化学和黏土矿物钝化剂对牛粪秸秆堆肥磷形态转化的影响
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摘要
盲目施用粪肥导致农田土壤磷素(P)积累和产生的面源污染等环境风险已引起人们的重视。该文通过在牛粪秸秆堆肥过程中,添加质量分数2.5%的化学物质或黏土矿物2类磷素钝化剂,研究其对磷素形态转化的影响。结果显示,和对照相比,添加氧化钙、氧化镁、硫酸亚铁和明矾可明显降低堆肥产品中磷素的活性,水溶性磷(water extract phosphorus,WEP)占总磷(totalphosphorus,TP)百分比分别为:38.0%、60.2%、58.8%、28.9%;添加蛭石和沸石使堆肥产品中WEP占TP百分比分别下降11.7%、17.3%。第35天堆肥样品的Hedley磷分组结果显示,添加氧化钙和氧化镁主要促进了H_2O-Pi向更稳定态的NaHCO_3-Pi、HCl-P(Pi和Po)、残余态-P转化;添加硫酸亚铁和明矾主要促进了H_2O-Pi向更稳定态的NaOH-P(Pi和Po)、残余态-P转化。添加黏土矿物钝化剂均略微促进了不稳定态磷H_2O-Pi和NaHCO_3-Pi向稳定态磷HCl-Pi转化。堆肥结束时添加MgO明显提高了堆体的pH值,其他处理均对pH值影响较小。综合来看硫酸亚铁、明矾、沸石和蛭石依次为较好的磷素钝化材料。
Although livestock manure is an excellent fertilizer and its composting can become into more stable and nutritional organic fertilizer, it typically has a low N/P ratio compared with crop requirements. The overuse of manures leads to serious phosphorus(P) accumulation in soil, especially in vegetable and fruit production process that increased the potential of P loss in runoff making it became one of the major P sources to eutrophic water bodies. In order to decrease the risk of P runoff from fields with organic fertilizer input, several kinds of additives in organic fertilizer were studied in recent years. In current study, two kinds of additives, chemical substances(calcium oxide(CaO), magnesium oxide(MgO), ferrous sulfate(FeSO4·7 H_2O), alum(KAl(SO4)2·12 H_2O),) and clay mineral(vermiculite, zeolite, medical stone, bentonite), were chosen to study their potential effects on P stabilization, forms and transformation during cow manures and corn stalk composting. The addition ratio of additives was 2.5% of the dry weight of the compost material in different treatments. The evolution of total phosphorus(TP) and phosphorus speciation of compost were analyzed during the 35 days' composting process, while the solid samples were taken at various stages(the 0, 3 rd, 7 th, 10 th, 14 th, 21 st, 28 th, 35 th day) of composting. Furthermore, the P contents and fractionation in composted products on 35 th day were analyzed using Hedley P fractionation method, and were sequentially extracted by deionized water(H_2O-P), NaHCO_3(NaHCO_3-P), NaOH(NaOH-P), HCl(HCl-P) and H2 SO4-H_2O2(Residual-P). The results showed that compared with the control treatment, the addition of CaO, MgO, FeSO4 and KAl(SO4)2 significantly decreased the percentage of water extracted phosphorus(WEP) in TP by 38.0%, 60.2%, 58.8% and 28.9% after 35 days composting, respectively. Adding the vermiculite and zeolite decreased the percentage of WEP in TP by 11.7%, 17.3%, respectively. The results of Hedley P fractionation showed that the addition of CaO and MgO mainly decreased the proportion of H_2O-Pi, whereas increased the proportion of NaHCO_3-Pi, HCl-Pi and HCl-Po, residual-P. The addition of FeSO4 and KAl(SO4)2 mainly decreased the proportion of H_2O-Pi, whereas increased the proportion of NaOH-Pi and NaOH-Po, residual-P. For the addition of clay minerals, we all observed a slight decrease in H_2O-Pi and NaHCO_3-Pi, and a slight rise in HCl-Pi. The addition of MgO greatly increased the pH value, which may delay the composting process and increase ammonia volatilization, while the other additives had little effect on pH value changing. Therefore, FeSO4, KAl(SO4)2, zeolite and vermiculite had relative better performance for stabilizing P during cow manure composting.
