日月山断裂德州段晚更新世以来的活动速率研究
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摘要
日月山断裂位于柴达木-祁连活动块体内部,受到东昆仑断裂和祁连-海原断裂等主边界断裂控制,形成了块体内部夹持于主边界断裂之间的次级构造。该断裂的构造位置特殊,确定其晚更新世以来的活动速率可提供青藏高原东北缘向外扩展的最新活动信息。文中通过建立地貌面时间标尺,分析断错的地貌标志,获得了以下2点认识:1)晚更新世以来,日月山断裂德州段主要发育一级洪积扇面fp,三级河流阶地面T1、T2和T3。其中洪积扇fp的废弃年龄约(21.2±0.6)ka,河流阶地T2的废弃年龄约(12.4±0.11)ka;2)日月山断裂晚更新世晚期以来的右旋走滑速率约(2.41±0.25)mm/a,全新世以来的右旋走滑速率约(2.18±0.40)mm/a,垂直滑动速率约(0.24±0.16)mm/a。日月山断裂德州段的右旋走滑速率在晚更新世晚期以来基本不变。日月山断裂并未切错大型块体的边界,而是青藏高原东北缘地区夹持于区域大型左旋走滑断裂内部的1套右旋走滑断裂中的1支。在青藏高原东北缘整体生长和扩展的过程中,右旋走滑断裂对各次级块体之间的变形协调起着十分重要的调节作用。
The Riyue Mt. Fault is a secondary fault controlled by the major regional boundary faults( East Kunlun Fault and Qilian-Haiyuan Fault). It lies in the interior of Qaidam-Qilianshan block and between the major regional boundary faults. The Riyue Mt. fault zone locates in the special tectonic setting which can provide some evidences for recent activity of outward extension of NE Tibetan plateau,so it is of significance to determine the activity of Riyue Mt. Fault since late Pleistocene to Holocene. In this paper,we have obtained some findings along the Dezhou segment of Riyue Mt. Fault by interpreting the piedmont alluvial fans,measuring fault scarps,and excavating trenches across the fault scarp. The findings are as follows:( 1) Since the late Pleistocene,there are an alluvial fan fpand three river terraces T_1-T_3 formed on the Dezhou segment. The abandonment age of fpis approximately( 21. 2±0. 6) ka,and that of the river terrace T_2 is( 12. 4± 0. 11) ka.( 2) Since the late Pleistocene,the dextral strike-slip rate of the Riyue Mt. Fault is( 2. 41±0. 25) mm/a. In the Holocene,the dextral strike-slip rate of the fault is( 2. 18±0. 40) mm/a,and its vertical displacement rate is( 0. 24±0. 16)mm/a. This result indicates that the dextral strike-slip rate of the Riyue Mt. Fault has not changed since the late Pleistocene. It is believed that,as one of the dextral strike-slip faults,sandwiched between the the regional big left-lateral strike-slip faults,the Riyue Mt. Fault didn't cut the boundary zone of the large block. What's more,the dextral strike-slip faults play an important role in the coordination of deformation between the sub-blocks during the long term growth and expansion of the northeast Tibetan plateau.
The Riyue Mt. Fault is a secondary fault controlled by the major regional boundary faults( East Kunlun Fault and Qilian-Haiyuan Fault). It lies in the interior of Qaidam-Qilianshan block and between the major regional boundary faults. The Riyue Mt. fault zone locates in the special tectonic setting which can provide some evidences for recent activity of outward extension of NE Tibetan plateau,so it is of significance to determine the activity of Riyue Mt. Fault since late Pleistocene to Holocene. In this paper,we have obtained some findings along the Dezhou segment of Riyue Mt. Fault by interpreting the piedmont alluvial fans,measuring fault scarps,and excavating trenches across the fault scarp. The findings are as follows:( 1) Since the late Pleistocene,there are an alluvial fan fpand three river terraces T_1-T_3 formed on the Dezhou segment. The abandonment age of fpis approximately( 21. 2±0. 6) ka,and that of the river terrace T_2 is( 12. 4± 0. 11) ka.( 2) Since the late Pleistocene,the dextral strike-slip rate of the Riyue Mt. Fault is( 2. 41±0. 25) mm/a. In the Holocene,the dextral strike-slip rate of the fault is( 2. 18±0. 40) mm/a,and its vertical displacement rate is( 0. 24±0. 16)mm/a. This result indicates that the dextral strike-slip rate of the Riyue Mt. Fault has not changed since the late Pleistocene. It is believed that,as one of the dextral strike-slip faults,sandwiched between the the regional big left-lateral strike-slip faults,the Riyue Mt. Fault didn't cut the boundary zone of the large block. What's more,the dextral strike-slip faults play an important role in the coordination of deformation between the sub-blocks during the long term growth and expansion of the northeast Tibetan plateau.
