森林生态系统服务价值及其补偿校准——以马尾松林为例
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摘要
森林补偿资金分配与生态系统服务脱钩,是长期以来制约森林生态保护制度发挥作用的关键因素。建立森林生态保护成效与资金分配挂钩的激励约束机制,对于完善生态补偿制度、保障国家生态安全具有重要意义。以马尾松林为例,运用野外调查、实验室实验等方法,精准计量评价马尾松林的固碳、水源涵养、固土保肥、生物多样性等4种主要生态系统服务;以皮尔(R.Pearl)生长曲线为基础构建生态补偿算法,测算基于生态系统服务价值的马尾松林补偿标准。第一,马尾松林生态系统服务价值为10335.86—16358.06元hm~(-2)a~(-1),固碳价值为165.93—521.03元hm~(-2)a~(-1),水源涵养价值为5024.47—11788.30元hm~(-2)a~(-1),固土保肥价值为3597.84—6405.04元hm~(-2)a~(-1),生物多样性价值为178.57—1346.15元hm~(-2)a~(-1)。第二,固碳价值、固土保肥价值在空间上呈现出随纬度增加而减小的格局,水源涵养价值、生物多样性价值与前两者分布格局相反。植被类型、经营方式影响马尾松林生态系统服务价值,混交林生态系统服务价值大于纯林,间伐补植的马尾松林生态系统服务价值高于皆伐后营造的林分。第三,马尾松林生态系统服务补偿标准为0.15×10~3—1.43×10~3元hm~(-2)a~(-1),大小主要受生态系统服务单价影响。本研究为森林生态系统服务精确计量评价、森林生态系统服务补偿标准的确定提供科学量化的依据。
The separation from forest compensation allocation and forest ecosystem services has been a long-term barrier for restricting proper functioning of forest ecological conservation. It is of great significance to establish an incentive and restrictive mechanism coupling the effects of forest conservation with allocation of forest compensation funds in order to improve the ecological compensation system and ensure national ecological security. In this study,we selected Masson pine( Pinus massoniana) forests as the research target and used field investigation and laboratory analysis to accurately evaluatethe value of four main ecosystem services in the forests,namely carbon sequestration,water conservation,soil fertility conservation,and biodiversity protection. Based on a classic growth curve( Raymond Pearl),an ecological compensation algorithm was developed to determine the standard compensation value for ecosystem services in Masson pine forests. The results showed that,firstly,the total ecosystem services value of Masson pine forests ranged from 10335.86—16358.06 yuan hm~(-2)a~(-1),with the four services valued at 165.93—521. 03; 5024. 47—11788. 30; 3597. 84—6405. 04; and 178. 57—1346.15 yuan hm~(-2)a~(-1)for carbon sequestration,water conservation,soil fertility conservation,and biodiversity protection,respectively. Secondly,the spatial pattern of carbon sequestration and soil fertility conservation value decreased with increasing latitude; whereas,the water conservation and biodiversity protection value increased with latitude. The forest ecosystem services value was also affected by vegetation types and forest management practices,as it was higher in the mixed Masson pine stands compared to the pure Masson pine stands and was higher in the stands that had undergone thinning and replanting by silvicultural practices compared to the afforestation stands after clear cutting. Lastly,the forest ecosystem services standard compensation value in Masson pine forests ranged from 0.15—1.43 × 10~3 yuan hm~(-2)a~(-1)which was determined by the unit price of forest ecosystem services. This study provides a quantitative basis for measuring and evaluating forest ecosystem services and standard compensation value accurately.
