利用灰岩断层面形貌特征识别罗云山山前断裂古地震信息
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摘要
以山西地堑系罗云山山前断裂的基岩断层面为例,用陆基Li DAR扫描获取了断层面形貌学数据,采用各向同性变差函数法计算了断层面形貌的分维值。结果显示,断层面形貌在高度上具有显著的分带性,每个分带的特征分维值随断层面高度的增加呈阶跃式变化。分析认为这种形貌特征可能反映了断层面与多次地震相关的间歇式出露方式。分带高度指示了约3m和1m的2组同震倾滑位移量,各分带之间的分维值过渡带是断层面缓慢剥露的结果。与片麻岩区的断层面形貌学研究结果相比,灰岩断层面形貌学分维值随着暴露时间的增加而减小,2种岩性区的断层面分维值D与断层面高度H呈现类似镜像的关系,在气候构造条件大致相同的情况下,考虑为岩性差异的影响。
The quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of bedrock fault surface is a useful approach to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. It is an effective complement to trenching technique,specially to identifying paleo-earthquakes in a bedrock area where the trenching technique cannot be applied. This paper focuses on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault,which is an active normal fault extending along the eastern boundary of the Shanxi Graben,China. There are a lot of fault scarps along the fault zone,which supply plentiful samples to be selected to our research,that is,to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquakes in bedrock area by the quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of fault surfaces. In this paper,we calculate the 2 D fractal dimension of two bedrock fault surfaces on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault in the Shanxi Graben,China using the isotropic empirical variance function,which is a popular method in fractal geometry. Results indicate that the fractal dimension varies systematically with height above the base of the fault surface exposures,indicating segmentation of the fault surface morphology. The 2 D fractal dimension on a fault surface shows a ‘stair-like' vertical segmentation,which is consistent with the weathering band and suggests that those fault surfaces are outcropped due to periodic faulting earthquakes. However,compared to the results of gneiss obtained by the former researchers,the characteristic fractal value of limestone shows an opposite evolution trend. 1) The paleo-earthquake study of the bedrock fault surface can be used as a supplementary method to study the activity history of faults in specific geomorphological regions. It can be used to fill the gaps in the exploration of the paleo-earthquake method in the bedrock area,and then broaden the study of active faults in space and scope. The quantitative analysis of bedrock fault surface morphology is an effective method to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. The quantitative feature analysis method of the bedrock fault surface is a cost-effective method for the study of paleo-earthquakes in the bedrock fault surface. The number of weathered bands and band height can be identified by the segment number and segment height of the characteristic fractal dimension,and then the paleoearthquake events and the co-seismic displacement can be determined; 2) The exposure of the fault surface of the Luoyunshan bedrock is affected and controlled by both fault activity and erosion. A strong fault activity(ruptured earthquake)forms a segment of fault surface which is equivalent to the vertical co-seismic displacement of the earthquake. After the segment is cropped out,it suffers from the same effect of weathering and erosion,and thus this segment has approximately the same fractal dimension. Multiple severe fault activities(ruptured earthquake) form multiple fault surface topography. The long-term erosion under weak hydrodynamic conditions at the base of the fault cliff between two adjacent fault activities(intermittent period) will form a gradual slow-connect region where the fractal dimension gradually changes with the height of the fault surface. Based on the segmentation of quantitative morphology of the two fault surfaces on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault,we identified four earthquake events. Two sets of co-seismic displacement of about 3 m and 1 m on the fault are obtained; 3) The relationship between the fault surface morphology parameters and the time is described as follows: The fractal dimension of the limestone area decreases with the increase of the exposure time,which reflects the gradual smoothing characteristics after exposed. The phenomenon is opposite to the evolution of the geological features of gneiss faults acquired by the predecessors on the Huoshan piedmont fault; 4)Lithology plays an important role in morphology evolution of fault surface and the two opposite evolution trends of the characteristic fractal value on limestone and gneiss show that the weathering mechanism of limestone is different from that of the gneiss.
The quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of bedrock fault surface is a useful approach to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. It is an effective complement to trenching technique,specially to identifying paleo-earthquakes in a bedrock area where the trenching technique cannot be applied. This paper focuses on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault,which is an active normal fault extending along the eastern boundary of the Shanxi Graben,China. There are a lot of fault scarps along the fault zone,which supply plentiful samples to be selected to our research,that is,to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquakes in bedrock area by the quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of fault surfaces. In this paper,we calculate the 2 D fractal dimension of two bedrock fault surfaces on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault in the Shanxi Graben,China using the isotropic empirical variance function,which is a popular method in fractal geometry. Results indicate that the fractal dimension varies systematically with height above the base of the fault surface exposures,indicating segmentation of the fault surface morphology. The 2 D fractal dimension on a fault surface shows a ‘stair-like' vertical segmentation,which is consistent with the weathering band and suggests that those fault surfaces are outcropped due to periodic faulting earthquakes. However,compared to the results of gneiss obtained by the former researchers,the characteristic fractal value of limestone shows an opposite evolution trend. 1) The paleo-earthquake study of the bedrock fault surface can be used as a supplementary method to study the activity history of faults in specific geomorphological regions. It can be used to fill the gaps in the exploration of the paleo-earthquake method in the bedrock area,and then broaden the study of active faults in space and scope. The quantitative analysis of bedrock fault surface morphology is an effective method to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. The quantitative feature analysis method of the bedrock fault surface is a cost-effective method for the study of paleo-earthquakes in the bedrock fault surface. The number of weathered bands and band height can be identified by the segment number and segment height of the characteristic fractal dimension,and then the paleoearthquake events and the co-seismic displacement can be determined; 2) The exposure of the fault surface of the Luoyunshan bedrock is affected and controlled by both fault activity and erosion. A strong fault activity(ruptured earthquake)forms a segment of fault surface which is equivalent to the vertical co-seismic displacement of the earthquake. After the segment is cropped out,it suffers from the same effect of weathering and erosion,and thus this segment has approximately the same fractal dimension. Multiple severe fault activities(ruptured earthquake) form multiple fault surface topography. The long-term erosion under weak hydrodynamic conditions at the base of the fault cliff between two adjacent fault activities(intermittent period) will form a gradual slow-connect region where the fractal dimension gradually changes with the height of the fault surface. Based on the segmentation of quantitative morphology of the two fault surfaces on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault,we identified four earthquake events. Two sets of co-seismic displacement of about 3 m and 1 m on the fault are obtained; 3) The relationship between the fault surface morphology parameters and the time is described as follows: The fractal dimension of the limestone area decreases with the increase of the exposure time,which reflects the gradual smoothing characteristics after exposed. The phenomenon is opposite to the evolution of the geological features of gneiss faults acquired by the predecessors on the Huoshan piedmont fault; 4)Lithology plays an important role in morphology evolution of fault surface and the two opposite evolution trends of the characteristic fractal value on limestone and gneiss show that the weathering mechanism of limestone is different from that of the gneiss.
引文
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邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.2004.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘,11(4):383-392.DENG Qi-dong,CHEN Li-chun,RAN Yong-kang.2004.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,11(4):383-392(in Chinese).
邓起东,苏宗正,王挺梅,等.1993.临汾盆地晚第四纪沉积与新构造运动[M]∥马宗晋主编.山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社:111-129.DENG Qi-dong,SU Zong-zheng,WANG Ting-mei,et al.1993.Late Quaternary Deposition and Neotectonic Movement of Linfen Basin[M]∥MA Zong-jin(ed).Linfen Earthquake Research and Systematic Disaster Reduction in Shanxi.Seismological Press,Beijing:111-129(in Chinese).
邓起东,王克鲁,汪一鹏,等.1973.山西隆起区断陷地震带地质条件及地震发展趋势概述[J].地质科学,(1):37-47.DENG Qi-dong,WANG Ke-lu,WANG Yi-peng,et al.1973.A review of seismo-geological conditions and seismic activity tendency in Shanxi faulted depression of Shanxi uplift zone[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,(1):37-47(in Chinese).
邓起东,闻学泽.2008.活动构造研究:历史、进展与建议[J].地震地质,30(1):1-30.DENG Qi-dong,WEN Xue-ze.2008.A review on the research of active tectonics:History,progress and suggestions[J].Seismology and Geology,30(1):1-30(in Chinese).
国家地震局地震地质大队,北京大学地质地理系.1979.临汾盆地活动构造体系与地震[A]∥中国地质科学院地质力学研究所编.地质力学论丛(5).北京:科学出版社:140-150.Seismo-geological Brigade,State Seismological Bureau,Geology and Geography Department,Peking University.1979.Active tectonic system and earthquake in Linfen Basin[A]∥Institute of Geomechanics,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.Collected Papers and Notes on Geomechanics,No.5.Science Press,Beijing:140-150(in Chinese).
国家地震局“鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系”课题组.1988.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社.The Research Group on Active Fault System around Ordos Massif,State Seismological Bureau.1988.Active Fault System around Ordos Massif[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
何宏林,魏占玉,毕丽思,等.2015.利用基岩断层面形貌定量特征识别古地震:以霍山山前断裂为例[J].地震地质,37(2):61-73.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.02.005.HE Hong-lin,WEI Zhan-yu,BI Li-si,et al.2015.Identify paleo-earthquake using quantitative morphology of bedrock fault surface:A case study on the Huoshan piedmont fault[J].Seismology and Geology,37(2):61-73(in Chinese).
刘光勋.1985.汾渭地堑系边缘挤压构造带及其地质意义[A]∥构造地质论丛(4).北京:地震出版社.LIU Guang-xun.1985.Compressional tectonic zones on the Linfen-Weihe graben margin and its geological significance[A]∥Collected Papers and Notes on Tectonics,No4.Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
龙毅,周侗,汤国安,等.2007.典型黄土地貌类型区的地形复杂度分形研究[J].山地学报,25(4):385-395.LONG Yi,ZHOU Tong,TANG Guo-an,et al.2007.Research on terrain complexity of several typical regions of loess landform based on fractal method[J].Journal of Mountain Science,25(4):385-395(in Chinese).
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