引文
邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.2004.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘,11(4):383—392.DENG Qi-dong,CHEN Li-chun,RAN Yong-kang.2004.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,11(4):383—392(in Chinese).
邓起东,闻学泽.2008.活动构造研究:历史、进展与建议[J].地震地质,30(1):1—30.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2008.01.002.DENG Qi-dong,WEN Xue-ze.2008.A review on the research of active tectonics:History,progress and suggestions[J].Seismology and Geology,30(1):1—30(in Chinese).
邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.2002.中国活动构造基本特征[J].中国科学(D辑),32(12):1020—1030.DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Pei-zhen,RAN Yong-kang,et al.2003.Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China[J].Science in China(Ser D),46(4):356—372.
付碧宏,张松林,谢小平,等.2006.阿尔金断裂系西段:康西瓦断裂的晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究[J].第四纪研究,26(2):228—235.FU Bi-hong,ZHANG Song-lin,XIE Xiao-ping,et al.2006.Late Quaternary tectono-geomorphic features along the Kangxiwar Fault,Altyn Tagh fault system,northern Tibet[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(2):228—235(in Chinese).
国家地震局地质研究所,国家地震局兰州地震研究所.1993.祁连山-河西走廊活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社.Institute of Geology,SSB,Lanzhou Institute of seismology,SSB.1993.The Qilian Mountains-Hexi Corridor Active Fault System[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
李智敏,李文巧,田勤俭,等.2013.青藏高原东北缘热水-日月山断裂带热水段古地震初步研究[J].地球物理学进展,28(4):1766—1771.LI Zhi-min,LI Wen-qiao,Tian Qin-jian,et al.2013.A preliminary study on paleo-earthquake of the Reshui segment in Reshui-Riyue Mt.fault zone,Qinghai Province[J].Progress in Geophysics,28(4):1766—1771(in Chinese).
李智敏,王强,屠泓为.2012.热水-日月山断裂带遥感特征初步探讨[J].高原地震,24(3):16—22.LI Zhi-min,WANG Qiang,TU Hong-wei.2012.The remote sensing characteristic preliminary discussion on ReshuiRiyue Mountain fault zone[J].Plateau Earthquake Research,24(3):16—22(in Chinese).
苏鹏,田勤俭,梁朋,等.2016.基于青衣江变形河流阶地研究龙门山断裂带南段的构造活动性[J].地震地质,38(3):523—545.SU Peng,TIAN Qin-jian,LIANG Peng,et al.2016.Using deformed fluvial terraces of the Qingyijiang River to study the tectonic activity of the southern segment of Longmenshan fault zone[J].Seismology and Geology,38(3):523 —545(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华,等.2007.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J].地震地质,29(2):201—217.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2007.02.002.XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,CHEN Gui-hua,et al.2007.Near-surface character of permanent geologic deformation across the mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,29(2):201—217(in Chinese).
袁道阳,刘小龙,刘百篪,等.2003a.青海热水-日月山断裂带古地震的初步研究[J].西北地震学报,25(2):136 —142.YUAN Dao-yang,LIU Xiao-long,LIU Bai-chi,et al.2003a.A preliminary study on palaeo-earthquake events of the Reshui-Riyue Mt.active fault zone in Qinghai Province[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,25(2):136—142 (in Chinese).
袁道阳,刘小龙,张培震,等.2003b.青海热水-日月山断裂带的新活动特征[J].地震地质,25(1):155—165 .doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2003.01.015.YUAN Dao-yang,LIU Xiao-long,ZHANG Pei-zhen,et al.2003b.Characteristics of the modern activity of the Reshui-Riyueshan fault zone in Qinghai Province[J].Seismology and Geology,25(1):155—165(in Chinese).
袁道阳,张培震,刘百篪,等.2004.青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换[J].地质学报,78(2):270—278.YUAN Dao-yang,ZHANG Pei-zhen,LIU Bai-chi,et al.2004.Geometrical imagery and tectonic transformation of Late Quaternary active tectonics in northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,78(2):270—278(in Chinese).
