道德相对主义和厌恶情绪对道德直觉判断的影响
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摘要
社会直觉模型认为有意识的道德推理过程发生在道德直觉判断之后。那么,道德直觉判断又是怎么形成的,是否受认知推理和情绪的影响?实验1首先验证道德直觉判断的存在;实验2考察了道德相对主义对道德直觉判断的影响;实验3考察了厌恶情绪对道德直觉判断的影响。结果发现:(1)道德绝对主义比道德相对主义条件下,个体更倾向于做出道德直觉判断,说明道德直觉判断受认知推理影响。(2)厌恶情绪比中立情绪启动条件下,个体更倾向于做出道德直觉判断,说明道德直觉判断受情绪影响。因此,道德直觉判断会受认知推理和情绪的影响。
The social intuition model suggests that moral reasoning occurs after moral intuitive judgment. The question of how people make intuitive moral judgments, and whether the process is influenced by reasoning and emotion, remains to be answered. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of moral relativism and disgust on moral intuitive judgment. According to the unimodel of human judgment, intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on similar rules. The hypotheses are as follows: moral relativism increases moral intuitive judgment(H1) and disgust increases moral intuitive judgment(H2).We conducted three experiments to test these hypotheses. In Experiment 1, we examined whether moral intuitive judgment exists. A total of 39 undergraduates were selected and asked to answer "yes" or "no"randomly, like tossing a coin, to 20 moral behaviors, 20 immoral behaviors, and 40 fillers. The accuracy of moral judgment is compared to random level(i.e., 0.5). Accuracy greater than 0.5 was considered indicative of moral intuitive judgment. Single-sample t-test showed that the accuracy of the participants' random responses was significantly greater than random(i.e., 0.5), indicating the existence of moral intuitions.In Experiment 2, a total of 77 undergraduates were randomly assigned to two different conditions, i.e.,moral relativism and moral absolutism. Participants were first primed moral absolutism or moral relativism by scrambling in a sentence, e.g., the scrambled sentence "as to rightness" "cannot" "different types of morality""be compared" may be recomposed as "Different types of morality cannot be compared as to rightness", then randomly answer "yes" or "no" to moral judgments. Independent-samples t-test showed that participants were more inclined to make moral intuitive judgments under the conditions of moral absolutism than moral relativism,which suggests that moral relativism weakens participants' moral intuitive judgment, while moral absolutism promotes participants' moral intuitive judgment.In Experiment 3, a total of 80 undergraduates were randomly assigned to two different emotional conditions,i.e., disgust and neutral emotion. Participants' disgust(or neutral emotion) were primed by eight pictures of disgusting facial expressions(or eight pictures of neutral facial expressions) before randomly answering "yes"or "no" to moral judgments. Independent-sample t-test showed that participants were more inclined to make moral intuitive judgments under the conditions of disgust emotion than neutral emotion, which suggests that moral intuition judgments are affected by emotion, and disgust increases individuals' moral intuitive judgments.In sum, the present research investigated the influence of moral relativism and disgust emotion on moral intuitive judgment, which helps to further understand the mechanism of moral intuitive judgment. In addition, it also provides some guidance for the daily moral judgment. The limitations and further research are also discussed.
