183-2192.
[16]夏超英,张聪.混合动力系统能量管理策略的实时优化控制算法[J].自动化学报,2015,41(3):508-517.Xia Chaoying,Zhang Cong.Real-time optimization control algorithm of energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles[J].Acta Automatica Sinica,2015,41(3):508-517(in Chinese).
[17]彭东恺,朱礼斯,韩金刚.船舶燃料电池-蓄电池混合动力系统能量管理策略及仿真分析[J].系统仿真学报,2014,26(11):2797-2802.Peng Dongkai,Zhu Lisi,Han Jingang.Simulation of energy management strategy for fuel cell/battery hybrid ship[J].Journal of System Simulation,2014,26(11):2797-2802(in Chinese).
[18]金振华,欧阳明高,卢青春,等.燃料电池混合动力系统优化控制策略[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2009,49(2):273-276.Jin Zhenhua,Ouyang Minggao,Lu Qingchun,et al.Optimal control strategy for a fuel cell hybrid powertrain[J].Journal of Tsinghua University:Science and Technology,2009,49(2):273-276(in Chinese).
[19]曹桂军,卢兰光,李建秋,等.燃料电池混合动力客车整车控制策略[J].机械工程学报,2008,44(6):114-119.Cao Guijun,Lu Languang,Li Jianqiu,et al.Supervisory control strategies for fuel cell hybrid electric bus[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2008,44(6):114-119(in Chinese).
[20]Motapon S N,Dessaint L A,Al-Haddad K.A robust H2-consumption-minimization-based energy management strategy for a fuel cell hybrid emergency power system of more electric aircraft[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2014,61(11):6148-6156.
[21]Han Ying,Li Qi,Wang Tianhong,et al.Multisource coordination energy management strategy based on SOCconsensus for a PEMFC-battery-supercapacitor hybrid tramway[J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2018,67(1):296-305.
[22]Yedavalli K,Guo Liping,Zinger D S.Simple control system for a switcher locomotive hybrid fuel cell power system[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2011,47(6):2384-2390.
[23]Zhang Guorui,Chen Weirong,Li Qi.Modeling,optimization and control of a FC/battery hybrid locomotive based on ADVISOR[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42(29):18568-18583.
[24]Larminie J,Dicks A.Fuel cell systems explained[M].2nd ed.Chichester,West Sussex:Wiley,2013:34-399.
[25]Zou Yuan,Liu Teng,Sun Fengchun,et al.Comparative study of dynamic programming and Pontryagin’s minimum principle on energy management for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle[J].Energies,2013,6(4):2305-2318.
[26]石英乔,何彬,曹桂军,等.燃料电池混合动力瞬时优化能量管理策略研究[J].汽车工程,2008,30(1):30-35.Shi Yingqiao,He Bin,Cao Guijun,et a1.A study on the energy management strategy for fuel cell electric vehicle based on instantaneous optimization[J].Automotive Engineering,2006,30(1):30-35.
[2]赵思臣,王奔,谢玉洪,等.无外增湿质子交换膜燃料电池线性温度扫描实验[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(26):4528-4533.Zhao Sichen,Wang Ben,Xie Yuhong,et al.Linear temperature sweep experimental study on proton exchange membrane fuel cell without external humidification[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(26):4528-4533(in Chinese).
[3]Liu Jianxing,Luo Wensheng,Yang Xiaozhan,et al.Robust model-based fault diagnosis for PEM fuel cell air-feed system[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2016,63(5):3261-3270.
[4]Hong Ling,Chen Jian,Liu Zhiyang,et al.A nonlinear control strategy for fuel delivery in PEM fuel cells considering nitrogen permeation[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42(2):1565-1576.
[5]Hong Zhihu,Li Qi,Han Ying,et al.An energy management strategy based on dynamic power factor for fuel cell/battery hybrid locomotive[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2018,43(6):3261-3272.
[6]徐梁飞,李相俊,华剑锋,等.燃料电池混合动力参数辨识及整车控制策略优化[J].机械工程学报,2009,45(2):56-61.Xu Liangfei,Li Xiangjun,Hua Jianfeng,et al.Parameter identification and control strategy optimization of hybrid fuel cell powertrain[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2009,45(2):56-61(in Chinese).
[7]Xie Changjun,Xu Xinyi,Bujlo P,et al.Fuel cell and lithium iron phosphate battery hybrid powertrain with an ultracapacitor bank using direct parallel structure[J].Journal of Power Sources,2015,279:487-494.
[8]尹良震,李奇,洪志湖,等.PEMFC发电系统FFRLS在线辨识和实时最优温度广义预测控制方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(11):3223-3235.Yin Liangzhen,Li Qi,Hong Zhihu,et al.FFRLS online identification and real-time optimal temperature generalized predictive control method of PEMFC power generation system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(11):3223-3235(in Chinese).