Although livestock manure is an excellent fertilizer and its composting can become into more stable and nutritional organic fertilizer, it typically has a low N/P ratio compared with crop requirements. The overuse of manures leads to serious phosphorus(P) accumulation in soil, especially in vegetable and fruit production process that increased the potential of P loss in runoff making it became one of the major P sources to eutrophic water bodies. In order to decrease the risk of P runoff from fields with organic fertilizer input, several kinds of additives in organic fertilizer were studied in recent years. In current study, two kinds of additives, chemical substances(calcium oxide(CaO), magnesium oxide(MgO), ferrous sulfate(FeSO4·7 H_2O), alum(KAl(SO4)2·12 H_2O),) and clay mineral(vermiculite, zeolite, medical stone, bentonite), were chosen to study their potential effects on P stabilization, forms and transformation during cow manures and corn stalk composting. The addition ratio of additives was 2.5% of the dry weight of the compost material in different treatments. The evolution of total phosphorus(TP) and phosphorus speciation of compost were analyzed during the 35 days' composting process, while the solid samples were taken at various stages(the 0, 3 rd, 7 th, 10 th, 14 th, 21 st, 28 th, 35 th day) of composting. Furthermore, the P contents and fractionation in composted products on 35 th day were analyzed using Hedley P fractionation method, and were sequentially extracted by deionized water(H_2O-P), NaHCO_3(NaHCO_3-P), NaOH(NaOH-P), HCl(HCl-P) and H2 SO4-H_2O2(Residual-P). The results showed that compared with the control treatment, the addition of CaO, MgO, FeSO4 and KAl(SO4)2 significantly decreased the percentage of water extracted phosphorus(WEP) in TP by 38.0%, 60.2%, 58.8% and 28.9% after 35 days composting, respectively. Adding the vermiculite and zeolite decreased the percentage of WEP in TP by 11.7%, 17.3%, respectively. The results of Hedley P fractionation showed that the addition of CaO and MgO mainly decreased the proportion of H_2O-Pi, whereas increased the proportion of NaHCO_3-Pi, HCl-Pi and HCl-Po, residual-P. The addition of FeSO4 and KAl(SO4)2 mainly decreased the proportion of H_2O-Pi, whereas increased the proportion of NaOH-Pi and NaOH-Po, residual-P. For the addition of clay minerals, we all observed a slight decrease in H_2O-Pi and NaHCO_3-Pi, and a slight rise in HCl-Pi. The addition of MgO greatly increased the pH value, which may delay the composting process and increase ammonia volatilization, while the other additives had little effect on pH value changing. Therefore, FeSO4, KAl(SO4)2, zeolite and vermiculite had relative better performance for stabilizing P during cow manure composting.
引文
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[3]马林,王方浩,刘东,等.河北省畜禽粪尿养分资源分布及其污染潜力分析[J].河北农业大学学报,2006,29(6):99-103.Ma Lin,Wang Fanghao,Liu Dong,et al.Assessment of the production of animal manure and its pollution potential in Hebei province[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2006,29(6):99-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]严正娟.施用粪肥对设施菜田土壤磷素形态与移动性的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.Yan Zhengjuan.Effects of Manure Application on the Form and Mobility of Soil Phosphorus in Vegetable Greenhouse[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2015(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Koopmans G F,Chardon W J,Mcdowell R W.Phosphorus movement and speciation in a sandy soil profile after long-term animal manure applications[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(1):305-315.
[6]陈安磊,王凯荣,谢小立,等.不同施肥模式下稻田土壤微生物生物量磷对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(12):2733-2738.Chen Anlei,Wang Kairong,Xie Xiaoli,et al.Responses of microbial biomass P to the changes of organic C and P in paddy soils under different fertilization systems[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(12):2733-2738.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Moore P A,Miller D M.Decreasing phosphorus solubility in poultry litter with aluminum,calcium,and iron amendments[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1994,23(2):325-330.