The social intuition model suggests that moral reasoning occurs after moral intuitive judgment. The question of how people make intuitive moral judgments, and whether the process is influenced by reasoning and emotion, remains to be answered. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of moral relativism and disgust on moral intuitive judgment. According to the unimodel of human judgment, intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on similar rules. The hypotheses are as follows: moral relativism increases moral intuitive judgment(H1) and disgust increases moral intuitive judgment(H2).We conducted three experiments to test these hypotheses. In Experiment 1, we examined whether moral intuitive judgment exists. A total of 39 undergraduates were selected and asked to answer "yes" or "no"randomly, like tossing a coin, to 20 moral behaviors, 20 immoral behaviors, and 40 fillers. The accuracy of moral judgment is compared to random level(i.e., 0.5). Accuracy greater than 0.5 was considered indicative of moral intuitive judgment. Single-sample t-test showed that the accuracy of the participants' random responses was significantly greater than random(i.e., 0.5), indicating the existence of moral intuitions.In Experiment 2, a total of 77 undergraduates were randomly assigned to two different conditions, i.e.,moral relativism and moral absolutism. Participants were first primed moral absolutism or moral relativism by scrambling in a sentence, e.g., the scrambled sentence "as to rightness" "cannot" "different types of morality""be compared" may be recomposed as "Different types of morality cannot be compared as to rightness", then randomly answer "yes" or "no" to moral judgments. Independent-samples t-test showed that participants were more inclined to make moral intuitive judgments under the conditions of moral absolutism than moral relativism,which suggests that moral relativism weakens participants' moral intuitive judgment, while moral absolutism promotes participants' moral intuitive judgment.In Experiment 3, a total of 80 undergraduates were randomly assigned to two different emotional conditions,i.e., disgust and neutral emotion. Participants' disgust(or neutral emotion) were primed by eight pictures of disgusting facial expressions(or eight pictures of neutral facial expressions) before randomly answering "yes"or "no" to moral judgments. Independent-sample t-test showed that participants were more inclined to make moral intuitive judgments under the conditions of disgust emotion than neutral emotion, which suggests that moral intuition judgments are affected by emotion, and disgust increases individuals' moral intuitive judgments.In sum, the present research investigated the influence of moral relativism and disgust emotion on moral intuitive judgment, which helps to further understand the mechanism of moral intuitive judgment. In addition, it also provides some guidance for the daily moral judgment. The limitations and further research are also discussed.
引文
Betsch,T.(2008).The nature of intuition and its neglect in research on judgment and decision making.In H.Plessner,C.Betsch,&T.Betsch(Eds.),Institution in judgment and decision making(pp.3-22).New York:Tayolor&Francis Group.
Chen,Y.H.,Bai,L.,Li,L.F.(2015).The characteristics and development of moral emotion and its influence on moral behavior.Studies of Psychology and Behavior,13(5),627-636.[陈英和,白柳,李龙凤.(2015).道德情绪的特点、发展及其对行为的影响.心理与行为研究,13(5),627-636.]
Cushman,F.,Young,L.,&Greene,J.D.(2010).Our multi-system moral psychology:Towards a consensus view.In J.M.Doris(Ed.),The Oxford handbook of moral psychology(pp.47-71).New York,NY:Oxford University Press.
Esptein,S.,&Pacini,R.(1999).Some basic issues regarding dual-process theories from the perspective of cognitiveexperiential self-theory.In S.Chaiken&Y.Trope(Eds.),Dual process theories in social psychology(pp.462-482).New York:Guilford Press.
Forsyth,D.R.(1980).A taxonomy of ethical ideologies.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,39(1),175-184.
Gigerenzer,G.,&Murray,D.J.(1987).Cognition as intuitive statistics.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,36(4),431-432.
Gong,X.,Huang,Y.X.,Wang,Y.,&Luo,Y.J.(2011).Revision of the Chinese facial affective picture system.Chinese Mental Health Journal,25(1),40-46.[龚栩,黄宇霞,王妍,罗跃嘉.(2011).中国面孔表情图片系统的修订.中国心理卫生杂志,25(1),40-46.]
Greene,J.D.(2007).Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian?A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11(8),322-323.
Greene,J.D.,Sommerville,R.B.,Nystrom,L.E.,Darley,J.M.,&Cohen,J.D.(2001).An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment.Science,293(5537),2105-2108.
Haidt,J.(2001).The emotional dog and its rational tail:Asocial intuitionist approach to moral judgment.Psychological Review,108(4),814-834.
Haidt,J.(2007).The new synthesis in moral psychology.Science,316(5827),998-1002.
Harman,G.(1975).Moral relativism defended.The Philosophical Review,84(1),3-22.
Horberg,E.J.,&Keltner,D.(2007).Passions for justice.In D.De Cremer(Ed.),Advances in the psychology of justice and affect(pp.155-174).Greenwich,CT:Information Age.
Horberg,E.J.,Oveis,C.,Keltner,D.,&Cohen,A.B.(2009).Disgust and the moralization of purity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,97(6),963-976.
Kahneman,D.(2003).A perspective on judgment and choice:Mapping bounded rationality.American Psychologist,58(9),697-720.
