吕祖谦与张栻交游详考——兼谈南宋初年“东南三贤”之由来
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摘要
朱熹、张栻、吕祖谦并称南宋初年的"东南三贤",其中吕、张交游学界尚无专论,然却是分析此学术共同体之由来以及内在构成的关键。特别是吕、张为期两年的严州、临安之会,当是学术史上一大被忽视的盛事;二人约十二年的论学,以及"不在场者"朱熹的书信参与,影响了他们学术的发展。"东南三贤"中的学术领袖当为张栻,而撰述、发问推动最多则是朱熹,吕祖谦则以张、朱之后学自居。张、吕去世之后,学术共同体自然解体,朱熹的地位日愈重要,然而其议论则使后人对浙学、湘学之认识发生偏差,故梳理吕、张交游,并还原"东南三贤"由来历程,当极有必要。
Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi and Lv Zuqian were called the "Three Sages of the Southeast" in the early Southern Song Dynasty. The academic circle has not specially studied the communication of Lv Zuqian and Zhang Shi.But their communication was the key to analyzing the origin and internal composition of the academic community. In particular, Lv Zuqian and Zhang Shi got together in Yanzhou and Lin'an.This kind of gatherings was a neglected event in academic history. The two of them had about 12 years of academic exchanges and Zhu Xi often wrote to them to participate in their discussion, which affected their academic development. Among them, the academic leader should be Zhang Shi while Zhu Xi was good at writing and questions.And Lv Zuqian regarded himself as Zhang Shi and Zhu Xi's junior. After the death of Zhang Shi and Lv Zuqian, the academic community naturally broke up.Since then, Zhu Xi has become more and more important. However, his opinions made the later generations deviate in their understanding of the studies of Lv Zuqian and Zhang Shi. So it should be very necessary to comb the process of the communication between Lv Zuqian and Zhang Shi and restore the origin of the "Three Sages of the Southeast".
Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi and Lv Zuqian were called the "Three Sages of the Southeast" in the early Southern Song Dynasty. The academic circle has not specially studied the communication of Lv Zuqian and Zhang Shi.But their communication was the key to analyzing the origin and internal composition of the academic community. In particular, Lv Zuqian and Zhang Shi got together in Yanzhou and Lin'an.This kind of gatherings was a neglected event in academic history. The two of them had about 12 years of academic exchanges and Zhu Xi often wrote to them to participate in their discussion, which affected their academic development. Among them, the academic leader should be Zhang Shi while Zhu Xi was good at writing and questions.And Lv Zuqian regarded himself as Zhang Shi and Zhu Xi's junior. After the death of Zhang Shi and Lv Zuqian, the academic community naturally broke up.Since then, Zhu Xi has become more and more important. However, his opinions made the later generations deviate in their understanding of the studies of Lv Zuqian and Zhang Shi. So it should be very necessary to comb the process of the communication between Lv Zuqian and Zhang Shi and restore the origin of the "Three Sages of the Southeast".
引文
[1] 吕祖谦.通张严州启[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[2] 张栻.答吕太博启[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[3] 杜海军.吕祖谦年谱[M].北京:中华书局,2007.
[4] 吕祖谦.与张荆州[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[5] 胡宗楙.张宣公年谱[M]//邓洪波.张栻年谱.北京:科学出版社,2017.
[6] 吕祖谦.与朱侍讲[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[7] 张栻.祭吕郎中[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[8] 束景南.朱熹年谱长编[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001.
[9] 张栻.答朱元晦[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[10] 吕祖谦.答潘叔度[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[11] 朱熹.答吕伯恭[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[12] 朱熹.答刘子澄[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[13] 吕祖谦.书校本伊川先生易传后[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[14] 张栻.通书后跋[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[15] 朱熹.答张敬夫[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[16] 吕祖谦.太极图义质疑[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[17] 朱熹.与林择之[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[18] 朱熹.答蔡季通[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[19] 程颐.答杨时论西铭书[M]//程颢,程颐:二程集.北京:中华书局,1981.
[20] 张栻.阃范序[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[21] 张栻.寄吕伯恭[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[22] 吕祖谦.与张荆州问论语孟子说所疑[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[23] 吕祖谦.与陈同甫[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[24] 吕祖谦.答朱侍讲所问[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[25] 吕祖谦.祭张荆州文[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[26] 张栻.与吕子约[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[27] 陈亮.与张定叟侍郎[M]//陈亮集.北京:中华书局,1974.
[28] 楼钥.东莱吕太史祠堂记[M]//楼钥集.杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2010.
[29] 朱熹.祭吕伯恭著作文[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[30] 田浩.朱熹与张栻、吕祖谦互动述略[J].湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2018(1):16-22.