The separation from forest compensation allocation and forest ecosystem services has been a long-term barrier for restricting proper functioning of forest ecological conservation. It is of great significance to establish an incentive and restrictive mechanism coupling the effects of forest conservation with allocation of forest compensation funds in order to improve the ecological compensation system and ensure national ecological security. In this study,we selected Masson pine( Pinus massoniana) forests as the research target and used field investigation and laboratory analysis to accurately evaluatethe value of four main ecosystem services in the forests,namely carbon sequestration,water conservation,soil fertility conservation,and biodiversity protection. Based on a classic growth curve( Raymond Pearl),an ecological compensation algorithm was developed to determine the standard compensation value for ecosystem services in Masson pine forests. The results showed that,firstly,the total ecosystem services value of Masson pine forests ranged from 10335.86—16358.06 yuan hm~(-2)a~(-1),with the four services valued at 165.93—521. 03; 5024. 47—11788. 30; 3597. 84—6405. 04; and 178. 57—1346.15 yuan hm~(-2)a~(-1)for carbon sequestration,water conservation,soil fertility conservation,and biodiversity protection,respectively. Secondly,the spatial pattern of carbon sequestration and soil fertility conservation value decreased with increasing latitude; whereas,the water conservation and biodiversity protection value increased with latitude. The forest ecosystem services value was also affected by vegetation types and forest management practices,as it was higher in the mixed Masson pine stands compared to the pure Masson pine stands and was higher in the stands that had undergone thinning and replanting by silvicultural practices compared to the afforestation stands after clear cutting. Lastly,the forest ecosystem services standard compensation value in Masson pine forests ranged from 0.15—1.43 × 10~3 yuan hm~(-2)a~(-1)which was determined by the unit price of forest ecosystem services. This study provides a quantitative basis for measuring and evaluating forest ecosystem services and standard compensation value accurately.
引文
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[5] Shoyama K,Kamiyama C,Morimoto J,Ooba M,Okuro T. A review of modeling approaches for ecosystem services assessment in the Asian region.Ecosystem Services,2017,26:316-328.
[6] Sherrouse B C,Semmens D J. Social Values for Ecosystem Services(SolVES):Documentation and User Manual,Version 2.0. Reston,VA:U.S.Geological Survey,2012.
[7]蒋延玲,周广胜.中国主要森林生态系统公益的评估.植物生态学报,1999,23(5):426-432.
[8]余新晓,鲁绍伟,靳芳,陈丽华,饶良懿,陆贵巧.中国森林生态系统服务功能价值评估.生态学报,2005,25(8):2096-2102.
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[10]刘永杰,王世畅,彭皓,李镇清.神农架自然保护区森林生态系统服务价值评估.应用生态学报,2014,25(5):1431-1438.
[11]徐雨晴,周波涛,於琍,石英,徐影.气候变化背景下中国未来森林生态系统服务价值的时空特征.生态学报,2018,38(6):1952-1963.
[12]吴强,张合平.森林生态补偿研究进展.生态学杂志,2016,35(1):226-233.
[13] Wunder S,Engel S,Pagiola S. Taking stock:a comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries. Ecological Economics,2008,65(4):834-852.
[14]赵雪雁,李巍,王学良.生态补偿研究中的几个关键问题.中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(2):1-7.
[15] Wang P,Poe G L,Wolf S A. Payments for ecosystem services and wealth distribution. Ecological Economics,2017,132:63-68.
[16] Dang T H,Brouwer R,Hoang L P,Davidson M D. A comparative study of transaction costs of payments for forest ecosystem services in Vietnam.Forest Policy and Economics,2017,80:141-149.
[17] Diswandi D. A hybrid Coasean and Pigouvian approach to payment for ecosystem services program in west Lombok:does it contribute to poverty alleviation? Ecosystem Services,2017,23:138-145.
[18]李莹.森林生态价值核算及生态补偿研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016:7-8.
[19]文清,尹宁,吕明,张皓东,王雨濛.云南森林生态功能区农户生态补偿支付意愿(WTP)影响因素及差异性分析.长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(8):1260-1273.
[20] Pagiola S,Arcenas A,Platais G. Can Payments for environmental services help reduce poverty? an exploration of the issues and the evidence to date from Latin America. World Development,2005,33(2):237-253.
[21]吴征镒.中国植被.北京:科学出版社,1980:234-235.
[22] Larsen S,Alp M. Ecological thresholds and riparian wetlands:an overview for environmental managers. Limnology,2015,16(1):1-9.
[23] Olschewski R,Benítez P C. Optimizing joint production of timber and carbon sequestration of afforestation projects. Journal of Forest Economics,2010,16(1):1-10.
[24]冯继广,丁陆彬,王景升,姚萍萍,姚帅臣,王志凯.基于案例的中国森林生态系统服务功能评价.应用生态学报,2016,27(5):1375-1382.
[25]张颖,金笙.公益林生态补偿.北京:中国林业出版社,2013:161-162.
[26]沈月琴,王枫,张耀启,朱臻,王小玲.中国南方杉木森林碳汇供给的经济分析.林业科学,2013,49(9):140-147.
[27]王小玲.杉木、马尾松成本收益及其碳汇供给研究[D].杭州:浙江农林大学,2013:17-19.