[8]Shreve B R,Moore P A,Daniel T C,et al.Reduction of phosphorus in runoff from field-applied poultry litter using chemical amendments[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1995,24(1):106-111.
[9]Moore P A,Daniel T C,Edwards D R,et al.Effect of chemical amendments on ammonia volatilization from poultry litter[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1995,24(2):293-300.
[10]杨宇,魏源送,刘俊新.镁盐添加对猪粪堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响[J].环境科学,2008,29(9):2672-2677.Yang Yu,Wei Yuansong,Liu Junxin.Effect of magnesium malt addition on nutrients conservation during swine manure composting[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(9):2672-2677.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]郑易安,王爱勤.不同方式处理蛭石对磷吸附性能研究[J].应用化工,2010,39(2):204-208.Zheng Yian,Wang Aiqin.Phosphate adsorption using vermiculite with different treatment methods[J].Applied Chemical Industry,2010,39(2):204-208.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]吴鹏,陆爽君,徐乐中,等.改性沸石湿地脱氮除磷效能及机制[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):580-588.Wu Peng,Lu Shuangjun,Xu Lezhong,et al.Efficiency and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in modified zeolite wetland[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(2):580-588.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]陈琳荔,邹华.改性麦饭石对水中氮磷的去除[J].食品与生物技术学报,2015,34(3):283-290.Chen Linli,Zhou Hua.Experimental study on removal of ammonium and phosphate in simulation river water by modified medical stone[J].Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology,2015,34(3):283-290.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]聂锦旭,唐文广,刘汨,等.有机-无机复合膨润土的制备及其对磷吸附特性研究[J].环境工程学报,2011,5(7):1572-1575.Nie Jinxu,Tang Wenguang,Liu Mi,et al.Study on adsorption properties of phosphor with inorganic-organic composite modified bentonite in wastewater[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2011,5(7):1572-1575.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Turan N G.Nitrogen availability in composted poultry litter using natural amendments[J].Waste Management&Research:the Journal of the International Solid Wastes&Public Cleansing Association,ISWA,2009,27(1):19-24.
[16]郑瑞生,封辉,李延.沸石在猪粪堆肥过程中保氮效果研究[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(5):1017-1022.Zheng Ruisheng,Feng Hui,Li Yan.Nitrogen conservation in swine manure compost with zeolite usage[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(5):1017-1022.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[17]Quan W,Zhen W,Awasthi M K,et al.Evaluation of medical stone amendment for the reduction of nitrogen loss and bioavailability of heavy metals during pig manure composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,220:297-304.
[18]姜继韶.猪粪秸秆高温堆肥添加剂的选择及其保氮机理的研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.Jiang Jishao.Study on Selection and Mechanism of Nitrogen Conservation Additives During Swine Manure-Straw Composting[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Anderson K R,Moore P A,Miller D M,et al.Phosphorus leaching from soil cores from a twenty-year study evaluating alum treatment of poultry litter[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2018,47(3):530-537.
[20]Huang L,Moore P A,Kleinman P J,et al.Reducing phosphorus runoff and leaching from poultry litter with alum:Twenty-year small plot and paired-watershed studies[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2016,45(4):1413-1420.
[21]Brennan R B,Wall D P,Fenton O,et al.Impact of chemical amendment of dairy cattle slurry on soil phosphorus dynamics following application to five soils[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2014,45(16):2215-2233.
[22]Kleinman P,Sullivan D,Wolf A,et al.Selection of a water-extractable phosphorus test for manures and biosolids as an indicator of runoff loss potential[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2007,36(5):1357-1367.
[23]He Z,Senwo Z N,Mankolo R N,et al.Phosphorus fractions in poultry litter characterized by sequential fractionation coupled with phosphatase hydrolysis[J].International Journal of Food Agriculture&Environment,2006,4:304-312.
[24]Pagliari P H,Laboski C A.Investigation of the inorganic and organic phosphorus forms in animal manure[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2012,41:901-910.
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