Kahneman,D.,&Frederick,S.(2002).Representativeness revisited:Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.In T.Gilovich,D.Griffin,&D.Kahneman(Eds.),Heuristics and biases:The psychology of intuitive judgment(pp.49-81).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kohlberg,L.(1969).Stage and sequence:The cognitivedevelopmental approach to socialization.In D.A.Goslined(Ed.),Handbook of socialization theory and research(pp.347-480),Chicago,IL:Rand McNally.
Kruglanski,A.W.,Erb,H.P.,Spiegel,S.,&Pierro,A.(2003).The parametric unimodel of human judgment:A fanfare to the common thinker.In L.G.Aspinwall&U.M.Staudinger(Eds.),A psychology of human strengths:Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology(pp.197-210).Washington,D.C.:APA Press.
Kruglanski,A.W.,&Gigerenzer,G.(2011).Intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on common principles.Psychological Review,118(1),97-109.
Lin,J.(2002).On the union of relativity and absolute nature of moral laws and decrees.Academics in China,96(5),169-179.[林剑.(2002).论道德律令的相对性与绝对性的统一.学术界,96(5),169-179.]
Lu,J.G.,Quoidbach,J.,Gino,F.,Chakroff,A.,Maddux,W.W.,&Galinsky,A.(2017).The dark side of going abroad:How broad foreign experiences increase immoral behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,112(1),1-16.
Olatunji,B.O.,&Puncochar,B.D.(2016).Effects of disgust priming and disgust sensitivity on moral judgement.International Journal of Psychology,51(2),102-108.
Piaget,J.(1965).The moral judgment of the child.New York:The Free Press.
Rai,T.S.,&Holyoak,K.J.(2013).Exposure to moral relativism compromises moral behaviors.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,49(6),995-1001.
Ren,J.,&Gao,X.X.(2011).Moral emotions:The moral behavior’s intermediary mediation.Advances in Psychological Science,19(8),1224-1232.[任俊,高肖肖.(2011).道德情绪:道德行为的中介调节.心理科学进展,19(8),1224-1232.]
Russell,J.A.(2003).Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion.Psychological Review,110(1),145-172.
Russell,J.A.,&Feldman Barrett,L.(1999).Core affect,prototypical emotional episodes,and other things called emotion:Dissecting the elephant.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,76(5),805-819.
Schnall,S.,Haidt,J.,Clore,G.L.,&Jordan,A.H.(2008).Disgust as embodied moral judgment.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(8),1096-1109.
Schwarz,N.,&Clore,G.L.(1988).How do I feel about it?Informative functions of affective states.In K.Fiedler&J.Forgas(Eds.),Affect,cognition and social behavior(pp.44-62).Toronto,Canada:Hogrefe International.
Sloman,S.A.(2002).Two systems of reasoning.In T.Gilovich,D.Griffin,&D.Kahneman(Eds.),Heuristics and biases:The psychology of intuitive judgment(pp.379-396).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Sparrow,B.,&Wegner,D.M.(2006).Unpriming:The deactivation of thoughts through expression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(6),1009-1019.
Sun,Y.,Li,S.,Yin,X.L.(2007).Two systems in decisionmaking and reasoning:Heuristic system and analytic system.Advances in Psychological Science,15(5),721-726.[孙彦,李纾,殷晓莉.(2007).决策与推理的双系统--启发式系统和分析系统.心理科学进展,15(5),721-726.]
Tang,J.W.,Lu,H.,Liu,Y.,&Peng,J.(2015).Exploring moral intuitive decision-making and its mechanism.Advances in Psychological Science,23(10),1830-1842.[唐江伟,路红,刘毅,彭坚.(2015).道德直觉决策及其机制探析.心理科学进展,23(10),1830-1842.]
Tian,X.H.,Yang,Q.,Zhang,D.X.,Zhang,Y.(2011).Atheory on the mechanism underlying moral intuitions.Advances in Psychological Science,19(10),1426-1433.[田学红,杨群,张德玄,张烨.(2011).道德直觉加工机制的理论构想.心理科学进展,19(10),1426-1433.]