[28]朱臻,沈月琴,徐志刚,吴伟光,宁可,王志强.森林经营主体的碳汇供给潜力差异及影响因素研究.自然资源学报,2014,29(12):2013-2022.
[29]黄宰胜,陈钦.基于造林成本法的林业碳汇成本收益影响因素分析.资源科学,2016,38(3):485-492.
[30]刘恩斌.广东二元立木材积表的编制与改进方法的研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2005:38-38.
[31]农胜奇,蔡会德,江锦烽,张伟.广西公益林区主要树种地径材积模型的研建.广西林业科学,2012,41(2):121-123.
[32]李金昌.资源经济新论.重庆:重庆大学出版社,1995.
[33]刘世荣.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律.北京:中国林业出版社,1996:23-25.
[34]吕郁彪,金大刚.广西公益林生态效益补偿研究.北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):53-56.
[35]廖烨.湖南省森林公园公益林生态补偿标准研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2014:38-38.
[36]黄李煌.福建省公益林生态补偿标准体系研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2012:36-36.
[37]朱银银.长株潭城市群绿心地区的生态补偿研究[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2015:71-71.
[38]张林林,刘效东,苏艳,夏文杰,梁京威,李吉跃.马尾松人工林生物量与生产力研究进展.生态科学,2018,37(3):213-221.
[39]康冰,刘世荣,张广军,常建国,温远光,马姜明,郝文芳.广西大青山南亚热带马尾松、杉木混交林生态系统碳素积累和分配特征.生态学报,2006,26(5):1320-1329.
[40]贺金生.中国森林生态系统的碳循环:从储量、动态到模式.中国科学:生命科学,2012,42(3):252-254.
[41]周祎.贵州省马尾松主要林分类型生物量及碳汇功能研究[D].贵阳:贵州大学,2016:33-33.
[42]王淑彬,徐慧芳,宋同清,黄国勤,彭晚霞,杜虎.广西森林土壤主要养分的空间异质性.生态学报,2014,34(18):5292-5299.
[43]伍倩,闫文德,梁小翠,王姣龙,宁晨,赵亮生.亚热带4种典型人工林凋落物持水特性.中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(12):76-81,94-94.
[44]于海艳,查同刚,聂立水,吕志远.小水电代燃料工程对森林生态服务功能的影响.应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3081-3088.
[2]赵金龙,王泺鑫,韩海荣,康峰峰,张彦雷.森林生态系统服务功能价值评估研究进展与趋势.生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2229-2237.
[3] Costanza R,d'Arge R,de Groot R,Farber S,Grasso M,Hannon B,Limburg K,Naeem S,V. O'Neill R V,Paruelo J,Raskin R G,Sutton P,van den Belt M. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[4] Solecki W D,Rosenzweig C,Parshall L,Pope G,Clark M,Cox J,Wiencke M. Mitigation of the heat island effect in urban New Jersey. Global Environmental Change Part B:Environmental Hazards,2005,6(1):39-49.
[5] Shoyama K,Kamiyama C,Morimoto J,Ooba M,Okuro T. A review of modeling approaches for ecosystem services assessment in the Asian region.Ecosystem Services,2017,26:316-328.
[6] Sherrouse B C,Semmens D J. Social Values for Ecosystem Services(SolVES):Documentation and User Manual,Version 2.0. Reston,VA:U.S.Geological Survey,2012.
[7]蒋延玲,周广胜.中国主要森林生态系统公益的评估.植物生态学报,1999,23(5):426-432.
[8]余新晓,鲁绍伟,靳芳,陈丽华,饶良懿,陆贵巧.中国森林生态系统服务功能价值评估.生态学报,2005,25(8):2096-2102.
[9]王兵,鲁绍伟,尤文忠,任晓旭,邢兆凯,王世明.辽宁省森林生态系统服务价值评估.应用生态学报,2010,21(7):1792-1798.
[10]刘永杰,王世畅,彭皓,李镇清.神农架自然保护区森林生态系统服务价值评估.应用生态学报,2014,25(5):1431-1438.
[11]徐雨晴,周波涛,於琍,石英,徐影.气候变化背景下中国未来森林生态系统服务价值的时空特征.生态学报,2018,38(6):1952-1963.
[12]吴强,张合平.森林生态补偿研究进展.生态学杂志,2016,35(1):226-233.
[13] Wunder S,Engel S,Pagiola S. Taking stock:a comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries. Ecological Economics,2008,65(4):834-852.