(1)吕、张关系,学界研究极少:潘富恩、徐余庆《吕祖谦评传》(南京大学出版社1992年版)只有较少文字陈述相关史实;王宇《张吕会讲与东南三先生格局的奠定》(《浙江学刊》2018年第5期),分析了张、吕二人临安之会及其对“东南三贤”格局的影响,然就二人交游之具体,及其交游与朱熹的关系等未及探讨。“东南三贤”研究的学术史回顾,另见田浩先生《朱熹与张栻、吕祖谦互动述略》(《湖南大学学报》2018年第1期)。本文的撰写,受到顾宏义编撰的《朱熹门人往还书札汇编》(上海古籍出版社2017年版)与任仁仁、顾宏义编撰的《张栻师友门人往还书札汇编》(中华书局2018年版)先后排次以及按语的启发颇多,特此说明。
(2)翻检《宋史》的朱熹、张栻、吕祖谦三人的本传,朱熹、张栻的传中都没有将“东南三贤”之交游加以凸显,更没有并提的说法,仅有吕祖谦的传是个例外。朱熹、张栻传,载《宋史》卷四二九“道学三”,中华书局1977年版,第12751、12770页;吕祖谦传,载《宋史》卷四三四“儒林四”,第12872页。此处仅以《宋史》为例,其实宋人撰写的其他三人传记也都存在这一现象。
(3)辛弃疾祭文还说:“弃疾半世倾风,同朝托契,尝从游于南轩,盖于公而敬畏。”故辛弃疾与吕祖谦、张栻的交游,当在吕、张临安之会时期。参见《东莱吕太史别集附录》卷二《祭文一·辛幼安殿撰》,《吕祖谦全集》(一),第763页。
[2] 张栻.答吕太博启[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[3] 杜海军.吕祖谦年谱[M].北京:中华书局,2007.
[4] 吕祖谦.与张荆州[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[5] 胡宗楙.张宣公年谱[M]//邓洪波.张栻年谱.北京:科学出版社,2017.
[6] 吕祖谦.与朱侍讲[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[7] 张栻.祭吕郎中[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[8] 束景南.朱熹年谱长编[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001.
[9] 张栻.答朱元晦[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[10] 吕祖谦.答潘叔度[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[11] 朱熹.答吕伯恭[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[12] 朱熹.答刘子澄[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[13] 吕祖谦.书校本伊川先生易传后[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[14] 张栻.通书后跋[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[15] 朱熹.答张敬夫[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[16] 吕祖谦.太极图义质疑[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[17] 朱熹.与林择之[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[18] 朱熹.答蔡季通[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[19] 程颐.答杨时论西铭书[M]//程颢,程颐:二程集.北京:中华书局,1981.
[20] 张栻.阃范序[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[21] 张栻.寄吕伯恭[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[22] 吕祖谦.与张荆州问论语孟子说所疑[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[23] 吕祖谦.与陈同甫[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[24] 吕祖谦.答朱侍讲所问[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[25] 吕祖谦.祭张荆州文[M]//吕祖谦全集(一).杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2008.
[26] 张栻.与吕子约[M]//张栻集.北京:中华书局,2015.
[27] 陈亮.与张定叟侍郎[M]//陈亮集.北京:中华书局,1974.
[28] 楼钥.东莱吕太史祠堂记[M]//楼钥集.杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2010.
[29] 朱熹.祭吕伯恭著作文[M]//朱子全书.上海:上海古籍出版社,合肥:安徽教育出版社,2002.
[30] 田浩.朱熹与张栻、吕祖谦互动述略[J].湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2018(1):16-22.
(1)吕、张关系,学界研究极少:潘富恩、徐余庆《吕祖谦评传》(南京大学出版社1992年版)只有较少文字陈述相关史实;王宇《张吕会讲与东南三先生格局的奠定》(《浙江学刊》2018年第5期),分析了张、吕二人临安之会及其对“东南三贤”格局的影响,然就二人交游之具体,及其交游与朱熹的关系等未及探讨。“东南三贤”研究的学术史回顾,另见田浩先生《朱熹与张栻、吕祖谦互动述略》(《湖南大学学报》2018年第1期)。本文的撰写,受到顾宏义编撰的《朱熹门人往还书札汇编》(上海古籍出版社2017年版)与任仁仁、顾宏义编撰的《张栻师友门人往还书札汇编》(中华书局2018年版)先后排次以及按语的启发颇多,特此说明。
(2)翻检《宋史》的朱熹、张栻、吕祖谦三人的本传,朱熹、张栻的传中都没有将“东南三贤”之交游加以凸显,更没有并提的说法,仅有吕祖谦的传是个例外。朱熹、张栻传,载《宋史》卷四二九“道学三”,中华书局1977年版,第12751、12770页;吕祖谦传,载《宋史》卷四三四“儒林四”,第12872页。此处仅以《宋史》为例,其实宋人撰写的其他三人传记也都存在这一现象。
(3)辛弃疾祭文还说:“弃疾半世倾风,同朝托契,尝从游于南轩,盖于公而敬畏。”故辛弃疾与吕祖谦、张栻的交游,当在吕、张临安之会时期。参见《东莱吕太史别集附录》卷二《祭文一·辛幼安殿撰》,《吕祖谦全集》(一),第763页。