Wegner,D.M.,Fuller,V,A.,&Sparrow,B.(2003).Clever hands:Uncontrolled intelligence in facilitated communication.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85(1),5-19.
Wheatley,T.,&Haidt,J.(2005).Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe.Psychological Science,16(10),780-784.
Wu,P.,Fan,J.,&Liu,H.S.(2017).The influence of moral emotions on online helping behavior:The mediating role of moral reasoning.Acta Psychologica Sinica,49(12),1559-1569.[吴鹏,范晶,刘华山.(2017).道德情绪对网络助人行为的影响--道德推理的中介作用.心理学报,49(12),1559-1569.]
Xu,P.,&Chi,Y.K.(2007).A review on the social intuitionist model of moral judgment.Psychological Science,30(2),403-405.[徐平,迟毓凯.(2007).道德判断的社会直觉模型述评.心理科学,30(2),403-405.]
Chen,Y.H.,Bai,L.,Li,L.F.(2015).The characteristics and development of moral emotion and its influence on moral behavior.Studies of Psychology and Behavior,13(5),627-636.[陈英和,白柳,李龙凤.(2015).道德情绪的特点、发展及其对行为的影响.心理与行为研究,13(5),627-636.]
Cushman,F.,Young,L.,&Greene,J.D.(2010).Our multi-system moral psychology:Towards a consensus view.In J.M.Doris(Ed.),The Oxford handbook of moral psychology(pp.47-71).New York,NY:Oxford University Press.
Esptein,S.,&Pacini,R.(1999).Some basic issues regarding dual-process theories from the perspective of cognitiveexperiential self-theory.In S.Chaiken&Y.Trope(Eds.),Dual process theories in social psychology(pp.462-482).New York:Guilford Press.
Forsyth,D.R.(1980).A taxonomy of ethical ideologies.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,39(1),175-184.
Gigerenzer,G.,&Murray,D.J.(1987).Cognition as intuitive statistics.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,36(4),431-432.
Gong,X.,Huang,Y.X.,Wang,Y.,&Luo,Y.J.(2011).Revision of the Chinese facial affective picture system.Chinese Mental Health Journal,25(1),40-46.[龚栩,黄宇霞,王妍,罗跃嘉.(2011).中国面孔表情图片系统的修订.中国心理卫生杂志,25(1),40-46.]
Greene,J.D.(2007).Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian?A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11(8),322-323.
Greene,J.D.,Sommerville,R.B.,Nystrom,L.E.,Darley,J.M.,&Cohen,J.D.(2001).An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment.Science,293(5537),2105-2108.
Haidt,J.(2001).The emotional dog and its rational tail:Asocial intuitionist approach to moral judgment.Psychological Review,108(4),814-834.
Haidt,J.(2007).The new synthesis in moral psychology.Science,316(5827),998-1002.
Harman,G.(1975).Moral relativism defended.The Philosophical Review,84(1),3-22.
Horberg,E.J.,&Keltner,D.(2007).Passions for justice.In D.De Cremer(Ed.),Advances in the psychology of justice and affect(pp.155-174).Greenwich,CT:Information Age.
Horberg,E.J.,Oveis,C.,Keltner,D.,&Cohen,A.B.(2009).Disgust and the moralization of purity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,97(6),963-976.
Kahneman,D.(2003).A perspective on judgment and choice:Mapping bounded rationality.American Psychologist,58(9),697-720.
Kahneman,D.,&Frederick,S.(2002).Representativeness revisited:Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.In T.Gilovich,D.Griffin,&D.Kahneman(Eds.),Heuristics and biases:The psychology of intuitive judgment(pp.49-81).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kohlberg,L.(1969).Stage and sequence:The cognitivedevelopmental approach to socialization.In D.A.Goslined(Ed.),Handbook of socialization theory and research(pp.347-480),Chicago,IL:Rand McNally.
Kruglanski,A.W.,Erb,H.P.,Spiegel,S.,&Pierro,A.(2003).The parametric unimodel of human judgment:A fanfare to the common thinker.In L.G.Aspinwall&U.M.Staudinger(Eds.),A psychology of human strengths:Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology(pp.197-210).Washington,D.C.:APA Press.