[9]蔡国伟,陈冲,孔令国,等.风电/制氢/燃料电池/超级电容器混合系统控制策略[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(17):84-94.Cai Guowei,Chen Chong,Kong Lingguo,et al.Control of hybrid system of wind/hydrogen/fuel cell/supercapacitor[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(17):84-94(in Chinese).
[10]Liu Jianxing,Laghrouche S,Ahmed F S,et al.PEM fuel cell air-feed system observer design for automotive applications:an adaptive numerical differentiation approach[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(30):17210-17221.
[11]Thounthong P,Sikkabut S,Mungporn P,et al.DC bus stabilization of li-ion battery based energy storage for a hydrogen/solar power plant for autonomous network applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2015,51(4):2717-2725.
[12]Li Qi,Yang Hanqing,Han Ying,et al.A state machine strategy based on droop control for an energy management system of PEMFC-battery-supercapacitor hybrid tramway[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2016,41(36):16148-16159.
[13]Xu Liangfei,Ouyang Minggao,Li Jianqiu,et al.Application of Pontryagin's Minimal Principle to the energy management strategy of plugin fuel cell electric vehicles[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38(24):10104-10115.
[14]谢长君,杜传进,全书海.燃料电池中巴车电电混合动力控制系统[J].机械工程学报,2009,45(6):188-192.Xie Changjun,Du Chuanjin,Quan Shuhai.Hybrid power control system of fuel cell middle size bus[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2009,45(6):188-192(in Chinese).
[15]Fernandez L M,Garcia P,Garcia C A,et al.Hybrid electric system based on fuel cell and battery and integrating a single dc/dc converter for a tramway[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2011,52(5):2183-2192.
[16]夏超英,张聪.混合动力系统能量管理策略的实时优化控制算法[J].自动化学报,2015,41(3):508-517.Xia Chaoying,Zhang Cong.Real-time optimization control algorithm of energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles[J].Acta Automatica Sinica,2015,41(3):508-517(in Chinese).
[17]彭东恺,朱礼斯,韩金刚.船舶燃料电池-蓄电池混合动力系统能量管理策略及仿真分析[J].系统仿真学报,2014,26(11):2797-2802.Peng Dongkai,Zhu Lisi,Han Jingang.Simulation of energy management strategy for fuel cell/battery hybrid ship[J].Journal of System Simulation,2014,26(11):2797-2802(in Chinese).
[18]金振华,欧阳明高,卢青春,等.燃料电池混合动力系统优化控制策略[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2009,49(2):273-276.Jin Zhenhua,Ouyang Minggao,Lu Qingchun,et al.Optimal control strategy for a fuel cell hybrid powertrain[J].Journal of Tsinghua University:Science and Technology,2009,49(2):273-276(in Chinese).
[19]曹桂军,卢兰光,李建秋,等.燃料电池混合动力客车整车控制策略[J].机械工程学报,2008,44(6):114-119.Cao Guijun,Lu Languang,Li Jianqiu,et al.Supervisory control strategies for fuel cell hybrid electric bus[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2008,44(6):114-119(in Chinese).
[20]Motapon S N,Dessaint L A,Al-Haddad K.A robust H2-consumption-minimization-based energy management strategy for a fuel cell hybrid emergency power system of more electric aircraft[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2014,61(11):6148-6156.
[21]Han Ying,Li Qi,Wang Tianhong,et al.Multisource coordination energy management strategy based on SOCconsensus for a PEMFC-battery-supercapacitor hybrid tramway[J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2018,67(1):296-305.
[22]Yedavalli K,Guo Liping,Zinger D S.Simple control system for a switcher locomotive hybrid fuel cell power system[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2011,47(6):2384-2390.
[23]Zhang Guorui,Chen Weirong,Li Qi.Modeling,optimization and control of a FC/battery hybrid locomotive based on ADVISOR[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42(29):18568-18583.
[24]Larminie J,Dicks A.Fuel cell systems explained[M].2nd ed.Chichester,West Sussex:Wiley,2013:34-399.
[25]Zou Yuan,Liu Teng,Sun Fengchun,et al.Comparative study of dynamic programming and Pontryagin’s minimum principle on energy management for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle[J].Energies,2013,6(4):2305-2318.
[26]石英乔,何彬,曹桂军,等.燃料电池混合动力瞬时优化能量管理策略研究[J].汽车工程,2008,30(1):30-35.Shi Yingqiao,He Bin,Cao Guijun,et a1.A study on the energy management strategy for fuel cell electric vehicle based on instantaneous optimization[J].Automotive Engineering,2006,30(1):30-35.
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