[14]赵雪雁,李巍,王学良.生态补偿研究中的几个关键问题.中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(2):1-7.
[15] Wang P,Poe G L,Wolf S A. Payments for ecosystem services and wealth distribution. Ecological Economics,2017,132:63-68.
[16] Dang T H,Brouwer R,Hoang L P,Davidson M D. A comparative study of transaction costs of payments for forest ecosystem services in Vietnam.Forest Policy and Economics,2017,80:141-149.
[17] Diswandi D. A hybrid Coasean and Pigouvian approach to payment for ecosystem services program in west Lombok:does it contribute to poverty alleviation? Ecosystem Services,2017,23:138-145.
[18]李莹.森林生态价值核算及生态补偿研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016:7-8.
[19]文清,尹宁,吕明,张皓东,王雨濛.云南森林生态功能区农户生态补偿支付意愿(WTP)影响因素及差异性分析.长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(8):1260-1273.
[20] Pagiola S,Arcenas A,Platais G. Can Payments for environmental services help reduce poverty? an exploration of the issues and the evidence to date from Latin America. World Development,2005,33(2):237-253.
[21]吴征镒.中国植被.北京:科学出版社,1980:234-235.
[22] Larsen S,Alp M. Ecological thresholds and riparian wetlands:an overview for environmental managers. Limnology,2015,16(1):1-9.
[23] Olschewski R,Benítez P C. Optimizing joint production of timber and carbon sequestration of afforestation projects. Journal of Forest Economics,2010,16(1):1-10.
[24]冯继广,丁陆彬,王景升,姚萍萍,姚帅臣,王志凯.基于案例的中国森林生态系统服务功能评价.应用生态学报,2016,27(5):1375-1382.
[25]张颖,金笙.公益林生态补偿.北京:中国林业出版社,2013:161-162.
[26]沈月琴,王枫,张耀启,朱臻,王小玲.中国南方杉木森林碳汇供给的经济分析.林业科学,2013,49(9):140-147.
[27]王小玲.杉木、马尾松成本收益及其碳汇供给研究[D].杭州:浙江农林大学,2013:17-19.
[28]朱臻,沈月琴,徐志刚,吴伟光,宁可,王志强.森林经营主体的碳汇供给潜力差异及影响因素研究.自然资源学报,2014,29(12):2013-2022.
[29]黄宰胜,陈钦.基于造林成本法的林业碳汇成本收益影响因素分析.资源科学,2016,38(3):485-492.
[30]刘恩斌.广东二元立木材积表的编制与改进方法的研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2005:38-38.
[31]农胜奇,蔡会德,江锦烽,张伟.广西公益林区主要树种地径材积模型的研建.广西林业科学,2012,41(2):121-123.
[32]李金昌.资源经济新论.重庆:重庆大学出版社,1995.
[33]刘世荣.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律.北京:中国林业出版社,1996:23-25.
[34]吕郁彪,金大刚.广西公益林生态效益补偿研究.北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):53-56.
[35]廖烨.湖南省森林公园公益林生态补偿标准研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2014:38-38.
[36]黄李煌.福建省公益林生态补偿标准体系研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2012:36-36.
[37]朱银银.长株潭城市群绿心地区的生态补偿研究[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2015:71-71.
[38]张林林,刘效东,苏艳,夏文杰,梁京威,李吉跃.马尾松人工林生物量与生产力研究进展.生态科学,2018,37(3):213-221.
[39]康冰,刘世荣,张广军,常建国,温远光,马姜明,郝文芳.广西大青山南亚热带马尾松、杉木混交林生态系统碳素积累和分配特征.生态学报,2006,26(5):1320-1329.
[40]贺金生.中国森林生态系统的碳循环:从储量、动态到模式.中国科学:生命科学,2012,42(3):252-254.
[41]周祎.贵州省马尾松主要林分类型生物量及碳汇功能研究[D].贵阳:贵州大学,2016:33-33.
[42]王淑彬,徐慧芳,宋同清,黄国勤,彭晚霞,杜虎.广西森林土壤主要养分的空间异质性.生态学报,2014,34(18):5292-5299.
[43]伍倩,闫文德,梁小翠,王姣龙,宁晨,赵亮生.亚热带4种典型人工林凋落物持水特性.中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(12):76-81,94-94.
[44]于海艳,查同刚,聂立水,吕志远.小水电代燃料工程对森林生态服务功能的影响.应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3081-3088.