Kruglanski,A.W.,&Gigerenzer,G.(2011).Intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on common principles.Psychological Review,118(1),97-109.
Lin,J.(2002).On the union of relativity and absolute nature of moral laws and decrees.Academics in China,96(5),169-179.[林剑.(2002).论道德律令的相对性与绝对性的统一.学术界,96(5),169-179.]
Lu,J.G.,Quoidbach,J.,Gino,F.,Chakroff,A.,Maddux,W.W.,&Galinsky,A.(2017).The dark side of going abroad:How broad foreign experiences increase immoral behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,112(1),1-16.
Olatunji,B.O.,&Puncochar,B.D.(2016).Effects of disgust priming and disgust sensitivity on moral judgement.International Journal of Psychology,51(2),102-108.
Piaget,J.(1965).The moral judgment of the child.New York:The Free Press.
Rai,T.S.,&Holyoak,K.J.(2013).Exposure to moral relativism compromises moral behaviors.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,49(6),995-1001.
Ren,J.,&Gao,X.X.(2011).Moral emotions:The moral behavior’s intermediary mediation.Advances in Psychological Science,19(8),1224-1232.[任俊,高肖肖.(2011).道德情绪:道德行为的中介调节.心理科学进展,19(8),1224-1232.]
Russell,J.A.(2003).Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion.Psychological Review,110(1),145-172.
Russell,J.A.,&Feldman Barrett,L.(1999).Core affect,prototypical emotional episodes,and other things called emotion:Dissecting the elephant.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,76(5),805-819.
Schnall,S.,Haidt,J.,Clore,G.L.,&Jordan,A.H.(2008).Disgust as embodied moral judgment.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(8),1096-1109.
Schwarz,N.,&Clore,G.L.(1988).How do I feel about it?Informative functions of affective states.In K.Fiedler&J.Forgas(Eds.),Affect,cognition and social behavior(pp.44-62).Toronto,Canada:Hogrefe International.
Sloman,S.A.(2002).Two systems of reasoning.In T.Gilovich,D.Griffin,&D.Kahneman(Eds.),Heuristics and biases:The psychology of intuitive judgment(pp.379-396).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Sparrow,B.,&Wegner,D.M.(2006).Unpriming:The deactivation of thoughts through expression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(6),1009-1019.
Sun,Y.,Li,S.,Yin,X.L.(2007).Two systems in decisionmaking and reasoning:Heuristic system and analytic system.Advances in Psychological Science,15(5),721-726.[孙彦,李纾,殷晓莉.(2007).决策与推理的双系统--启发式系统和分析系统.心理科学进展,15(5),721-726.]
Tang,J.W.,Lu,H.,Liu,Y.,&Peng,J.(2015).Exploring moral intuitive decision-making and its mechanism.Advances in Psychological Science,23(10),1830-1842.[唐江伟,路红,刘毅,彭坚.(2015).道德直觉决策及其机制探析.心理科学进展,23(10),1830-1842.]
Tian,X.H.,Yang,Q.,Zhang,D.X.,Zhang,Y.(2011).Atheory on the mechanism underlying moral intuitions.Advances in Psychological Science,19(10),1426-1433.[田学红,杨群,张德玄,张烨.(2011).道德直觉加工机制的理论构想.心理科学进展,19(10),1426-1433.]
Wegner,D.M.,Fuller,V,A.,&Sparrow,B.(2003).Clever hands:Uncontrolled intelligence in facilitated communication.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85(1),5-19.
Wheatley,T.,&Haidt,J.(2005).Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe.Psychological Science,16(10),780-784.
Wu,P.,Fan,J.,&Liu,H.S.(2017).The influence of moral emotions on online helping behavior:The mediating role of moral reasoning.Acta Psychologica Sinica,49(12),1559-1569.[吴鹏,范晶,刘华山.(2017).道德情绪对网络助人行为的影响--道德推理的中介作用.心理学报,49(12),1559-1569.]
Xu,P.,&Chi,Y.K.(2007).A review on the social intuitionist model of moral judgment.Psychological Science,30(2),403-405.[徐平,迟毓凯.(2007).道德判断的社会直觉模型述评.心理科学,30(2),403-405.]