张培震,邓起东,张竹琪,等.2013.中国大陆的活动断裂、地震灾害及其动力过程[J].中国科学(D辑),43(10):1607—1620.ZHANG Pei-zhen,DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Zhu-qi,et al.2013.Active faults,earthquake hazards and associated geodynamic processes in continental China[J].Science in China(Ser D),43(10):1607—1620(in Chinese).
张培震,郑德文,尹功明,等.2006.有关青藏高原东北缘晚新生代扩展与隆升的讨论[J].第四纪研究,26(1):5—13.ZHANG Pei-zhen,ZHENG De-wen,YIN Gong-ming,et al.2006.Discussion on Late Cenozoic growth and rise of northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(1):5—13(in Chinese).
郑文俊.2009.河西走廊及其邻区活动构造图像及构造变形模式[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所。ZHENG Wen-jun.2009.Geometric pattern and active tectonics of the Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
郑文俊,袁道阳,何文贵.2004.祁连山东段天桥沟-黄羊川断裂古地震活动习性研究[J].地震地质,26(4):645 —657.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2004.04.011.ZHENG Wen-jun,YUAN Dao-yang,HE Wen-gui.2004.Characteristics of palaeo-earthquake activity along the active Tianqiaogou-Huangyangchuan Fault on the eastern section of the Qilianshan Mountains[J].Seismology and Geology,26(4):645—657(in Chinese).
郑文俊,张培震,葛伟鹏,等.2012.河西走廊北部合黎山南缘断裂晚第四纪滑动速率及其对青藏高原向北东扩展的响应[J].国际地震动态,(6):30.ZHENG Wen-jun,ZHANG Pei-zhen,GE Wei-peng,et al.2012.Late Quaternary slip rates of the southern margin thrust fault of Heli Shan at the northern Hexi Corridor and their implications for northeastward growth of the Tibetan plateau[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,(6):30(in Chinese).
Mohammed N Z,Ghazi A,Mustafa H E.2013.Positional accuracy testing of Google Earth[J].International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Engineering,4(6):6—9.
Potere D.2008.Horizontal positional accuracy of Google Earth's high-resolution imagery archive[J].Sensors,8(12):7973—7981.
Yuan D Y,Champagnac J D,Ge W P,et al.2011.Late Quaternary right-lateral slip rates of faults adjacent to the lake Qinghai,northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,123(9-10 ):2016—2030.
邓起东,闻学泽.2008.活动构造研究:历史、进展与建议[J].地震地质,30(1):1—30.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2008.01.002.DENG Qi-dong,WEN Xue-ze.2008.A review on the research of active tectonics:History,progress and suggestions[J].Seismology and Geology,30(1):1—30(in Chinese).
邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.2002.中国活动构造基本特征[J].中国科学(D辑),32(12):1020—1030.DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Pei-zhen,RAN Yong-kang,et al.2003.Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China[J].Science in China(Ser D),46(4):356—372.
付碧宏,张松林,谢小平,等.2006.阿尔金断裂系西段:康西瓦断裂的晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究[J].第四纪研究,26(2):228—235.FU Bi-hong,ZHANG Song-lin,XIE Xiao-ping,et al.2006.Late Quaternary tectono-geomorphic features along the Kangxiwar Fault,Altyn Tagh fault system,northern Tibet[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(2):228—235(in Chinese).
国家地震局地质研究所,国家地震局兰州地震研究所.1993.祁连山-河西走廊活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社.Institute of Geology,SSB,Lanzhou Institute of seismology,SSB.1993.The Qilian Mountains-Hexi Corridor Active Fault System[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
李智敏,李文巧,田勤俭,等.2013.青藏高原东北缘热水-日月山断裂带热水段古地震初步研究[J].地球物理学进展,28(4):1766—1771.LI Zhi-min,LI Wen-qiao,Tian Qin-jian,et al.2013.A preliminary study on paleo-earthquake of the Reshui segment in Reshui-Riyue Mt.fault zone,Qinghai Province[J].Progress in Geophysics,28(4):1766—1771(in Chinese).
李智敏,王强,屠泓为.2012.热水-日月山断裂带遥感特征初步探讨[J].高原地震,24(3):16—22.LI Zhi-min,WANG Qiang,TU Hong-wei.2012.The remote sensing characteristic preliminary discussion on ReshuiRiyue Mountain fault zone[J].Plateau Earthquake Research,24(3):16—22(in Chinese).
苏鹏,田勤俭,梁朋,等.2016.基于青衣江变形河流阶地研究龙门山断裂带南段的构造活动性[J].地震地质,38(3):523—545.SU Peng,TIAN Qin-jian,LIANG Peng,et al.2016.Using deformed fluvial terraces of the Qingyijiang River to study the tectonic activity of the southern segment of Longmenshan fault zone[J].Seismology and Geology,38(3):523 —545(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华,等.2007.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J].地震地质,29(2):201—217.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2007.02.002.XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,CHEN Gui-hua,et al.2007.Near-surface character of permanent geologic deformation across the mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,29(2):201—217(in Chinese).
袁道阳,刘小龙,刘百篪,等.2003a.青海热水-日月山断裂带古地震的初步研究[J].西北地震学报,25(2):136 —142.YUAN Dao-yang,LIU Xiao-long,LIU Bai-chi,et al.2003a.A preliminary study on palaeo-earthquake events of the Reshui-Riyue Mt.active fault zone in Qinghai Province[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,25(2):136—142 (in Chinese).
袁道阳,刘小龙,张培震,等.2003b.青海热水-日月山断裂带的新活动特征[J].地震地质,25(1):155—165 .doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2003.01.015.YUAN Dao-yang,LIU Xiao-long,ZHANG Pei-zhen,et al.2003b.Characteristics of the modern activity of the Reshui-Riyueshan fault zone in Qinghai Province[J].Seismology and Geology,25(1):155—165(in Chinese).
袁道阳,张培震,刘百篪,等.2004.青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换[J].地质学报,78(2):270—278.YUAN Dao-yang,ZHANG Pei-zhen,LIU Bai-chi,et al.2004.Geometrical imagery and tectonic transformation of Late Quaternary active tectonics in northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,78(2):270—278(in Chinese).
张培震,邓起东,张竹琪,等.2013.中国大陆的活动断裂、地震灾害及其动力过程[J].中国科学(D辑),43(10):1607—1620.ZHANG Pei-zhen,DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Zhu-qi,et al.2013.Active faults,earthquake hazards and associated geodynamic processes in continental China[J].Science in China(Ser D),43(10):1607—1620(in Chinese).
张培震,郑德文,尹功明,等.2006.有关青藏高原东北缘晚新生代扩展与隆升的讨论[J].第四纪研究,26(1):5—13.ZHANG Pei-zhen,ZHENG De-wen,YIN Gong-ming,et al.2006.Discussion on Late Cenozoic growth and rise of northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Quaternary Sciences,26(1):5—13(in Chinese).
郑文俊.2009.河西走廊及其邻区活动构造图像及构造变形模式[D].北京:中国地震局地质研究所。ZHENG Wen-jun.2009.Geometric pattern and active tectonics of the Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions[D].Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
郑文俊,袁道阳,何文贵.2004.祁连山东段天桥沟-黄羊川断裂古地震活动习性研究[J].地震地质,26(4):645 —657.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2004.04.011.ZHENG Wen-jun,YUAN Dao-yang,HE Wen-gui.2004.Characteristics of palaeo-earthquake activity along the active Tianqiaogou-Huangyangchuan Fault on the eastern section of the Qilianshan Mountains[J].Seismology and Geology,26(4):645—657(in Chinese).
郑文俊,张培震,葛伟鹏,等.2012.河西走廊北部合黎山南缘断裂晚第四纪滑动速率及其对青藏高原向北东扩展的响应[J].国际地震动态,(6):30.ZHENG Wen-jun,ZHANG Pei-zhen,GE Wei-peng,et al.2012.Late Quaternary slip rates of the southern margin thrust fault of Heli Shan at the northern Hexi Corridor and their implications for northeastward growth of the Tibetan plateau[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,(6):30(in Chinese).
Mohammed N Z,Ghazi A,Mustafa H E.2013.Positional accuracy testing of Google Earth[J].International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Engineering,4(6):6—9.
Potere D.2008.Horizontal positional accuracy of Google Earth's high-resolution imagery archive[J].Sensors,8(12):7973—7981.
Yuan D Y,Champagnac J D,Ge W P,et al.2011.Late Quaternary right-lateral slip rates of faults adjacent to the lake Qinghai,northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,123(9-10 ):2016—2030.